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6.2.2. Digital tools for professional communication within the organization
In today‘s organizations there are many tools for interaction between employees. It is a disadvantageous idea for a company to use only one tool. For example, e-mail has several disadvantages:
– employees may receive too many different e-mails and miss important messages from the company;
– it can be inconvenient to search for the necessary information in the mailbox;
– mail is not always convenient for reading on the phone.
Let‘s look at examples of the best tools for professional communication within the company.
1. Corporate portal
The corporate portal is the main source of information about the organization for employees.
Managers post important announcements, calls, news, as well as useful information for employees
on the portal.
Practice shows that corporate portals are not popular in organizations. But why?
They usually have an inconvenient and not intuitive interface. Too bulky and overloaded with
information. This is good for a historical site, but tiresome for operational work.
There are several products from Russian developers on the corporate portal market. The most
popular is Bitrix24 (bitrix24.ru).
2. Corporate messenger
Corporate messenger has two functions. The first is the communication of the organization with
employees. The second is a tool for personal communication. During the day, employees regularly
use the messenger and actively lead discussions in it.
But information in messengers is often lost. Therefore, only news and announcements are usually
posted in the messenger. The main content is in another communication channel. This allows you to
maintain operational communication between the organization and employees. Neither information
is lost, nor the information channel is overloaded. This means that employees are more likely to notice
the data and get acquainted with them.
Russian developers offer versions of messengers compatible with all popular operating systems.
For example, VK Teams (VK_Teams), Express Messenger (eXpress).
3. Employee survey tool
Interviewing employees is an important practice that companies regularly use. Feedback from
employees is necessary to improve work processes, onboarding and training. It helps to establish a
positive emotional climate in the team, to notice and prevent conflicts timely.
Surveys are effective if they are anonymous and convenient for the employee. It is important
for management to get the results in a readable format for subsequent analysis.
Examples of software products for receiving feedback: Testograf (Testograf.ru) from a Russian
developer; Google Forms (Google_Формы) is a world-famous free product.
Some corporate portals have built-in survey tools.
4. Corporate television
Digital signage allows you to maximize the use of shared spaces in offices and factories. Employees
always pay attention to the colourful digital screens in the walk-through areas and recreation areas.
Touch screens and digital panels help employees and guests with navigation. Any content can
be created and managed using a tablet or any computer via a browser.
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5. Corpstories
Corpstories is a unique tool. It allows you to link together disparate communication channels
within the company. Thus, up to 100 % of employees will be informed.
Stories are created only once. Then they can be broadcast on all company screens or in specific
rooms, for individual departments or even definite employees.
New stories hit all devices instantly. So, no one will miss a vital message. Employees will be
aware of all chief events in the company.
6. Offline tools
Unfortunately, there are many places in Russia and around the world where the Internet is unstable
or does not work at all. In some manufacturing companies, most employees do not have constant access
to computers and smartphones. Some companies have elderly employees who do not feel confident
using modern gadgets.
For such cases, you can use analogue information technologies: announcement boards, corporate press,
loudspeaker alerts, phone calls, and postal mailing. But such formats are becoming less and less popular.
6.3. How interactions change when you go online
6.3.1. Changing the communicative side of interaction
Human interaction is based on communication. Real and virtual communication complement each
other as much as written speech complements spoken speech. If you think that online communication
is direct communication, only made with the use of digital technologies, you are not right. Each type
of communication is organized according to its own rules.
There are three sides of interaction: communicative, interactive and perceptual. Let us consider
how they change when being moved to the Internet space.
The communicative side is the exchange of information.
It is improving in the digital environment. Digital means of communication quickly transmit
information in different formats like a document, a picture, an audio file. You make one click, a few
seconds pass, and the recipient receives the information without any distortion.
Network users are more likely to send each other information in short messages rather than files.
These messages can be oral or written. If a verbal message is long or urgent, you can call. If it‘s
short and non-urgent, it is sent via a chat. Voice messages convey shades of speech that help people
understand each other. They are often used precisely to convey an emotional state. They are also
applied when your hands are busy.
Web users are more likely to use written speech. According to the norms of any language, written
speech is subject to strict rules. It must be literate and logically coherent. It conveys emotions only
through the expressive means of language.
