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Файл:English for Optics Students. Английский для студентов, изучающих оптику. Учебное пособие
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Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации
НОВОСИБИРСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
А.Ю. АЛЯБЬЕВА, Т.В. ВОЛОШИНА
ENGLISH
FOR OPTICS STUDENTS
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ
ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ,
ИЗУЧАЮЩИХ ОПТИКУ
Утверждено Редакционно-издательским советом университета
в качестве учебного пособия
НОВОСИБИРСК
2016
1
ББК 81.432.1-7-923 + 535(075.8)
А 601
Авторы:
А.Ю. Алябьева, Т.В. Волошина
Рецензенты:
канд. филол. наук А.И. Бочкарев
канд. филол. наук, зав. кафедрой
ИЯ и МК ФГБОУ ВО «СГУГиТ» С.С. Жданов
Алябьева А.Ю.
А 601 English for Optics Students. Английский для студентов, изучающих
оптику: учеб. пособие / А.Ю. Алябьева, Т.В. Волошина. – Новосибирск: Изд-во НГТУ
ISBN 978-5-7782-2916-7
Настоящее пособие предназначено для студентов бакалавриата, обучающихся на направлениях «Оптотехника», «Фотоника и оптоинформатика»,
«Лазерная техника и лазерные технологии», «Инфокоммуникационные технологии и системы связи», «Киноопраторство», и магистратуры, обучающихся по направлениям «Техническая физика» («Лазерные системы в науке и технике») и «Инфокоммуникационные технологии и системы связи», которые
изучают оптику
студентов коммуникативной языковой компетенции, которая реализуется как в
письменной, так и в устной речи. Основной принцип работы состоит в активизации речевой деятельности студентов с помощью коммуникативных упражнений. Все использованные тексты и задания связаны с профессиональной
подготовкой будущих специалистов и соответствуют государственному
зовательному стандарту.
Методическое пособие включает в себя модули, каждый из которых состоит из текстов и лексических упражнений, направленных на развитие
навыков употребления подъязыка специальности. Все модули содержат дополнительные задания и тексты.
Пособие может быть использовано для аудиторной и внеаудиторной работы в зависимости от целей, поставленных преподавателем.
Работа выполнена на кафедре иностранных языков ТФ НГТУ
ISBN 978-5-7782-2916-7 © Алябьева А.Ю., Волошина Т.В., 2016
, 2016. – 72 с.
в НГТУ. Целью данного пособия является формирование у
обра-
ББК 81.432.1-7-923 + 535(075.8)
© Новосибирский государственный
технический университет, 2016
2
UNIT OPTICS
Terminology
angle
behavior
diffraction
electromagnetic radiation
incidence
infrared
interaction
interference
lens
particle-like
phenomena
photons
properties
quantum optics
radiation
ray
reflect
relevant
sine
ultraviolet
wave
wavelength
wave-like
X-ray
Task 1. Work in groups. Discuss what optics is and what it studies.
Share your ideas with the class.
Task 2. Make questions using the following words and answer them.
1. optics old is how?
2. the of is main optics what object?
3. used devices in are optics what?
4. to optics is what life of applied areas?
5. based is sciences optics on what?
Task 3. Read and translate into Russian the following international
words: interaction, ultraviolet, infrared, electromagnetic, radiation, photons,
quantum optics, diffraction, interference, optometry.
Task 4. Match some terms of optics and their definitions.
1 matter
2 X-rays
3 angle
4 wave
5 light
A electromagnetic radiation that is usually visible to the human
eye
B a trigonometric function of an angle
C a very small fragment or quantity of matter
D an oscillation accompanied by a transfer of energy
E a very thin piece of natural or artificial substance
3
6 particle
7 fibre
8 sine
9 approximation
10 path
11 the angle
of incidence
F general term for the substance that makes up all observable
physical objects
G nearly exact calculation, number, amount, etc.
H the angle at which a ray (such as a ray of light) hits a surface
I the direction that someone or something is moving in
J a figure formed by two rays in planar geometry
K a form of electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths
shorter than UV rays and longer than those of gamma rays
Task 5. Read the text below and entitle it.
1 Optics is the branch of physics which involves the behaviour and
properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. Optics usually describes the behaviour of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. Because light is an electromagnetic wave, other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays,
microwaves, and radio waves exhibit similar properties.
2 Most optical phenomena can be accounted for using the classical electromagnetic description of light. Complete electromagnetic descriptions of
light are, however, often difficult to apply in practice. Practical optics is
usually done using simplified models. The most common of these, geometric optics, treats light as a collection of rays that travel in straight lines and
bend when they pass through or reflect from surfaces. Physical optics is a
more comprehensive model of light, which includes wave effects such as
diffraction and interference that cannot be accounted for in geometric
optics. Historically, the ray-based model of light was developed first, followed by the wave model of light. Progress in electromagnetic theory in the
19th century led to the discovery that light waves were in fact electromagnetic radiation.
