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Integrational mechanics. Lecture and exercises

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Hence,
4.7. Bearing reactions 141
w = w
R
A
x
R
A
i
x
1
1
= R
1
= R
z
1
R
A
+ w
z
1
· cos α, R
A
x
· sin α, R
A
x
= R
y
1
k
= w sin αi1+ w cos αk1,
1
= R
,R
A
y
B
x
B
z
B
y
1
1
1
= R
= R
B
x
B
z
B
y
· cos α,
· sin α,
.
Newton’s second law for the system given us:
c
ma
where a
=const, the mass center has only the normal component of acceleration a = a
c
n
= w ×( w ×rc),where rc(a, 0, 0) — position vector of the mass center
=F
x
1
— acceleration of mass center; Fe— external forces. Since w =
with respect to the origin of the system ox
x
n
a
= aw
e
,ma
1
= aw
2
2
z
1
c y
1
i
1
=F
aw
e
y
1y1z1
x
1
,ma
1
.
w
k
z
1
cos2αi1− aw20, 5sin2αk1.
c
=F
z
1
=
1
e
,
z
1
So, we have obtained:
2
maw
maw
cos2αi1=(R
0= (R
2
0, 5sin2αk1=(R
Ay
1
+ R
Ax
By
1
1
Az
+ R
)j1;
1
Bx
+ R
)i1;
1
Bz
1
)k
1
The dynamic reactions can be determined from the first and second equa­tions.
Then, let’s use moment of momentum principle for the system with respect to an origin of the coordinate axes:
d
dt
L
o
M
=
(Fe).
o
c
=
(4.16)
Vector moment of momentumL
is obtained as a result of the multiplica-
o
tion of an inertia matrix by the vector column of an angular velocity.
142 Chapter 4
Hence,
 
L
= J · w =
o
=
      
= J
J
 
J
  
J
J
x
1
0 J
00J
x
J
x
1
y1x
z1x
J
1
J
1
00
y
1
w
i
x
1
1
1
x1y
y
z1y
0
z1x
+ J
1
J
1
J
1
·
1
w
z
1
x1z
1
 