Modern people live at a fast pace and try to simplify everything. They don‘t have time to think
and express their thoughts continuously. Therefore, in personal online communication, written speech
gets the features of oral speech. Users call uncompleted phrases, rely on the general context, and don‘t
use vocatives. In written Internet speech, peculiar punctuation, abbreviated and simplified writing of words,
and jargonisms are a commonplace.
These changes are more typical of personal messengers‘ communication. But gradually they are
spreading into the business communication of people who know each other well. In official Internet
conversation, the norms of written speech are still preserved.
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Internet communication is not a chaotic process. It exists and operates according to its own rules.
This is the way human being is organised. In any interaction, human makes rules. Rules make us feel
safe and comfortable. Netiquette is a set of rules for respectful and proper communication on the Net.
It is often called Internet etiquette.
The rules of network etiquette depend significantly on the community and its members. As a rule,
they are determined by the administrator of the community. Netiquette is not a set of obligatory rules.
These are recommended rules of behaviour. But their violation will be punished with a warning and a ban.
These are a few rules for comfortable online communication:
– don‘t break messages into separate words. Sending a message by word or sentence often leads
to confusion. You haven‘t finished a thought yet, and your chat partner has already started to respond.
You respond to his comment, he responds to yours, and it‘s chaos;
– don‘t use CapsLock. Writing in capital letters on the Internet means yelling;
– voice messages are convenient for the person who sends the message. The receiver must use
headphones or have privacy to listen to the voice message. This is inappropriate;
– personal discussions in the group chat are not acceptable. It disturbs the communication of other
users. You should use private chats to discuss issues or disputes with one certain person you are talking to;
– Internet messaging uses stickers and emojis to convey intonation. Don‘t use emoji in the middle
of a sentence, and don‘t replace words with smileys. The same applies to hashtags. They make it difficult
to read and understand what you‘re saying;
– flooding, flaming, and trolling are forms of verbal aggression. Don‘t use them if you don‘t
want to turn the community against you and get banned by a moderator;
– messaging is immediate process. Do not be offended if the person you are talking to does not
respond immediately in a messenger. He / she may be busy, even if his status is online.
It is sometimes impolite to observe the traditional rules of speech etiquette in virtual communication.
This contradicts the requirements of the netiquette. For example, in chat rooms and forums, the absence
of greetings and goodbyes is not a violation of etiquette. On the contrary, the netiquette instructions state
that greetings and goodbyes of users during the polylogue interfere with communication. In online
communication the interlocutors strive to reduce the time of writing a text message. To do this, they
often shorten the label lexemes. Moreover, they do this not only in informal, but also in business
communication: plz — instead of please, thx — thank you, gn — good night, etc.
Most Internet users do not perceive the use of abbreviated words as a manifestation of impoliteness.
However, they should not be overused in business communication.
6.3.2. Changing the interactive side of communication
The interactive side is the interaction between people including cooperation and confrontation.
Sociologists consider it necessary to distinguish between ―strong‖ social ties: love, friendship, hatred,
and ―weak‖ social ties: friends, followers, subscribers.
―Weak‖ connections in the Internet environment are more intense. People are more likely to meet
and ―make friends‖ online than in common life. People are more expected to join thematic discussion
groups, communities. They more often support some initiatives or protest, more often participate in
mass flash mobs. ―Weak‖ interactive connections are often temporary. They are easy to sacrifice.
But people experience the lack of such connections very acutely. It is especially unpleasant when
the interlocutor ignores and breaks off contact. This is like isolation in real life, and in some cases
can traumatize self-esteem.
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―Strong‖ connections in the digital environment are just maintained, but not significantly
strengthened. Love, friendship can arise online, and then go offline. But to do this, you need to
skillfully use the capabilities of the perceptual side of Internet communication.
The possibilities of online interaction for many people have become a window into the big world,
in the truest sense of the word. People with physical disabilities, people with problems in socialization,
voluntary recluses and those who are on self-isolation can interact with the real world only via the Internet.
An example of such a social group is hikikomoris.
Hikikomori is a special type of social adjustment disorder mainly in young people and adolescents.
They avoid any direct contact with society and choose voluntary confinement in an apartment. Internet
communications in this case are the only salvation. Online shopping, distance education and work,
diverse online communication help hikikomori to remain a member of society.
It is not surprising that after a long interaction with the world only online, they find it difficult
to adapt in the real world and in real relationships.
