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Файл:Техническая и инновационная надежность опасных производственных объектов. Учебное пособие
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ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɛɚɡɢɪɭɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɭɩɨɪ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɤɚɤ ɪɢɫɤ-ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɵ. ȼ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɩɨɞ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɚɹ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ, ɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨ-ɰɟɥɟɜɨɝɨ. ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ, ɤɢɛɟɪɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɨɛɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ
ɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ
ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨ-ɰɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɜ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɸ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ
ɰɟɥɟɣ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɭɬɨɱɧɹɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɬɢɩɵ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɢ ɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɢ
ɩɪɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ
ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ȼɫɟ ɜɵɲɟɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ
ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ, ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɪɨɤ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɚ. ȼ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ
ɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɨɝɨ, ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɢ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɵɜɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ
ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ.
ɇɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ (ɩɪɢ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɜ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ).
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɧ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɚɛɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɦɟɪ ɩɪɢ
ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ʉɢɛɟɪɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɪɢ
ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ: ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ. ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
71
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɛɨɪɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ – ɷɬɨ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɨɟ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɦɧɨɝɨɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɚɞɪɟɫɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫ ɭɩɨɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɟ, ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɭɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ – ɠɢɜɭɱɟɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɶ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ
ɤ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɦ,
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɠɢɜɭɱɟɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɨɬɤɚɡɚ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɤɚɡ – ɷɬɨ
ɟɫɬɶ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɟɟ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɠɢɜɭɱɟɫɬɢ. Ɉɬɤɚɡ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɧɟ
ɤɚɤ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ, ɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɨɬɤɚɡɨɜ, ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɭ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ. ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɡɨɬɤɚɡɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɚɤ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
72
ɇɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɨɫɬ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɨɫɬɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɭɱɟɫɬɶɸ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ
ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɭɱɟɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ
ɟɫɥɢ ɜ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɜɧɟɞɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɠɢɜɭɱɟɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɯ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɣ, ɧɨ
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɧɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɬɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɇɚ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɲɚɧɫ (ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ) ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɟɡ ɨɬɤɚɡɨɜ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ (ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ) ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɸɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ «ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ». Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ
ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɪ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ, ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɧ-
ɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɗɬɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢ
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ɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɢ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɧɚ ɷɬɚɩɟ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɬ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɚɫɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɚ ɟɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ – ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɢ.
ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ (ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɚɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɚɞɪɟɫɧɨɫɬɶɸ), ɧɨ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɠɢɜɭɱɟɫɬɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ.
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɟɟ ɠɢɜɭɱɟɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɧɟɞɪɹɟɦɵɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɢɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦ
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ
73
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ. ɗɬɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɚɡɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɡ-
ɞ
ɞ
ɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
Ɍɚɤ, ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɢɯ ɠɢɜɭɱɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ. Ɉɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɣ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɭɱɟɫɬɶɸ
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ (ɪɢɫ. 3.1). ɀɢɜɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɭɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ (ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ)
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ (ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚ)
Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɚ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ
(ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɯ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ)
ɗɬɚɩ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ
(ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ
ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ)
ɧɚ
Ɋɚɧɠɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ (ɪɢɫɤɨɜ)
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ
ɩɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɧɚ
ɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3.1 – ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ
ȼ
ɫɜɹɡɢ
ɫ ɱɟɦ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ
ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ,
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɭɩɨɪ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
74
ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ɑɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨ ɢ ɩɨ ɷɬɚɩɚɦ
(ɪɢɫ. 3.1). Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɨɬ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ, ɡɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɟɸ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ
ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɟɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ
ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ – ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɡɚɪɨɠɞɚɸɬ ɪɢɫɤ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ
ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ.
ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɷɬɚɩ – ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɢɫɤɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ
ɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɞɥɹ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢ-
ɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɟɸ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ, ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɫɬɚɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɊɂɋɄ
ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ȼɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ
(ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ,
ɧɟɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.)
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3.2 – ɋɯɟɦɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ
Ɍɪɟɬɢɣ ɷɬɚɩ – ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɚ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ,
ɫ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɡɚɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɢ
ɤɚɤɨɜɚ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ
(
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ
ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ). ɋɯɟɦɚ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 3.2.
ɑɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ – ɷɬɚɩ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ, ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɷɬɨɬ ɷɬɚɩ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ
75
ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɷɬɨɬ ɷɬɚɩ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ, ɧɨ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɧɟɞɪɹɟɦɵɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ.
ɉɹɬɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ – ɪɚɧɠɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ, ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ
ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶ
ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɪɢɫɤɢ, ɢ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɞɪɭɝ
ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ.
ɒɟɫɬɨɣ ɷɬɚɩ – ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɢ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ
ɩɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢɦɢ.
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ.
1. Ⱦɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜ-
ɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ:
- ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜ ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢ
ɫ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɵ;
- ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɞɪɭɝ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ.
2. Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɭ ɪɢɫɤɚ
ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹɦ, ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ
ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɡɚ ɪɢɫɤ:
- ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ;
- ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚɦ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɯ;
- ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
3. ɋɚɦɨɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɪɟɡɟɪɜɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɮɨɧɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɤ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɦ, ɧɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɉɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ
ɪɟɡɟɪɜɨɜ ɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ, ɱɟɦ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
4. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ
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ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɩɨɢɫɤ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɫɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɦ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɠɢɜɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. Ɇɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɦ ɠɢɜɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɤ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɷɬɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɟɟ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɚ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ
ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ – ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɟɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ. ɗɬɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ, ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɜɫɟ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ, ɠɢɜɭɱɟɫɬɶɸ, ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɗɬɨɬ ɛɥɨɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ
ɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ
ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɷɬɚɩɚɦ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɬɚɛɥ. 3.1).
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ 3.1, ɜɫɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ:
- ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɶ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɚɞɪɟɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ (ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ);
- ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ;
- ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (
ɬɟɦɩɨɜ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ).
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.1
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ, ɠɢɜɭɱɟɫɬɢ
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɢ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɨ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ,
ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɉɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ
ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɡɚɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ
ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ
ɠɢɜɭɱɟɫɬɢ, ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɢ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɢ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɵ
ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ,
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ
ɧɨɜɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ,
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ,
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɯ
ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ
ɉɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɠɢɜɭɱɟɫɬɢ,
ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɠɢɜɭɱɟɫɬɢ ɟɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɵɯ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ.
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
78
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ
ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ,
ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ
ɉɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɫɬɟɣ
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ
ɇɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ (ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ
ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜ ɢ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ),
ɠɢɜɭɱɟɫɬɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ
ɜ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ
ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ
ɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɦɟɪ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ
ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɚɩɚ
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɷɬɚɩɚɦ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɉɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɸ
1 2 3 4
ɷɬɚɩɚ
ɇɨɦɟɪ
1
ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɢɞɟɣ ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
2
Ɍɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɢɯ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɧɵɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ
3
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ 3.1
ɭ
ɬɟɦɩɨɜ
ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ
ȼɵɛɨɪ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɫ ɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ
ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɠɢɜɭɱɟɫɬɶ),
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ
Ɉɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɢɧɝɚ ɡɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ
ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɢɯ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
Ɉɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɢɧɝɚ ɡɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɢɯ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɫɦ. ɷɬɚɩ 1
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ
79
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ (ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ)
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
ɧɨɜɲɟɫɬɜɚ), ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
Ɉɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ
ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ (ɞɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ
1 2 3 4
4
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢ ɠɢɜɭɱɟɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɜɢɡɧɵ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ
Ɇɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɢ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ 3, ɟɫɥɢ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ
ɷɬɚɩɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ (ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɦɟɪɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
Ɉɩɵɬɧɵɟ ɢɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɹ, ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɩɵɬɧɨɣ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ
5
ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜ)
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ
Ɇɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɢ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ
Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
6
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɫɦ. ɷɬɚɩ 1
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ
ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ. Ʉ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ ɦɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ:
- ɚɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ;
- ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ;
- ɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ;
- ɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ;
- ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
ɉɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ⱥɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ – ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɚɛɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɜɲɢɦɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ. Ⱥɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɺ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɜɲɢɦɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ
ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɫ
ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɨɧɚ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɢ, ɚ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ.
Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɺ
ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɤ ɯɚɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɣ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɺ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵ, ɬɨ ɱɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ, ɩɟɪɟɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɬɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ʌɸɛɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɚ ɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ
ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ. ɂɧɚɱɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɥɚ ɛɵ ɫɜɨɺ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɚɛɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɦɟɧɹɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɜɨɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɟ ɜɫɟɦ
ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ. Ⱥɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ –
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɟɺ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
ɢɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ
ɜ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɞɨ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɨ, ɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.
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