Countries of the English language. Страны английского языка. Учебное пособие

№ 4446 МИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РФ

УНИВЕРСИТЕТ НАУКИ И ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ МИСИС

ИНСТИТУТ БАЗОВОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

КАФЕДРА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ И КОММУНИКАТИВНЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ

Ю.А. Богатикова

COUNTRIES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

СТРАНЫ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

Учебное пособие

Рекомендовано редакционно-издательским советом университета

Москва 2024

CONTENTS

Предисловие. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Part I. Country Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

1. Great Britain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2. Ireland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3. The United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

4. Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

5. Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

6. New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

7. India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Part II. Countries of The English Language

in Global Perspective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56

8. Pakistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

9. South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

10. Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

11. Malta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

12. Jamaica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

13. The Bahamas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

14. Hong Kong in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

15. Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82

Course Summary Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Appendix 1. Recommended Literature for Self-Study . . . . . . 85

Appendix 2. Recommended Internet Sources

for Self-Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Appendix 3. English as the official language de jure . . . . . . . 89

Appendix 4. Members of the Commonwealth . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

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ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Учебное пособие предназначено для освоения курса «Лингвострановедение». Основная цель освоения курса – расширение знаний в области культурно-исторического развития, политической и общественной жизни стран, в которых английский признан государственным языком и языком межнационального общения, ознакомление с историческими и культурными реалиями стран изучаемого языка. В ходе освоения курса необходимо также научиться понимать социо-культурные составляющие значения изучаемых понятий с учетом ассоциаций, которые эти понятия вызывают у носителей языка. Практические задания позволяют организовать подготовку обучающихся к учебным семинарам, закрепить и дополнить материал лекций, систематизировать полученные знания о неоднозначной и многосторонней картине мира носителей английского языка.

В ходе выполнения практических заданий перед обучающимися и преподавателем стоит задача усовершенствования владения английским языком для более полного понимания материала лекций по дисциплине «Лингвострановедение», подготовки к практическим занятиям, участия в дискуссиях, выступлений с докладами и презентациями, написания реферативных работ и эссе.

Рекомендации для обучающихся

Для успешного освоения курса обучающимся следует учитывать, что участники курса предварительно самостоятельно готовятся к занятию по теме или разделу курса с использованием данного учебного пособия, а также учебных пособий, рекомендованных в библиографическом списке. Затем, в ходе лекций и семинаров, обучающиеся с преподавателем обсуждают прочитанное и анализируют полученную информацию с точки зрения влияния изученных событий на культурно-историческую картину мира носителей английского языка и их социума. Для самостоятельной работы

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обучающихся в учебном плане предусмотрены специально отведенные часы для подготовки домашних заданий и чтения основной и дополнительной литературы. В соответствии с полученной информацией рекомендуется подготовить доклады о событиях культурно-исторической жизни изучаемой страны. В ходе подготовки и презентации такого доклада полученные фактические знания приобретают системный характер. Работа над практическими заданиями, приведенными в учебном пособии, способствует пониманию основных этапов и закономерностей исторического развития, социальных норм и ценностей, социальных, этнических, конфессиональных и культурных различий, присущих культуре стран, где английский язык является основным.

Рекомендации для преподавателей

Тексты и задания, приведенные в учебном пособии, способствуют совершенствованию умения обучающихся усваивать и интерпретировать базовые культурно-исторические характеристики стран изучаемого языка, осуществлять обмен информацией на английском языке, решать задачи исследовательского взаимодействия, работать индивидуально и в качестве члена команды при подготовке докладов по темам практических занятий. Рекомендуется не только использовать тексты из учебного пособия для формирования у обучающихся базовых знаний о разнообразии стран английского языка, но и применять предлагаемые задания для формирования навыков аналитической обработки и критического отношения к источникам информации.

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INTRODUCTION

The course “Language and area” consists of lectures and interactive seminars. It requires reading basic and additional sources of information to provide for the students’ adequate participation in both forms of classes. This in due course depends on the students’ self-study and homework preparation. The hours for these activities are reserved in the course programme.

To get ready for the lectures and seminars it is recommended to read the concise information about the discussed country and prepare for the discussion of the tasks after each of the topics.

The results of the work are to be presented in the form of a talk, a report, or a case discussion, which demonstrates the analytical skills and group work abilities of the students.

This book is oriented to the British variant of the English language, and it is recommended to use britannica.com website for additional research and information that is not specified in the recommended course textbooks.

Key notions and formal definitions are marked in the texts with bald type. Make sure that you understand and can explain the meaning of such words and phrases.

The book is divided into two parts. Part I implies deeper discussion of countries with longer history and gives concise history outlines for easier study and homework preparation. It also serves as a model for the Part II tasks on the countries of the English language worldwide.

Note that the charts for the UK and the USA have been completed as model forms. For other countries history charts students are to develop the analytical skill of sorting out important historical and cultural information themselves.

Part II contains only basic information about the current situation in the countries and implies that students are already able – according to the materials from Part I – to find, analyse and present the information about the countries after the self-preparation session. Part II may be used for group projects or as additional tasks for individual reports.

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PART I. COUNTRY STUDIES

1. GREAT BRITAIN

Task 1.1. Read Text 1.1, write out new words with translations, retell the text.

Text 1.1. Great Britain in History and Today

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland with its capital in London has historically played a leading role in developing parliamentary democracy and in advancing literature and science. Today its government type is attributed as constitutional monarchy. The judicial system is based on English Common law and the notion of Unwritten Constitution.