6.3.3. Changes in the perceptual side of communication
The perceptual side
markedly in online interaction compared to the face-to-face one.
of communication is the perception of a person by another person. It changes
Users of social networks base the perception and evaluation of other users on their self-presentations.
As a rule, a self-presentation contains a text, photo and video. Virtual communication is relatively
anonymous and distant. This stimulates desire to ―embellish‖ your perceptual image on the network
and makes this desire possible. Users may change their biography, life experience, skills, select a suitable
avatar, make photo corrections. They often supplement their self-presentation with elements of some
cultural codes. It can be favourite music, authors, groups of performers, films, books. The developers
of social networks themselves determine the list of cultural codes. The absence of such information
in the profile also affects the image being built.
The digital image also includes multimedia ways to interact with friends and followers. It matters
how a person communicates: dismissively, with threats, or attentively, politely. The general culture and
degree of literacy of verbal messages play an important role in the construction of the image. A low degree
of literacy, ignorance of significant events in the world of culture may easily destroy the image created.
Creating one‘s own image is only a part of the process of social perception. Netizens not only
show themselves. They analyze other participants, identify potential or real ―friends‖.
Online, you can never be sure that a personally unknown user is exactly who he / she claims to be.
The presentation may be intentionally fake. Photos may not belong to the author of the presentation.
Biographical data may not match the actual biography of the user, or only partially match. A list of
―friends‖ of a particular participant can help separate truth from fiction. If there is a mutual friend
among them, his / her opinion serves as an indicator for the evaluation of the interlocutor.
Each social network member can have many different digital images for different purposes.
Anonymity provides a unique opportunity to experiment with one‘s own identity. A person who has
any health restrictions, peculiar features of appearance and psyche can create any image for oneself.
This improves one‘s self-esteem, communication, and socialization. A person can join any community
and be an equal participant there.
The best compensation for shortcomings is to join the professional community and receive its
recognition. If a person is an expert in any issue or activity, their physical features go by the wayside
(they become insignificant to others). Communication on an equal footing and interaction in a
professional online environment helps a person with any health disabilities to become a successful
and in-demand specialist in the labour market.
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SUMMARY
1. Information technology and digital technology are not the same thing. The second comes out
from the first.
2. The use of digital technologies displaces a person from the production process. On the one hand,
it improves the quality of production. On the other hand, this displacement increases the number of
unemployed.
3. Digital technologies can be used to achieve personal success if they are mastered and used in
professional activities.
4. A modern person uses digital technologies for personal or professional communication and
for interaction with organizations.
5. When switching to an online environment, communication and interaction begin to be carried
out according to other rules. They need to be known and used correctly.
THINK ABOUT AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
1. Why do you think a person continues to develop new digital technologies if he / she sees and
feels all the negative consequences of their use?
2. Why are instant messengers so widespread not only in personal, but also in professional
communication?
3. What communication and self-presentation techniques do you use to create a positive digital
image of yourself online?
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7. FORMATION OF AN INCLUSIVE URBAN ENVIRONMENT AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION
Main aims and outcomes
As a result of studying this material, you will learn:
– how psychological adaptation is defined and manifested;
– what adaptive behaviours are aimed at;
– what is the essence of psychological adaptation;
– what explains the diversity of adaptation options;
– what adaptive capacity self-regulation techniques have.
Keywords: psychological adaptation, psychological maladaptation, conflict, psychologically
maladjusted personality, self-esteem, self-regulation.
7.1. General scientific understanding of psychological adaptation
7.1.1. Defining psychological adaptation
Mental adaptation can be defined as the process of establishing an optimal match between the
individual and the environment in the course of an individual‘s intrinsic activity. Which enables the
individual to meet current needs and realise related meaningful goals (while maintaining mental and
physical health). While ensuring that the individual‘s mental activity and behavior meet the requirements
of the environment.
This emphasises that adaptation is equilibrium. For example, we explain biological and physiological
adaptation through homeostasis (equilibrium of the internal environment). Mental adaptation is also
an equilibrium, but of the personality, of the individual‘s mental activity and of the demands of the
environment.
Mental and psychological adaptation are equated by many authors. Other authors describe
psychological adaptation more broadly than mental adaptation. Three main levels or subsystems are
distinguished in the overall system of mental adaptation: the mental proper, the socio-psychological
and the psychophysiological.