3 Some phenomena depend on the fact that light has both wave-like and
particle-like properties. Explanation of these effects requires quantum mechanics. When considering light's particle-like properties, the light is modelled as a collection of particles called "photons". Quantum optics deals
with the application of quantum mechanics to optical systems.
4 Optical science is relevant to and studied in many related disciplines
including astronomy, various engineering fields, photography, and medicine
(particularly ophthalmology and optometry). Practical applications of optics
are found in a variety of technologies and everyday objects, including mirrors, lenses, telescopes, microscopes, lasers, and fibre optics.
4
5 Classical optics is divided into two main branches: geometrical optics
and physical optics. In geometrical, or ray optics, light is considered to travel in straight lines, and in physical, or wave optics, light is considered to be
an electromagnetic wave.
6 Geometrical optics can be viewed as an approximation of physical
optics which can be applied when the wavelength of the light used is much
smaller than the size of the optical elements or system being modelled.
7 Geometrical optics, or ray optics, describes the propagation of light in
terms of "rays" which travel in straight lines, and whose paths are governed
by the laws of reflection and refraction at interfaces between different media. These laws were discovered empirically as far back as 984 AD and
have been used in the design of optical components and instruments from
then until the present day.
8 They are the law of reflection (the reflected ray lies in the plane of incidence, and the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence) and the
law of refraction (the refracted ray lies in the plane of incidence, and the
sine of the angle of refraction divided by the sine of the angle of incidence
is a constant).
Task 6. Match headings A-I to paragraphs 1-9 of the text above
(one heading is extra).
A Two laws of optics
B Branches of classical optics
C Object of geometrical optics
D Instruments of optics
E Definition of optics
F Properties of optical phenomena
G Definition of geometrical optics
H Fields of optical science application
I Main optical phenomena
Task 7. Use sentences from the text to prove that…
A … optics has some subfields.
B … some laws of optics were discovered long ago.
C … light has dual character.
D … optics is used in the life of ordinary people.
E … optics is studied in many sciences.
F … optical science studies a number of phenomena.
G … light can be visible, ultraviolet and infrared.
H … two models of light were developed in different centuries.
5
Task 8. Read and define what branch of optics the equation from the
text below is used in.
When a ray of light hits the boundary between two transparent materials, it is divided into a reflected and a refracted ray.
The law of reflection says that the reflected ray lies in the plane of incidence, and the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence.
The law of refraction says that the refracted ray lies in the plane of incidence, and the sine of the angle of refraction divided by the sine of the angle
of incidence is a constant.
sin
1
n
sin
2
where n is a constant for any two materials and a given colour of light. It is
known as the refractive index.
Task 9. Match the prepositions in, of, by (2), from, on, for, to (2), into,
with to the following words: account, reflect, be followed, model, lead, depend, progress, relevant, deals, divide, are governed.
Task 10. In the text of Task 5 find the sentences containing the words
with prepositions from Task 9. Read and translate them.
Task 11. Make sentences of your own using the words with prepositions from Task 9.
Task 12. Find all the verbals (non-finite forms) in the text of Task 5
Read and translate the sentences in which they are used. Define the parts
of speech used to translate the verbals into Russian. Make a conclusion
how verbals can be translated into Russian.
Task 13. Use the verbals you have found in the text to make your own
sentences. Pay attention to prepositions if necessary.
Task 14. Work with a partner to complete the word families in the table below. Translate them into Russian.
Verb Noun (doer) Noun Adjective
detect
…
…
apply
…
…
–
…
…
description
...
…
6
…
…
including
…
…
exhibit
…
–
travel
…
…
–
…
…
construction
…
…
…
…
…
…
complete, …
physical
…
Task 15. Work in pairs. Choose any 7 words from the table above and
make and write down 7 questions about optics using the words chosen.
Ask the questions to your partner.
E.g. How can one detect an optical signal?
Task 16. Continue your pair work. One of you is Student A and the
other is Student B. Read the corresponding task and talk to your partner.
Student A: You are a journalist of a students’ newspaper. Take an interview with a senior student of optics to find out what major subjects they
study, how and what for.
Student B: You are a senior student of optics. Get ready to answer the
questions of a journalist about the subjects you study at university.
Task 17. Discuss with your partner the meaning of the term “optics”,
its subfields, the main notions of the science and applications of optics.
Task 18. Write an essay of 150 words on the topic “Tasks of modern
optics”. Read your essay and share your ideas with the class.
7
Additional tasks to Unit Optics
Task 1. Explain the figures
a) b)
Task 2. Explain the meaning of the following words:
transmitter, receiver, message, interpret, channel, signal
Task 3. Match the words to their explanaitions.