England has existed as a unified entity since the 10th century; the union between England and Wales, begun in 1284, was formalized in 1536 with an Act of Union. England and Scotland agreed to permanently join as Great Britain in another Act of Union in 1707. The legislative union of Great Britain and Ireland was implemented in 1801, with the adoption of the name the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The Anglo-Irish treaty of 1921 formalized a partition of Ireland into independent Ireland and six northern Irish counties as part of the United Kingdom. Thus, the current name of the country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, which was adopted in 1927. British parliament formed in 1295, after king John the lackland had signed The Great Charter of Liberties (Magna Carta) in 1215. The Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, and the Northern Ireland Assembly were established in 1998.

At its zenith in the 19th century, the British Empire stretched over one-fourth of the earth’s surface, but the first half of the 20th century saw two World Wars seriously deplete the UK’s strength. The second half witnessed the dismantling of the Empire and the UK rebuilding itself into a modern and prosperous European nation. Great Britain was an active member of the European Union after its accession in 1973, although

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it chose to remain outside the Economic and Monetary Union. In 2016 UK citizens voted to leave the EU. Today, as one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council and a founding member of NATO and the Commonwealth of Nations, Great Britain pursues a global approach to foreign policy.

Task 1.2. Read the following guidelines to the history of Great Britain and choose the topics that you find interesting or contradictory and would like to study in more details.

1.2.1. Periodisation of British History

1.STONE AGE BRITAIN (5000 BC – 55 BC).

2.THE CELTS (800–600 BC – 43 BC, ROMAN INVASION).

3.ROMAN BRITAIN (55 BC – AD 440).

4.ANGLO-SAXON AND VIKING PERIOD (440–1066).

5.MIDDLE AGES. THE NORMAN CONQUEST AND THE PLANTAGENET AGE (1066–1399–1455).

6.THE WAR OF THE ROSES AND THE TUDOR AGE (1455–1603).

7.THE STUARTS (1603–1714).

8.GEORGIAN ENGLAND. 1st BRITISH EMPIRE (1714– 1837).

9.THE VICTORIAN AGE. 2nd BRITISH EMPIRE (1837– 1901–1960es).

10.MODERN BRITAIN (1945–2020es).

1.2.2. British History Brief Timeline Guide

20 250,000 – 50,000 years ago: Hunter-gather people traveling all over Europe settled on the territory of Britain.

~ 600 BC: The Celts settled in Britain during the Iron age. 43 AD: Large Roman invasion, Romans ruled Britain for

400 years.

4th century: The Roman Empire converts to Christianity. 6th century: Four large Germanic tribes (Angles, Saxons,

Jutes) occupied the island and established seven kingdoms. Angles – North Umbria, Mercia, East Anglia; Saxons – Wessex, Sussex, Essex; Jutes – Kent.

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4–7th centuries: In 597 St. Augustine came to England from Rome to bring Christianity to the Anglo-Saxons, by the end of the period, Christian church had spread to all of England.

8–10th centuries: Britain suffered Viking invasions from Scandinavia.

878: King Alfred of Wessex (848 – crowned 871–899) defeated the Vikings and was developing the culture in his kingdom (education in Christian monasteries, religious translations, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, popularising literacy for the nobles).

879–1042: Vikings gradually become Christianized and live peacefully with Anglo-Saxons.

1066–1399: Norman French invasion of England, the French language dominates as the language of the royal family and the ruling nobility up to 1399.

1485–1603: Tudor period begins; Henry VII becomes first Tudor king (1485–1509).

16th century: The age of “Merchant Adventurers” and the development of global sea trade; the discovery of a sea route to India and the East around Africa. New sea routes to North America and the West coast of Africa.

1529–1536: Protestant Reformation of the church. Henry VIII breaks with the Pope and becomes the head of the Church of England also known as Anglican Protestant church.

1558–1603: The rule of Elizabeth I. The defeat of the Spanish Invincible Armada during her rule established the global dominance of the British fleet. In 1601 The East India Company was created.

1603: The start of the Stuart period. Scotland and England united the two kingdoms when James VI of Scotland got the crown of England from Elizabeth I and became James I of England. The 17th century was dominated by the conflict between the Puritan Parliament and the Anglican monarchy with the Stuart Kings.

1642–1649: The English Civil War, Parliament against the Monarch.

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1649–1660: Decapitation of Charles I, England became a Puritan controlled republic called “The Commonwealth”. Parliamentary army general Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of the Commonwealth.

1660: The restoration of the Stuarts, coronation of Charles II, Parliament being unable to ensure the transition of power without the royal family.

1689: The Glorious Revolution establishes the dominance of Parliament over the Monarch. The Monarch rules but does not reign.

1759: French armies defeated by the British in India and Canada. Colonial wars leading to the redistribution of influence in Europe and in the world in favour of Britain. The 1st British Empire.

1776: American Declaration of Independence, 13 British colonies pronounce the independence from British Empire. American War for Independence.

1783: Britain recognises the independence of the former 13 colonies in North America, which became the United States of America.

1793–1815: As part of colonial wars France and Napoleon fought the British. The battle of Trafalgar in 1805 commanded by Horatio Nelson secured the global dominance of the British fleet. Victory of the European allied army over Napoleon in Waterloo battle 1815 made Britain the supreme power in Europe. The 2nd British Empire.

1832–1928: The liberation of voting rights. Series of Parliamentary Reform Acts extended the right to vote from the nobility to middle and to working classes. After World War I women get voting rights.

1837–1901: Queen Victoria rule and a specific social turn in culture and public life. Britain as the World’s Workshop and the most flourishing period of the British Empire.

1899–1902: Boer War in South Africa.

1921: Southern Ireland becomes independent as the Republic of Ireland.

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