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Файл:Ценообразование и сметное дело в строительстве. Учебное пособие-1
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ȺȿɆɚɤɫɢɦɨɜ
ɐȿɇɈɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂȿɂɋɆȿɌɇɈȿȾȿɅɈ
ȼ ɋɌɊɈɂɌȿɅɖɋɌȼȿ
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ
©ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹª
2022
ɍȾɄ 69.003.12
ȻȻɄ 65.31
Ɇ17
Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬ
ɞɨɤɬɨɪɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɧɚɭɤɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪɡɚɜɟɞɭɸɳɢɣɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɄɚɥɢɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝɨ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ȼɚɥɶɬȺȻ
Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜ, Ⱥȿ
Ɇ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɢɫɦɟɬɧɨɟɞɟɥɨɜɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɭɱɟɛɧɨɟɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ
ɐɟɧɨ
ȺȿɆɚɤɫɢɦɨɜ– Ɇɨɫɤɜɚȼɨɥɨɝɞɚɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ– 172 ɫ
ɬɚɛɥ
ISBN 978-5-9729-0874-5
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɰɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɜɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɉɪɟɞ
ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɩɨɪɹɞɨɤɩɨɞɫɱɟɬɚɨɛɴɟɦɨɜɪɚɛɨɬ ɢɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɫɦɟɬɧɨɣ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ Ⱦɚɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ
ɢɩɪɹɦɵɯɡɚɬɪɚɬ
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ
ɍȾɄ 69.003.12
ȻȻɄ 65.31
ISBN 978-5-9729-0874-5 Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜ Ⱥ. ȿ, 2022
ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ©ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹª
Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ©ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹª
2
ɈȽɅȺȼɅȿɇɂȿ
ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ.................................................................................................................5
ȽɅȺȼȺɈɊȽȺɇɂɁȺɐɂəɋɌɊɈɂɌȿɅɖɇɈȽɈɉɊɈȿɄɌɂɊɈȼȺɇɂə......7
1.1. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɷɬɚɩɵɢɫɬɚɞɢɢ
ɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɢɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ........................................................................................7
1.2. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɧɚɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ...............................................................................................................9
1.3. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ..................................................................................15
ȽɅȺȼȺɐȿɇɈɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂȿɂɋɆȿɌɇɈȿȾȿɅɈ
ȼɋɌɊɈɂɌȿɅɖɋɌȼȿ.............................................................................................18
ɋɦɟɬɧɚɹɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ– ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɚɹɱɚɫɬɶɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ..........19
Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɰɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ..........................................22
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ...........................................25
ɂɧɞɟɤɫɰɟɧɜɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ...........................................................................27
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɯɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ...........28
2.6ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɫɦɟɬɧɨɣɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɦɨɧɬɚɠɧɵɯɪɚɛɨɬ.................33
2.6.1. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɩɪɹɦɵɯɡɚɬɪɚɬ.........................................................................33
2.6.2. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɧɚɤɥɚɞɧɵɯɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜɢɩɨɪɹɞɨɤɢɯɧɚɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɣ...................40
2.6.3. ɉɥɚɧɨɜɵɟɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹɫɦɟɬɧɚɹɩɪɢɛɵɥɶ..............................................79
2.6.4ɋɟɛɟɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶɟɟɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɩɨɪɹɞɨɤɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ.................................86
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɫɦɟɬɧɨɣɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢɧɚɨɫɧɨɜɟɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜɡɚɬɪɚɬ.............87
2.7ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɫɦɟɬɧɵɯɰɟɧɢɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɨɜ..............................................................88
2.7ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɫɦɟɬɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɨɜ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɤɧɢɦ................................................................................................89
2.8ɋɨɫɬɚɜɢɮɨɪɦɚɫɦɟɬɧɨɣɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ......................................................108
3
ȽɅȺȼȺ ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿɈȻɔȿɆɈȼɊȺȻɈɌ
ȾɅəɋɈɋɌȺȼɅȿɇɂəɋɆȿɌ.............................................................................123
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɦɵɟɤɩɨɞɫɱɟɬɭ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜɪɚɛɨɬ..........123
3.2. ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤɩɨɞɫɱɟɬɚɨɛɴɟɦɨɜɪɚɛɨɬ................................................................124
ȽɅȺȼȺɉɈɊəȾɈɄɋɈɋɌȺȼɅȿɇɂəɋɆȿɌɇɈɃȾɈɄɍɆȿɇɌȺɐɂɂ...134
4ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɣɫɦɟɬɵɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ.....................................................134
4ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɣɫɦɟɬɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ.....................................................138
4ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɫɜɨɞɧɨɝɨɫɦɟɬɧɨɝɨɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ.....................................................139
4ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɫɦɟɬɫɩɨɦɨɳɶɸɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ...........................141
ȼɈɉɊɈɋɕȾɅəɋȺɆɈɉɊɈȼȿɊɄɂɂɈɉɊɈɋȺ..........................................143
ɄɈɇɌɊɈɅɖɇȺəɊȺȻɈɌȺ..................................................................................148
ɍɄȺɁȺɇɂəɉɈɈɎɈɊɆɅȿɇɂɘɄɈɇɌɊɈɅɖɇɈɃɊȺȻɈɌɕ................163
ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ........................................................................................................164
4
ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ
ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ ©ɐɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɦɟɬɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶ
ɫɬɜɟªɫɬɚɜɢɬɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣɰɟɥɶɸ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɭ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɰɟ
ɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɦɟɬɧɨɝɨɞɟɥɚ ɜɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɢɪɟɲɚɟɬɡɚɞɚɱɢɩɨ
– ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɰɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɦɟɬɧɨɝɨɞɟɥɚ
– ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɰɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɜɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ
– ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɤɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧ-
ɬɚɰɢɢ
– ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɬɵ ɪɚɫɱɟ
ɬɨɜɫɜɨɞɤɢɡɚɬɪɚɬ
– ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɸɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯɫɦɟɬɧɵɯɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɉɨɫɨɛɢɟɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɟɜɨɟɞɢɧɨɢɡɪɚɡ
ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨ-ɫɦɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ
ɢɞɥɹɷɬɨɝɨɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
– ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɷɬɚɩɵɢ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ
ɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɢɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ
– ɫɨɫɬɚɜɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɧɚɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɣɨɛɴɟɤɬɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
– ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤ
ɬɚɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
– ɫɦɟɬɧɚɹɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹɤɚɤɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɚɹɱɚɫɬɶɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ
– ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɰɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ
– ɦɟɬɨɞɵɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
– ɢɧɞɟɤɫɰɟɧɜɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ
–
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɯɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ
– ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɩɪɹɦɵɯɡɚɬɪɚɬ
– ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɧɚɤɥɚɞɧɵɯɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜɢɩɨɪɹɞɨɤɢɯɧɚɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɣ
5
– ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɩɥɚɧɨɜɵɯɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɣɩɪɢɛɵɥɢɢɟɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
– ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɫɦɟɬɧɨɣɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢɧɚɨɫɧɨɜɟɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜɡɚɬɪɚɬ
– ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɫɦɟɬɧɵɯɰɟɧɢɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɨɜ
– ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɮɨɪɦɚɫɦɟɬɧɨɣɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ
– ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɦɵɟɤɩɨɞɫɱɟɬɭɨɛɴɟɦɨɜɪɚɛɨɬ
– ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤɩɨɞɫɱɟɬɚɨɛɴɟɦɨɜɪɚɛɨɬ
– ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯɫɦɟɬ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ
– ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɯɫɦɟɬɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ
– ɩɪɹɞɨɤɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɫɜɨɞɧɨɝɨɫɦɟɬɧɨɝɨɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ
– ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɫɦɟɬɫɩɨɦɨɳɶɸɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ
ȼɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ, ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹɩɨɤɭɪɫɭ©ɐɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨ
ɜɚɧɢɟɢɫɦɟɬɧɨɟɞɟɥɨªɞɨɥɠɧɵ
– ɢɦɟɬɶɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɨɛɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨ-ɫɦɟɬɧɨɝɨɞɟɥɚ
– ɡɧɚɬɶɫɨɫɬɚɜɩɨɪɹɞɨɤɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢɫɦɟɬɧɨɣɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ
– ɭɦɟɬɶɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɩɨɞɫɱɟɬɨɛɴɟɦɨɜɪɚɛɨɬɞɥɹɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɫɦɟɬɵ
– ɭɦɟɬɶɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɦɟɬɧɭɸɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ
– ɭɦɟɬɶɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɦɟɬɵ ɫɩɨɦɨɳɶɸɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ.
