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Файл:Social adaptation of persons with disabilities in the conditions of professional activity. Textbook for students in the field of training 08.04.01 Con.pdf
In today‘s information and digital environment, all the conditions are in place not only for adaptation,
but also for the complete transformation of the individual. What new opportunities have emerged
for us to assess our resources?
We can assess our own resources through digital tools and end-to-end technologies. Mastering and
using smart tools will help take into account biological, psychological indicators. The date of our
individual circadian rhythms will be tracked and analysed by smart watches, bracelets, rings, activity
trackers, and applications for analysing psychophysiological indicators. Apps such as Google Calendar
and My Office software will help us assess our work capacity and performance.
7.2.3. Limitations in adaptive capacity of the individual
A person‘s adaptation is divided into internal, external and mixed. The internal adaptation of the
individual is characterized by the restructuring of her functional structures and systems under a certain
change in the environment of her life activity. A meaningful, complete, generalized adaptation takes place.
External (behavioural, adaptive) adaptation of the individual is characterized by the absence of
internal (meaningful) restructuring, by the preservation of the self and its autonomy. An instrumental
adaptation of the personality takes place.
Mixed personality adaptation often manifests itself in a restructuring and internal adjustment to
the environment, its values and norms, at the same time as partial-instrumental adaptation, while
preserving one‘s self, one‘s autonomy, one‘s ―selfhood‖.
Of the inherent adaptation patterns of most people, it is noteworthy that people who adapt well to
significant fluctuations in environmental conditions, expressed for a short time, are much worse able
to tolerate prolonged, although not so strong, exposure to adverse factors. And vice versa. The listed
features are essential when predicting adaptability and adaptation effects in different individuals.
It has also been found that when the nervous system is activated to a certain critical level, performance increases, but if the stressor is not subsequently reduced, performance will decrease.
But individual, personal adaptation peculiarities are much more important. The peculiarities of
emotional reactions in the conditions of professional adaptation characterize the adaptive capabilities of a person. The ability of an individual or a system to modify itself or its environment when
adverse changes occur in order to least partially compensate for the loss of work capacity is called
adaptability. An individual may be either adaptive or maladaptive.
Maladaptation is the second possible version of person‘s response to environmental influences.
It occurs with prolonged and increasing emotional stress and discomfort and manifests itself in an
inadequate response to the environment and in maladaptive behaviour.
When considering personal maladaptation at the socio-psychological level, psychologists distinguish three main types of maladaptation:
– temporary maladaptation, which is resolved through adequate adaptive measures, social and
intrapsychic actions, which corresponds to unsustainable adaptation;
– persistent situational maladaptation, which occurs when a person does not find ways and means
to adapt in certain life situations, although he or she attempts to do so – this condition can be referred
to as a state of maladaptation;
– general persistent maladaptation, which is a state of frustration, the presence of which activates
the formation of pathological defence mechanisms.
What are the main constraints on our ability to adapt? Numerous studies show that the belief
system which develops in childhood becomes stereotyped and governs our state and activities.
It ensures the process of adaptation in adulthood. Destructive forms of adaptation developed early
on will manifest themselves in the form of maladaptive behaviour.
Does this mean that one‘s adaptation resources cannot be increased? Of course not. There are
many ways to develop such important resources.
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7.3. Psychological self-regulation
7.3.1. Defining mental self-regulation
Observational and research data accumulated in psychology show a rich variety of definitions
of self-regulation and similar terms denoting a person‘s ability to manage himself, his resources,
his psychological and physical state. Self-regulation can be defined as:
– managing the psycho-emotional background of one‘s life;
– formation and development of one‘s own psychophysiological functions in accordance with the
goals set;
– selection and development of specific sequential actions in accordance with the goals;
– managing behavior in accordance with set goals;
– balanced correlation of internal capabilities, states with external conditions and environmental
factors...
These are just some approaches to defining self-regulation. Let's be ready for new interpretations.
Such a multifaceted and multifaceted approach to the concept of self-regulation was formed
due to the basis of the word, indicating that self-regulation is always associated with expediency.
The goal, in this case, comes from the person himself; the goal sets the direction of the vector of activity
and effort. At the same time, there is also enough space for action for impulsiveness and spontaneity.
