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Файл:Техническая и инновационная надежность опасных производственных объектов. Учебное пособие
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ɑɚɫɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɞ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɧɨɜɢɡɧɭ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ (ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɧɨɜɢɡɧɭ). ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɨɜɢɡɧɨɣ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɜɵɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɧɨɜɢɧɤɢ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ Ƀ. ɒɭɦɩɟɬɟɪ. Ɉɧ ɜɜɟɥ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɧɚɭɤɭ
ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ
ɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɥ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ, ɢɡ ɱɟɝɨ ɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɤɚɤ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɨɜɢɡɧɵ ɤɚɤ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɵ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɨɜɲɟɫɬɜ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɭɸ ɜ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
ɋɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ, ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɢɫɤɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɜɭɱɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɢ-
ɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɟɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
, ɧɨ ɢ ɟɟ ɠɢɜɭɱɟɫɬɢ, ɤɚɤ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɱɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ,
ɧɨ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɨɣ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɣ ɤ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.
3.2. ɉɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
3.2.1. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɢɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ
Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
81
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ,
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ
ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɂ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ
ɜɚɠɧɵɦ
ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ.
ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɦ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɜɨɣɧɭɸ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ: ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɨɧɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
ɂ ɟɣ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ: ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ (ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ) ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ (ɜɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɦ
ɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ), ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ
ɪɨɫɬɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɤ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɢɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ – ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. Ɉɛɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɢ ɜ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɢɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɵɜɨɞɚɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ɇɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɫɢɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɵ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɫɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɡɚɢɦɨ-
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɟɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɢɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɧɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɸɬ, ɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ
ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɢɤɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ. ɋɢɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ
ɫ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɨɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɫɚɦɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɢɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧ
ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɭɱɟɧɵɦɢ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ, ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɫɢɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ
82
ɢɡ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɨ ɫɢɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɱɟɦɭ ɨɧɚ
ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ. ɉɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬ
ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢ
ɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɯ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢ ɨɬ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɬ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɫɢɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɞɧɹɥɚɫɶ ɤ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɸ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ȿ. ɇ. Ʉɧɹɡɟɜɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭ ɫɢɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɪɟɱɶ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ
ɫɢɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɢɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ, ɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɢɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɫɜɨɸ
ɫɮɟɪɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ.
Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ. ɂɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɧ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ) ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ (ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɢɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɫɬɢ) ɩɪɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɢɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟ ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ
ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧ ɫɢɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɦ.
ɇɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɯ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɲɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
Ⱦɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨ-
ɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɢɥɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ:
-
83
- ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨ-ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɚɟɬ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɢɡ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨ-
ɫɬɨɢɬ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɟɟ
ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ;
- ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ – ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɟɟ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ;
- ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɤɚɤɢɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɟɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɟɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ;
- ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨ-ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɟɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɭ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɢ;
- ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨ-ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ
ɧɟɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ;
- ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɤɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ, ɤɚɤɨɜɵ ɟɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ.
ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞɹ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɦɭ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢ
-
ɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ, ɫɥɟɞɭɹ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ
ɥɸɛɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɭɸ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɗɬɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɞɢɤɬɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɞɥɹ
ɤɢɛɟɪɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ Ⱦɠɨɧɨɦ Ʉɟɦɩɨɦ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɤ
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɦ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɵɦ. ɇɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ,
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ, ɟɝɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɚɦɚ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɤ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ. ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɨɛɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɟɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɭɸ
ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɜɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɚɹ.
ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ
ɫ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɟɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɟɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ
ɫɪɟɞɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɢɡ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɟɺ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
ɫɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɛɥɨɤɢ (ɪɢɫ. 3.3).