ȼ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵɱɬɨɩɨɦɨɠɟɬɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦ ɜɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢɷɬɨɣɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ
6
ȽɅȺȼȺ ɈɊȽȺɇɂɁȺɐɂə
ɋɌɊɈɂɌȿɅɖɇɈȽɈɉɊɈȿɄɌɂɊɈȼȺɇɂə
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
ɷɬɚɩɵɢɫɬɚɞɢɢɟɝɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɢɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɩɨɞɝɨɬɨ
ɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɫɬɚɞɢɟɣɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɫɬɚɞɢɢ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɬɶ ɫ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɤɚɤɢɤɚɤɨɣɜɰɟɥɨɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹɨɛɴɟɤɬ.
ɉɪɢɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ,
ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɩɨɧɹɬɶɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɢ, ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɧɟɥɶɡɹɩɟɪɟɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤɜɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟɩɪɨɟɤ
ɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɪɟɲɚɸɬɫɹɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
– ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɪ
ɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɯɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯɢɞɪɭɝɢɯɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɩɪɨɟɤɬ
– ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɞɨɬɚ
ɤɨɣɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɦɨɧɬɚɠɧɵɟɪɚɛɨɬɵɩɨɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɸɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɪɚɛɨɱɚɹɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ
– ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ, ɤɚɤɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɟ
ɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣɫɬɚɞɢɢɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ– ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɫɚɦɨɝɨɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɜɟɞɟɬɫɹɦɟɬɨɞɨɦɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬ
ɤɢɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯɪɟɲɟɧɢɣɢɯɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦ Ɍɗɉɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɟɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟ
ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɩɪɢɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɯ
ɋɰɟɥɶɸɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹɬɪɭɞɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɡɚɫɱɟɬɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹɡɚ
ɬɪɚɬɧɚɷɬɨɢɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹɬɢɩɨɜɵɟɩɪɨɟɤɬɵɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɢɟ
ɨɩɪɨɛɨɜɚɧɢɟɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ
7
ɢɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɥɭɱɲɟɝɨɩɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ Ɍɗɉɫɬɪɨɢ
ɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɫɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢɢɫɪɨɤɚɦɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢ
ɟɣəɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɫɦɟɬɧɚɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ
ɫɥɭɠɢɬɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɞɥɹɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯɞɥɹɨɫɭ
ɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɜɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢɫɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɟɣ
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢ
ɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɨɦɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣɨɪɝɚ
ɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣɜɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɦɨɠɟɬɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶɫɹɷɬɚɩɧɨɫɬɶɷɬɨɝɨɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚ
ɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯɞɚɧɧɵɯ
– ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɧɨɟɡɚɞɚɧɢɟɧɚɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
– ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɧɵɟɢɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɟɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵɩɨɨɬɜɨɞɭɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɞɥɹɫɬɪɨ
ɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɨɬɜɨɞɵɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ
– ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɭɸɫɴɟɦɤɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ
– ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ
– ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɧɚɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɤɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢɧɠɟ
ɧɟɪɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɹɦ
– ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ,
ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɬɧɨɣɞɨɤɭ
ɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ, ɢɞɪɭɝɢɟɞɚɧɧɵɟɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ.