We can see that there are reasons to distinguish between mental and psychological adaptation.
The psyche is a property, a human function, which means that it can manifest itself fully only in human
conditions, and it requires a social environment. The socio-psychological level of psychological adaptation
is hierarchically the most complex.
Psychological adaptation gives the dynamics of adaptive activity an individual-emotional colouring
in accordance with the peculiarities of the individual‘s psyche. These are peculiarities of the emotionalvolitional and cognitive spheres, temperament, character, abilities, motivation, behaviour, acquired
experience.
Psychologically speaking, one can say that from birth and throughout life one tries to understand
the changing reality in order to integrate into it, to adapt to live in a way that makes one feel satisfied.
Satisfaction in this case is understood conventionally. One will be satisfied with a state of peace and
serenity, the other needs battles, the third needs long journeys, and the fourth needs the illusion of
stability… And so on infinity.
In order to achieve a sense of self-satisfaction, one chooses an individually determined path that
one is willing to take. The vector of effort can be directed towards the outside world and inside world.
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7.1.2. Indicators of psychological adjustment
An indicator of a person‘s psychological adaptation can be considered the level of internal,
psychological comfort of the individual, which is determined by the balance of positive and negative
emotions of the person and the degree of satisfaction of his or her needful states.
The notion of personal psychological comfort is difficult to define due to its subjectivity. Comfort
as wellbeing or well-being is understood differently by everyone.
We understand that the desire for comfort is driven by the desire to satisfy one‘s needs. From
the basic, physiological to higher needs of self-actualisation.
Emotions regulate such aspirations and the actions associated with them. They signal the relevance
of different needs, help us realise their value, motivate us to act, inform us of the result and are
themselves the result. For example, we feel joyful, happy, when a need is fulfilled. If not, we experience
frustration and disappointment.
Equilibrium in the broad sense of adaptation describes the fact of adaptation. For example,
equilibrium between the organism and the environment. Psychological adaptation also implies equilibrium,
balance, and adequacy: adequate behavior, communication, activity, emotions.
The process of psychological adaptation takes place when a person is in the process of his/her
individual development and professional-employment formation.
However, in the management of adaptation processes it is necessary to take into account that
the parameters of a person‘s physiological and psychological capabilities, the capabilities of the
environment, the conditions and content of activity are not limitless in terms of change and restructuring.
The body‘s available adaptation reserves always respond to the effects of different types of stress
and allow it to adapt to them. A decrease in the body‘s adaptation reserves leads to the development
of an unstable state of systemic processes in the body and to a change in its adaptive reactions.
At this stage, processes are formed that provide a reverse transition to an adaptation state or a prolonged
maladaptation (pathological) state.
Adaptation reserves are indicators of a psychologically adapted individual. Persistent individualpsychological characteristics may inhibit adaptation. This includes, for example, such a characteristic
of temperament as rigidity. This characteristic is manifested in resistance to new things, mental stiffness.
The opposite quality — mental flexibility, plasticity. Provides rapid reactions, their ade-quacy.
Being inherently maladaptive, people can develop their capacity to cope with change, to adjust to it.
Temperament is a very resilient trait, but it can also be worked through and become a psychologically
adaptable person. To do this, one should set a goal, make an audit of one‘s resources, bet on strengths,
and channel energy into developing adaptive capacities.
For adaptive and non-adaptive personalities alike, it is important to assess one‘s own resources.
One‘s own capabilities and limitations. We already know the high importance of self-esteem for an
adaptive personality and assume that an adequately high self-esteem is the key to successful adaptation
and an indica-tor of a psychologically adapted person.
7.1.3. Indicators of psychological maladaptation
In the absence of preventive measures, the phase of mental adaptation is replaced by phase of
unstable mental activity when there is harsh and prolonged exposure to psychogenic factors.
Insecurity distorts emotions, destabilizes behavior and activities and complicates social interaction.
Psychological maladaptation leads to failures in health and affects lifestyle and quality of life.
On the psycho-emotional level, low neuro-psychological stability and high anxiety are identified.
His own and other people‘s emotions are poorly recognized and understood and almost impossible
to express adequately. There is persistent anxiety, emotional stinginess. This inevitably affects social
adaptation. The person is perceived as rude and uncommunicative. He is alienated, unconcerned.
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The emotional component in the development of maladaptive reactions is of key importance.