·
y1z
1
 
J
y
1
 
w
x
1
 
0
=
 
w
z
1
.
k
z
1
1
w
x
1
w
=
y
1
w
z
1
Here J since oy
and oz1are the principal axes of inertia at the point O.
1
The first time derivative ofL
where the first term characterizes the change in the direction of vectorL
x1y
1
= J
y1x
1
d
dt
= J
L
= J
y1z
1
is
o
= w ×Lo+
o
z1y
1
δL
δt
= J
o
,
z1x
1
= J
x1z
1
=0,
to-
o
gether with a relative system of reference; the second one represents an apparent rate of change, which characterizes the change ofL
in a relative system of
o
reference.
The apparent rate of change ofL
δL
o
= J
δt
since w
x
1
=const.
z
1
The first term in expression for
o
=(w
x
1
w ×L
=(J
dw
x
1
dt
+ w
i
1
x
1
z
z
1
J
is
o
dw
1
+ J
i
1
dL
o
is calculated as follows:
dt
)(J
k
1
x
)w
z
x
1
z
z
1
dt
w
i
x
1
1
1
· w
j
z
1
1
1
+ J
1
k
=0,
1
w
)=
k
z
z
1
1
1
,
Where axial moments of inertia are
2
J
mR
4
,J
z
=
1
=
x
1
mR
2
2
+ ma
2
.
4.8. Differential equation of motion of a mechanism 143
Thus,
d
dt
L
= (
o
mR
4
2
+ ma
2
) w20,5sin2αj1. (4.17)
We substitute expression (4.17) into equation (4.16) and project the latter equation onto coordinate axes ox
= R
· h · cos α + R
A
x
1
0=R
−(
· h · cos α R
A
y
1
2
mR
4
B
x
1
+ ma
· h · cos α R
:
1y1z1
2
) w20, 5sin2α =
· h · cos α, (4.18)
B
y
1
· h · sin α + R
A
z
1
B
z
In the right side of first equation of the set (4.18) the sum of moments of reactions with respect to the axis ox the second equation — analogous quantities with respect to axis oy
is written, and in the right side of
1
1
equations (4.16), (4.18) in the form of a set of equations:
2
maw
maw
0, 5mw
2
2
R
2
(
4
cos2α =(R
R
+ R
A
y
sin 2α
= (R
2
R
R
A
y
2
+ a
)sin2α = R
+ R
A
x
=0;
B
y
A
z
=0;
B
y
+ R
B
x
B
A
x
)cosα;
)sinα;
z
· h + R
· h.
B
x
Hence
R
R
A
R
B
x
=0, 5m[(
x
= 0,5m[(
= R
A
y
2
R
+ a
4
2
R
+ a
4
2
)
2
B
y
sin 2α
2h
sin 2α
)
=0;
+ a cos α] w
a cos α] w
2h
2
;
2
.
· h · sin α.
1
. We write
Answer.
One may also solve this problem using D’Alembert’s principle.
4.8. Differential equation of motion of a mechanism
Sample problem 10. The mechanism of a manipulator consists of col-
umn 1, the equipment for vertical displacement 2, and the swivelled arm with
144 Chapter 4
gripper 3 (see Fig. 4.20). The moment of inertia of link 1 about the axes of rotation is J the axis of rotation is J
; the mass of link 2 is m2; the moment of inertia of link 2 about
1
; the mass of arm 3 with the gripper is m3; a distance
2
from the axis of rotation to the link’s mass center is ρ ; the moment of inertia of link 3 about the same axis is J forces which move translational pairs equals F
. Couple M is applied to the axis of rotation;
3
and F12. Write the differential
12
equations of the motion of the mechanism. Friction should be neglected [9].
ρ 3
z
2 1
Figure 4.20
Solution. It is obvious that the mechanism has three degrees of freedom: one turn and two independent translations along axes. Therefore generalized coordinates specifying all these motions are: q
= ϕ, q2= z, q3= ρ.
1
By the data given we regard constraints as holonomic, scleronomic and fixed ones.
In accordance with possible motions of the mechanism we mast obtain one differential equation of a rotational motion in the form of
J ¨ϕ =
e
M
,
j
j
and two differential equation of translations in the form of
m
iai
N
j=1
e
F
.
j
=
4.8. Differential equation of motion of a mechanism 145
Here J — moment of inertia of the mechanism with respect to the axis of rotation; a links; M
e
e
,F
j
j
— accelerations of mechanism’s links; mi— masses of
i
— external couples and forces applied to the mechanism.
Moment of inertia of the mechanism equals the sum of moments of inertia of the links about the axis of rotation:
+ J2+(J3+ m3ρ2),
1
where J
J = J
— moment of inertia of link 3 with respect to the axis which is parallel
3
to the axis of rotation but passing through the mass center of the link.
Active couple M , weights of links and driving forces F
and F23are
12
classified as external couples and forces.
Then the first two equations takes the form:
+ J2+ J3+ m3ρ2)¨ϕ = M,
(J
1
(m
+ m3)¨z = F12− (m2+ m3)g.
2
The second equation characterizes the motion of the mechanism (mov­able links 2 and 3) in the field of a gravity force and under the action of force F
Therefore, we must take into account two accelerations ¨ρ and ρ ˙ϕ
which can move the links up or decelerate their motion down.
23
Link 3 simultaneously makes two motions: translational and rotational.
2
to write
an equation which describes a motion of link 3 relative to link 2. Here ρ ˙ϕ is a normal component of a rotational acceleration, it is directed opposite to ¨ρ. Whence,
ρ ρ ˙ϕ2)=F23.
m
3
The problem has been solved by the method of a qualitative analysis. The same equations may be obtained by more rigorous methods, for example using Lagrange’s equations.
Answer:
(J
+ J2+ J3+ m3ρ2)¨ϕ = M,
1
+ m3)¨z = F12− (m2+ m3) g,
(m
2
m
ρ ρ ˙ϕ2)=F23.
3
2
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D. F. Polishchuk, E. G. Krylov
INTEGREATIONAL MECHANICS.
ECTURES AND EXERSCISES
L
Авторская редакция
Дизайнер М. В. Ботя
Технический редактор А. В, Широбоков
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