1 photophone
2 beacon
3 deploy
4 availability
5 millennium
6 destination
7 consideration
A the state of being able to be obtained or used
B the place where someone or something is going
C a strong light that can be seen from far away and that is used to
help guide ships, airplanes, etc.
D careful thought
E telecommunications device which allowed for the transmission
of speech on a beam of light
F to organize and send out (people or things) to be used for a
particular purpose
G a period of 1,000 years
Task 4. Entitle the text.
Optical communication, also known as optical telecommunication, is
communication at a distance using light to carry information. It can be performed visually or by using electronic devices. The earliest basic forms of
optical communication date back several millennia, while the earliest electrical device created to do so was the photophone, invented in 1880.
An optical communication system uses a transmitter, which encodes a
message into an optical signal, a channel, which carries the signal to its destination, and a receiver, which reproduces the message from the received
optical signal. When electronic equipment is not employed the 'receiver' is a
person visually observing and interpreting a signal, which may be either
simple (such as the presence of a beacon fire) or complex (such as lights
using color codes or flashed in a Morse code sequence).
8
Task 5. Answer the questions.
1. What optical electronic devices are mentioned in the text?
2. What optical electronic devices are not mentioned in the text?
3. What objects can be receivers?
4. When did optical communication begin to develop?
5. What are the simplest forms of optical devices?
Task 6. Read the text and fill in the gaps using the following words.
wirelessly, error rate, addresses, deployed, availability, over, considerations, optical
Free-space optical communication has been 1… in space, in addition to
terrestrial forms which are naturally limited by geography, weather and
the 2… of light.
Free-space optical communication (FSO) is an optical communication
technology that uses light propagating in free space to 3… transmit data for
telecommunications or computer networking. "Free space" means air, outer
space, vacuum, or something similar. This contrasts with using solids such as
optical fiber cable or an optical transmission line. The technology is useful
where the physical connections are impractical due to high costs or other 4….
Free-space point-to-point optical links can be implemented using infrared laser light, although low-data-rate communication 5… short distances is
possible using LEDs. Infrared Data Association (IrDA) technology is a very
simple form of free-space 6… communications. On the communications
side the FSO technology is considered as a part of the Optical Wireless
Communications applications. Free-space optics can be used for communications between spacecraft, but this has not been put into practice.
The reliability of FSO units has always been a problem for commercial
telecommunications. Consistently, studies find too many dropped packets
and signal errors over small ranges (400 to 500 meters). All studies agree
the stability and quality of the link are highly dependent on atmospheric
factors such as rain, fog, dust and heat.
The main reason terrestrial communications have been limited to noncommercial telecommunications functions is fog. Fog consistently keeps
FSO laser links over 500 meters from achieving a year-round bit 7… of
99,999 %. Several companies are continually attempting to overcome these
key disadvantages to FSO communications and field a system with a better
quality of service. As of October 2014, none have fielded a working system
that 8… the most common atmospheric events.
Task 7. Translate the sentences you have completed in Task 6.
Task 8. Express the idea of each paragraph of the text in Task 6 with a
sentence or a phrase.
9
Task 9. Read the text, rearrange the paragraphs in chronological order.
1 Aircraft pilots often use visual approach slope indicator (VASI) projected light systems to land safely, especially at night. Military aircraft landing on an aircraft carrier use a similar system to land correctly on a carrier
deck. The coloured light system communicates the aircraft's height relative
to a standard landing glideslope. As well, airport control towers still use
Aldis lamps to transmit instructions to aircraft whose radios have failed.
2 In the present day a variety of electronic systems optically transmit
and receive information carried by pulses of light. Fiber-optic communication cables are now employed to send the great majority of the electronic
data and long distance telephone calls that are not conveyed by either radio,
terrestrial microwave or satellite. Free-space optical communications are
also used every day in various applications.
3 The heliograph uses a mirror to reflect sunlight to a distant observer.
When a signaler tilts the mirror to reflect sunlight, the distant observer sees
flashes of light that can be used to transmit a prearranged signaling code.
Naval ships often use signal lamps and Morse code in a similar way.
4 Visual techniques such as smoke signals, beacon fires, hydraulic telegraphs, ship flags and semaphore lines were the earliest forms of optical
communication. Hydraulic telegraph semaphores date back to the 4th century BCE Greece. Distress flares are still used by mariners in emergencies,
while lighthouses and navigation lights are used to communicate navigation
hazards.
Task 10. Match the paragraph headings to their numbers (Task 9).
Optics in aviation
The earliest forms of signaling
Marine application of optics
An advanced alternative to conventional means of communication
Task 11. Discuss with your partner one of the applications of optics.
1. What optical principles are used in this device?
2. When was it invented?
3. What area is it used in?
4. What are its advantages and disadvantages?
Task 12. Write an essay (100 words) on one of the topics you have discussed in Task 11.
Task 13. Tell the class about stages and achievements of optics development.
10
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