The research field of psychologists includes dozens of objects of study in the context of selfregulation:
– voluntary self-regulation and involuntary;
– psychological self-regulation and social, socio-psychological;
– biological self-regulation and physiological;
– intellectual and motivational self-regulation;
– self-regulation, carried out directly and indirectly;
– individual self-regulation;
– self-regulation carried out at the conscious and unconscious levels, as well as voluntary and
involuntary self-regulation;
– emotional self-regulation.
This is only part of the total volume of research.
Self-regulation is studied both in the context of understanding a person as a subject of his own
activity, and in the context of the work of the central nervous system, the human brain. In this case,
the human brain is perceived as a self-regulating system.
Practical psychology, for its applied purposes, studies self-regulation as a process in which a change
in the psychophysiological state of a person occurs.
It is important that the person himself needs to see the meaning in the need for self-regulation
and mastery of techniques and methods of self-regulation. Then, thanks to internal motivation,
self-motivation, the necessary qualities will be formed and developed, because a newborn person does
not possess them at a conscious level of the psyche, i.e. it can be shaped and improved.
7.3.2. Classification of mental self-regulation
In modern psychological science there are many approaches to the classification of levels of
mental self-regulation. Let us refer to the experience of the famous psychophysiologist L.P. Grimak
and consider the following levels of self-regulation of human mental activity: informational-energetic;
emotional-volitional, motivational; individual-personal.
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The informational-energetic level of self-regulation
The informational-energetic level of self-regulation provides the necessary degree of energy
mobilization of physiological systems for optimal functioning of the psyche. Normal human activity
is practically impossible without regulation of energy supply of mental functions, maintaining their
certain tone.
The human psyche, in the process of its work, uses energy to achieve its goals and objectives.
This workflow can occur in both high activity and low activity conditions. In conditions of high activity,
a large amount of energy is expended, and with activity above the norm, subsequent discharge is inevitable.
This release occurs through the actions of the body and the work of internal organ systems. For example,
there may be increased speech activity or general agitation when it is impossible to remain calm.
In conditions where there is a decrease in activity, loss of productivity is accompanied by the
activation of brain centers associated with the muscular system, which makes it possible to cheer up
to continue working.
The American scientist G. Freeman studied these features of activity from a physiological point
of view. He identified the main markers of the activity of the human psyche and mental tone over time.
It is worth identifying these markers:
– excitation index;
– rank index;
– recovery coefficient, which is the ratio of the two previous coefficients and indicates the rate of
energy recovery in the body.
The arousal index serves as an indicator of the body‘s strength, its energy, which it is willing to
expend in response to an external stimulating factor.
The discharge index characterizes the body's strength, which is inherent in the response to an
external stimulating factor.
The recovery factor takes into account the arousal index and the discharge index to ensure the
body's recovery after a response to an external stimulating factor.
Emotional-volitional level of self-regulation
Emotional-volitional level of self-regulation is a complex opportunities related to will and volitional
qualities. Among volitional qualities, control of one‘s own emotions, behavior, and activities occupies
a special place. In everyday life, we can constantly observe the manifestation of self-control, and in
difficult, extreme situations it becomes necessary for survival. Self-control is carried out through
observation, checking, tracking one‘s condition in different conditions, taking into account expediency.
In the event that self-control works fully or sufficiently, self-control comes into force. Self-control
allows you to harmonize your psycho-emotional state to achieve your goals. Self-control is accomplished
through specific means that involve human effort. After all, these are also strong-willed qualities.
The unit of volitional activity is a volitional act. An act of will as a process includes the following
stages:
– goal setting;
– awareness of the need to achieve the goal;
– identifying, collecting, constructing a list of alternative options for achieving the goal;
– appeal to the forces that motivate action to achieve goals (motives);
– choice of motives and options for achieving the goal; the implementation of the decision taken.
Depending on the content of the task, the very ways and types of self-management vary considerably.
The most common types of emotional-volitional self-regulation will be discussed below.