This fact has been confirmed by numerous researchers. For example, students with high levels of social
anxiety have higher levels of emotional maladaptation most significant factor in the emergence of
maladaptation in students is motivation to learn.
An indicator of psychological maladjustment may be the presence of an eating disorder, as the only
―joy‖ becomes food — something that can be obtained and felt on a physiological level. Consequently,
people with symptoms of emotional distress are more likely to be diagnosed with obesity, overweight,
diabetes and other metabolic diseases.
Addictions of all kinds (alcohol, drugs, tobacco) are another sign of psychological maladjustment.
This increases the risk of coronary heart disease and bronchopulmonary diseases.
Indicators of psychological maladaptation are unusual mental phenomena. While remaining within
the boundaries of the psychological norm, they are at the same time regarded as pre-pathological.
On the other hand, the states arising at the stage of unstable activity allow us to reveal features of course
of mental processes on the border between the mental norm and psychopathology. Identification of signs
of maladaptation at early stages allows positive prognoses to be made.
Social and intrapersonal conflicts also serve as indicators of maladaptation. The intrapersonal
adaptation conflict occupies a special place.
Conflict is understood as a clash of opinions and interests. The prerequisite for a conflict is that
there is one indivisible resource, the object of the conflict (fig.). This is what the main parties to
the conflict — the opponents — claim. This object can be material. For example, land or money.
It can be immaterial. For example, public attention or power. There is a perception that conflict is
necessarily acute, but this is not always the case. There are many other ways in which a conflict can
be low-intensity, or where indirect, indirect means of influence are used.
Figure. Structure of conflict
It has also long been recognised that, in addition to its negative functions, conflict also has a
very important work to do. Of course, it can be exhausting for those involved in a difficult situation,
but it also helps to release tension, accept and resolve accumulated problems.
Adaptation disorders can be observed in conflict situations in the family, in the workplace and
in difficulties in building informal communication.
A clash can take place not only in the interpersonal space, but also within the individual. This is a
special category of conflict called intrapersonal conflict. Internal adaptation is aimed at resolving
internal conflicts.
Reality places different demands on people. Travel places us in new climat-ic and cultural conditions.
A change of workplace makes organisational and pro-fessional demands. Relocation or the birth of a
child involves changes in family life and routines. It is up to us to ensure that we are equipped to
cope with these challenges. These include professional, physical and psychological abilities.
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Adaptation conflict can be temporary, as long as the different needs are reconciled. External as well
as internal. If this process takes a longer time the conflict phase stabilises as maladaptation.
A strategy of conflict behaviour is seen as the orientation of the individual (group) towards the
conflict, an attitude towards certain forms of behaviour in a conflict situation. Today, conflictology,
the science of conflict, uses five strategies to describe variations in conflict behaviour. Because of our
individual char-acteristics, we tend to use some of them more often. These are our established patterns.
Each of these strategies is considered appropriate depending on the circum-stances. It is important
to consider that the choice of strategy predetermines its outcome, especially in the social context.
Do you take this into account?
Rivalry, struggle, competition: you impose your decision on your opponent.
A balance of interests: you win, your opponent loses.
Compromise: you settle your differences by mutual concessions.
A balance of interests: gains and losses are shared between the opponents.
Concession, accommodation: you do not defend your own interests to smooth things over.
A balance of interests: you lose, your opponent wins.
Avoidance, withdrawal, ignoring: refusal to settle. No energy, no time, no desire.
A balance of interests: both parties lose. The problem is not re-solved.
Cooperation: finding and choosing a solution that is acceptable to both sides.
A balance of interests: both sides win.
Risk factors for psychological maladaptation include poor health, illness, an unstable nervous system,
inadequate self-esteem, low levels of inner motivation, conflictual relationships between parents, an
unfavourable family climate, poor parent-child relationships, low general cultural level and parental
illness, parenting errors.
7.2. Adaptive capacity of the individual
7.2.1. Personal adaptation resources
It should be noted that in practice there are often situations in which one cannot speak of complete
adaptation, but there is no maladaptation either, so intermediate stages between a high level of
adaptation and maladaptation are distinguished. The specifics of movements in this range largely
depend on the adaptation resources of the individual. The peculiarities of his/her activity and relations
with others, the level of stress resistance, subjective characteristics of perception and evaluation,
attitude towards what is happening.