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢɧɚɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɧɚɨɫɧɨɜɟɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ
ɩɨɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸɡɞɚɧɢɣɢɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢɞɨɤɭ
ɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ
Ɍɚɤɢɦɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɋɇɢɉɵ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɧɨɪɦɵɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɋɉ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚȽɈɋɌ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɧ
ɞɚɪɬɵɌɍɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ. ɗɬɢɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɨɛɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ
ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢɢɜɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣɱɚɫɬɢɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɜɫɟɦɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɦɢɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɦɢ ȼ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜɧ
8
ɨɫɢɦɵɯ
ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɨɣɨɩɵɬɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɢɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɤɫɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɭɭɪɨɜɧɸɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
Ɂɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɚɦ ɰɟɧ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ
ɧɵɟɪɚɛɨɬɵɢɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹɤɚɤɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯɨɬɫɦɟɬɧɨɣɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɜɪɹɞɟɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ– ɜɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢɨɬɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɡɞɚɧɢɹɢɞɪɭ
ɝɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ Ɂɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ
ɢɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɟ. ɐɟɧɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɩɨ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɢ
ɬɢɩɚɦ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɡɵɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɂɡ
ɨɩɵɬɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɢɡɵɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɷɬɢɡɚɬɪɚɬɵɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɜɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ–3 ɨɛɴɟɦɚɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɯɜɥɨɠɟ
ɧɢɣɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣɜɷɬɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɢɥɢɨɤɨɥɨ ɫɦɟɬɧɨɣɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢɫɬɪɨ
ɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɦɨɧɬɚɠɧɵɯɪɚɛɨɬ.
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɧɚɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɣɨɛɴɟɤɬ
ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨɷɬɚɩɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶ
ɫɬɜɚ– ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟɦɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯɷɬɨɬɷɬɚɩ
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɉɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɮɟɜɪɚɥɹ ɝ ʋ ©Ɉ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɞɨɤɭ
ɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢɢɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɯɤɢɯɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸª.
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɧɚɹɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɩɪɨɢɡ
ɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ ɬɪɟ
ɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɤɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵɩɭɧɤɬɚɦɢɷɬɨɝɨɉɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
9
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɵɟɪɚɡɞɟɥɵɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ
ɇɨɦɟɪ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ
1 ɉɨɹɫɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹɡɚɩɢɫɤɚ ɉɁ
2 ɋɯɟɦɚɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɣɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɨɝɨɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɉɁɍ
3 Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɟɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ȺɊ
4 Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟɢɨɛɴɟɦɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɟɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɄɊ
ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɨɛɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɦɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɢɨɫɟɬɹɯ
ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ
5
ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ
6 ɉɪɨɟɤɬɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɉɈɋ
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɪɚɛɨɬɩɨɫɧɨɫɭɢɥɢɞɟɦɨɧɬɚɠɭ
7
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
8 ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣɩɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣɫɪɟɞɵ ɈɈɋ
9 Ɇɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɩɨɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸɩɨɠɚɪɧɨɣɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɉȻ
10 Ɇɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɩɨɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸɞɨɫɬɭɩɚɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɈȾɂ
10.1
Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɤɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɣɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
ɋɦɟɬɚɧɚɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
11
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
Ɇɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɩɨɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ
ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɢɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ
11.1
ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɡɞɚɧɢɣɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɣɢɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ
ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚɦɢɭɱɟɬɚɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ
ɂɧɚɹɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹɜɫɥɭɱɚɹɯɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ
12
ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɢɜɬɨɦɱɢɫɥɟ
ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣɩɨɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣɨɛɨɪɨɧɟ
ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣɩɨɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɸɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɵɯ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨɢɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ
ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣɩɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸɬɟɪɪɨɪɢɡɦɭ
ɒɢɮɪ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ
ɂɈɋ
ɉɈȾ
ɌȻɗ
ɋɆ
ɗɗ
ȽɈɑɋ
10
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