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The motivational level of self-regulation
In everyday life, the individual so firmly links all actions to certain inner impulses, goals and
aspirations that unmotivated actions are legitimately classified as mental deviations. This dependence
can be so unambiguous in an individual that it can be argued that any self-regulation processes start
with self-regulation of motivation.
The individual-personal level of self-regulation
The personal levels of life regulation are mobilized when it is necessary to change not circumstances,
not life, but oneself, one‘s personal values and psychological attitudes. That is, to use internal adaptation.
7.3.3. Methods of self-regulation
Techniques for information-energy self-regulation
Three main types of self-regulation on information-energetic level have been identified: the reaction
of ―reacting‖, catharsis and ritual actions.
The “response” reaction is to increase motor or mental activity to prevent overloading.
Catharsis comes from the Greek ―katharsis‖, which means ―purification‖.
The psychological meaning is to free oneself from negative experiences and thoughts through
the emotional turmoil of exposure to work of art, to feel an inner relief. It is means of overcoming
and displacing conflicting, difficult, distressing experiences with positive ones.
Ritual action is the most common way of influencing the psyche through the appropriate organization
of external conditions in order to stimulate or reduce its excessive activity.
Emotional and volitional self-regulation techniques
Self-confession is one of the first, initial and necessary elements of the process of communicating
with oneself, without which all the other stages and ways of self-actualization, of ―processing oneself‖
are ineffective. It is full internal report to oneself, about oneself, about the circumstances of life and
one‘s true role in them. The more objective our mental mirror is in reflecting reality, the greater
success of reflection.
Self-confidence is a process of communicative, critical-analytical, conscious influence on one‘s
own personal attitudes, the core of personal motives. It is based on mental operations to rationalize
the system of motives for behaviour: the logical justification of the practical usefulness of actions.
A powerful and developed intellect is able to withstand the most improbable circumstances in life,
to push aside the traumatic impact, the pressure of emotions and instincts, to reprogram, to realign
oneself appropriately to the situation.
Self-orders ensure decisive action in the face of a clear objective and limited time for reflection.
Self-involvement entails the adoption of beliefs and attitudes, acting on rational, habitual, stereotypical
level. It does not require creative personal effort to analyse and resolve a difficult situation.
The process of self-maintenance (self-reinforcement) involves three stages. In the first stage, we
imagine a desired result, plan to achieve it, and check our capacity to do so. The second stage is the
self-assessment of one‘s progress towards the desired outcome. The third stage of self-communication is
the self-reinforcement itself, which can be positive or negative. If the stage is positive, the action is
completed. If the stage is negative, the action is repeated or more effective options are sought.
Self-approval techniques. Do not close your eyes as tightly as possible to your own shortcomings! No!
It is based on approving your actual actions, plans, outcomes and results.
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Motivational self-regulation techniques
Autogenic training, self-hypnosis can additionally be used as a control technique to dialogue
with oneself, to correct motivation and self-esteem.
Bibliotherapy is the purposeful reading of literature. The delivers information to adjust one‘s
self and distracts from difficult experiences.
Imago therapy is a branch of play therapy. It consists in the fact that people with an artistic type
of higher nervous activity are able to assimilate and reproduce certain traits of the characters in
works of art if they wish, and thus strengthen their psyche.
Meditation involves intense concentration or dispersal of attention in relation to an object.
Techniques for individual-personal self-regulation
Self-organisation orders the mental state and life. It is like a specific indicator of one‘s personal
maturity.
Self-assertion is a human need that is connected with other fundamental human needs: self-expression,
self-disclosure. It is the stimulus for human activity, the way to confidence in oneself, one‘s strengths,
and one‘s capabilities.
After carefully studying this section, talk to yourself about the main thoughts and ideas again.
If you have any questions, write them down. Compare your thoughts and ideas with the outcome
after completing the topic. Test your knowledge after studying the topic.
SUMMARY
1. In the overall system of psychological adaptation, the socio-psychological level is the most complex.
2. Adaptive behaviours are aimed at saving costs to the body.
3. Self-assessment of personal resources determines the course of adaptation.
THINK ABOUT AND ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS
1. How are the overall dynamics of adaptation affected by individuality?
2. How does self-esteem affect successful adaptation?
3. What do you think are the most effective self-regulation techniques as an adaptation tool?
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