84
ɇɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɇɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɇɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ
ɇɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɇɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ
ɛɥɨɤɚ
ɇɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3.3 – ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ:
- ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɣ ɛɥɨɤ – ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɢɪɦɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɜ
ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ;
- ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɥɨɤ – ɷɬɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ
ɇɂɈɄɊ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ;
- ɪɟɫɭɪɫɧɵɣ ɛɥɨɤ – ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɯ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ;
- ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɛɥɨɤ – ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɦ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ;
- ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ – ɨɛɳɟɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɮɢɪɦɨɣ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨ-
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ,
ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ,
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ (ɪɢɫ. 3.3):
- ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ – ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ (ɪɟɫɭɪɫɧɚɹ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ). ɗɬɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɢɡ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ
ɜɢɞɚ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɜɢɞɭ
ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɨ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɯ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɦ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɢɯ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɱɟɦ, ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ
85
ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ. ɇɟɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɟɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɛ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɬɟɪɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɡɚɦɟɞɥɹɟɬ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɚ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɛɵ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɭ
ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɳɭɸ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ,
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɢɛɤɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɇɂɈɄɊ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɭɸ ɟɟ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɨɦ Ƚ. ɑɟɫɛɨɪɨ, ɤɚɤ «ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ»:
- ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ – ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ (ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ);
- ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ – ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ
ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ);
- ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ – ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɜ ɬɨɦ
ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɟɟ ɠɢɜɭɱɟɫɬɶ (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɵ) ɢ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ;
- ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ – ɨɧɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶ-
ɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɟɝɨ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ).
ɗɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɜ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɪ-
ɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨ ɱɟɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ.
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ, ɢɡɭɱɚɜɲɢɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ
ɜ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɞɜɭɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ: ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɧɨɝɨ. ɍɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɜ
ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɱɟɦ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦ
ɷɬɚɩɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ, ɰɢɤɥɵ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɨɬɫɬɭɩɨɦ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣ ɢ
ɩɪɨɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ
ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɭɠɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ
86
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɚɦɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɤɟɬɵ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ,
ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɫɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɨɬɛɨɪ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɯ
ɟɟ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɤ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
, ɨɬɛɨɪ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤ-
ɬɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ.
3.2.2. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ,
ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɠɢɬ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɜ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
ɇɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɡɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɪɟɫɭɪɫɧɚɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ), ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ (ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ), ɧɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɗɬɢ ɬɪɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɮɨɪ
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ɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɸ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 3.4.
Ɉɫɨɛɨ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɪɭɝ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɫɚɦɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.
Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɪɢɞɚɸɬ ɟɣ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɧɨ-ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɬɨ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɨɧ ɩɪɨ
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ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɢɧɢɰɢɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɟɝɨ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɟɦɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɟɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ
87
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɯɨɡɹɣ-
ɞ
ɭ
ɪ
ɞ
ɞ
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ ɋɬɟɛɥɹɤɨɜɚ Ʌ. ɉ., ɋɬɨɥɹɪɨɜ ɂ. ɂ. ɢɞ ɪ. ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ.
ɇɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ (ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ)
Ɋɟɫɭɪɫɧɚɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩ
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ
ɧɚ
ɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɧɚ
ɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɇɚ
ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3.4 – ɋɯɟɦɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
Ɉɧ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɷɬɚɩ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ), ɢ ɷɬɚɩ ɩɟɪɟɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
(ɨɧ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɫ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɥɢɛɨ ɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɨɦ). ɋɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ
ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ – ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɗɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɢ ɟɸ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ (
ɇɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 3.5 ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ, ɪɟɫɭɪɫɧɚɹ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɪɢɫ. 3.5).
ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ, ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ
ɩɪɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ.
88
ɞ
ɭ
ɪ
ɇɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɧɚɹ
ɧɚ
ɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɋɟɫɭɪɫɧɚɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ-
ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ
ɧɢɣ
ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɯ
ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ
ɇɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
(ɤɨɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ)
ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3.5 – ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ
ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ. Ɉɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ
ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ
ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ.
Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɢ ɟɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɧɟɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɛɟɡ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɇɚ
ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɪɟɡɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɟɟ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɷɬɚɩɚɦɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɗɬɨɬ ɷɬɚɩ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ, ɩɨ-
ɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɧɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧ-
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
ɬɨɜ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɬ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɧɢɦ, ɨɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ
ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ
ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɧ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ
89
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɥɢ ɟɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ.
Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ, ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ, ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
ɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ, ɧɨ
ɧɟ ɞɚɟɬ ɱɟɬɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. ɉɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɤ
ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɪɚɜɧɟ ɫ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɟɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ȿɳɟ ɨɞɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɧ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
– ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɚ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ (ɱɬɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ), ɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɢɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɟɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɟɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ
ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɚɸɳɢɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɟɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɫɧɨɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɟɟ ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɷɬɚɩ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ. ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɧɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ȼɵɫɬɭɩɚɹ
ɤɚɤ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɜ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ,
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
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