The concept of ―personal adaptive capacity‖ is understood as an integral characteristic that includes
a stable set of individual psychological and personal characteristics that determine effective adaptation.
In this sense, all components of personality content can be directed towards successful adaptation.
For example, cognitive psychology sees intelligence as a process that enables adaptation.
Behaviour is another resource. People tend to trigger some adaptive, coping behaviour. Adaptive
behaviour acts as a resource for individual, while maladaptive behaviour is, on the contrary, a kind
of anti-resource.
Adaptive behaviours have evolved the course of evolution and aim to economies the body‘s costs.
One well-known classification distinguishes three types of adaptive behaviour:
– escape from an unfavourable stimulus. For example, to hide from the rain, to insulate yourself,
to move to warm place;
– passive submission to it. For example, going into winter hibernation;
– active opposition (specific adaptive responses). An example of adaptation in the plant world is
very striking. Mangrove trees are called walking trees because they ―move‖, with their roots approaching
the water and growing into it.
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The problem of coping in Western researchers is reflected in the concept of ―coping‖. The idea of
coping is mainly associated with R. Lazarus. He defined coping mechanisms as strategies of action
in situations of psychological threat.
To date, there have been three approaches to the interpretation of coping:
– as one of the psychological defences used to relieve tension. For example, ―I won‘t think
about it now, I‘ll think about it tomorrow‖;
– as a relatively permanent predisposition on respond to stressful events in a certain way. For
example, an aggressive response or withdrawal;
– as a dynamic process of the subject‘s encounter with the external world, which is determined
by the peculiarities of their interaction at different stages of the development of this process.
Coping strategies vary in the four dimensions of strategic behavioural control: active activity,
indirect activity, prosocial behaviour and antisocial behaviour. For example, an active antisocial
strategy is aggressive behaviour and an active prosocial strategy is engaging in social contact.
The practice of emotional self-reporting trains you to pay attention to your-self and your current
psycho-emotional state. Use this exercise to practise paying attention to yourself and your feelings.
Set aside all your activities and try to understand how you are feeling at that moment. Close
your eyes and feel your body. Are you tense or relaxed? Are you sitting comfortably? What is the
temperature of the room? Are your hands and feet warm? Do you hear noises or voices around you?
Can you smell anything? What can you feel under your fingers? Use all your senses!
Then try to accurately describe your mood.
This exercise can be repeated in different situations: in transport, in a shop-ping queue, before
going to sleep. You will learn to feel more attentively and to feel better!
7.2.2. Self-assessment of personal adaptation resources in the current context
Self-esteems, as we know, can help or hinder successful adaptation. Self-esteem is a person‘s
assessment of himself/herself, his/her capabilities, qualities and place among other people. It is an
important regulator of behaviour, determines the effectiveness of activity and influences the further
development of the personality.
We need self-assessment in order to know our weaknesses and strengths better. It enables us to
reallocate resources and opportunities, preferring those where we have the most chances, and to
channel our energy wisely towards self-improvement.
Self-esteem is closely related to the level of ambition. However, they are not the same thing.
Self-esteem shows the place we have defined for ourselves in comparison to others. We consider
ourselves to be smarter (kinder, more beautiful…) than some people but stupider than others. This is only
our perception, our evaluation. The level of ambition shows our readiness to overcome difficulties on
the way to the goal. If the level of ambition is high, it does not guarantee high self-esteem. For example,
an athlete claims to win a controversial fight, but refuses to participate in an extra round of competition.
A child takes the attitudes of others as the basis for assessing himself or herself, and this lays
the foundation for the further development of self-esteem. In adulthood, it is up to us to determine
our own strengths and weaknesses, because by listening only to the opinions of others, we risk our own
interests: others have their own secret reasons for criticism, praise and goodwill.
Emotional self-esteem is part of overall self-esteem. Emotional self-esteem can be understood
as an assessment of one‘s own emotional state, interrelated with our strengths and limits.
In science, the study of a person‘s emotional domain focuses on physiological indicators (for example,
heart rate, blood pressure, response to a moving object, measurement of facial expression, tone of speech,
and so on) and psychological characteristics.
Psychological methods for studying a person‘s emotional sphere are mainly based on questionnaires
and reveal a person‘s emotional characteristics (the predominant emotions in his life, the dominant means
of expressing them and emotional stability).
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