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* For this chapter we will use the words assessment and
evaluation interchangeably.
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5
Direct Observation
Jennifer R. Kogan, MD, Eric S. Holmboe, MD
https://t.me/med1917
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Direct Observation as Workplace-Based
Assessment
Rationale for Direct Observation
Importance of and State of Core Clinical Skills
Direct Observation as an Educational Tool for
Feedback and Deliberate Practice
Direct Observation as an Assessment Method in
Competency-Based Medical Education
Direct Observation as a Method to Guide
Supervision
Assessment Tools for Direct Observation
Assessment Tool Format
Issues With Reliability and Validity
Accuracy
Variable Assessment Standards
Role of Inference
Impact of Educational Culture
Rater Limitations and Bias
Conceptual Model Summarizing Rater Cognition
Improving the Quality of Direct Observation
Assessments
Overview of Faculty Development Approaches to
Improve Assessment Quality
Motivating Faculty to Participate in Rater Training
Performance Dimension Training
Frame of Reference Training
Recognizing Inference
Prioritizing Observations and Creating a Summary
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