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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_1125_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
310
Index
Chronic infl ammation , 158
Chronic pruritus ani , 159 , 170
idiopathic , 170
methylene blue , 171 , 174
Circumferential resection margin (CRM) , 57
Cisplatin and 5-FU chemotherapy , 273
Cloacal membrane , 191
Cloacogenic carcinoma , 195
Clostridium botulinum , 104
Coccydynia , 258
Computed tomography (CT) , 52 , 72
colonography , 53
colonoscope , 53
defi nition , 52
enteric contrast , 52
Hounsfi eld units , 52
intravenous contrast , 52
ionizing radiation , 53
Condyloma acuminata. See Anal condyloma
acuminata
Condyloma acuminatum , 279 , 280
Corpus cavernosum recti , 22
Corynebacterium minutissimum , 158 , 160 , 179
Crohn’s disease , 91 , 116–117
adalimumab , 145
ciprofl oxacin , 146
immunosuppressants , 145
infl iximab , 144
metronidazole , 146
perianal fi stula and anovaginal fi stulas , 144
surgical management , 146–147
TNF-α, effects of , 144
Cryotherapy , 200
Cryptoglandular disease , 127
Cuffi tis , 74
Cutting setons, anal fi stulas , 134–135
Cystic lesions , 66
Endoanal ultrasound (EAUS) , 16 , 131
Endometriosis, rectal neoplasms , 64
Endorectal ultrasound (ERUS) , 16 , 17
Endoscopy
anoscopy , 38
proctosigmoidoscopy , 39–41
Enterobius vermicularis , 178
Epidermoid anal cancer,
chemoradiotherapy , 266
Episioproctotomy , 219
Erythrasma, characteristic feature , 179
Exam under anesthesia (EUA) , 81
Excision chronic sinus tracts , 294
External anal sphincter (EAS) , 13
External hemorrhoids , 226 , 227
Extrasphincteric fi stulas , 128
anal fi stulas , 129
transsphincteric fi stulas , 142
F
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) , 72
Fibrin glue , 136 , 292
Fissures , 21 , 245
Fistula , 25 , 26 , 246
Fistulectomy, 133
Fistulograms, RVFs , 213
Fistulography, 130
Fistulotomy , 142 , 219
intersphincteric fi stula , 133
transsphincteric fi stulas , 133
5 Fluorouracil (5FU) , 200
Flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) , 19 , 42
complications , 44
contraindications , 42
indications , 42
Formalin solution treatment , 266
D
Denonvilliers’ fascia , 5
Dermatology life quality index (DLQI) , 167
Diamond-shaped fl ap, anal stricture , 249
Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) , 54
Digital rectal examination (DRE) , 18 , 21 , 37
Distal metastatic anorectal disease , 62
E
Electrogalvanic stimulation (EGS) , 255
Electromyography (EMG) testing , 252
Endoanal ultrasonography (EUS) , 46
advantages , 46
anal canal , 47
circumferential assessment , 46
G
Genital dysplasia , 194
Goodsall’s rule , 27 , 129 , 130
H
Hemorrhoidal plexus , 22
Hemorrhoids , 21 , 23 , 227–229 , 234–239
arterial hemorrhoid bleeding , 226
comorbid illness , 239–240
description , 225
external , 226 , 227
hemorrhoidal artery ligation , 272
internal , 226
bleeding , 237–239
grade 1 , 227–229
Index
311
grade 2/3 , 227–229
grade 4 , 234–236
mixed , 226 , 228
pathophysiology , 226
postoperative complications ,
240–241
thrombosed external , 236 , 237
vascular cushions , 225
High rectal cancer , 58
Horseshoe fi stulas
anal fi stulas , 128
transsphincteric fi stulas , 142
House fl ap, anal stricture , 249
Human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV) ,
117–118 , 177–178
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, 279
defi ned , 192
pathogenesis , 196
serotyping , 198
I
Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) ,
72 , 73
Imiquimod , 200
Immunosuppression , 194
Inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) , 7
Infl iximab , 144
Infrared photocoagulation (IRC) , 232
Internal anal sphincter (IAS) , 12 , 55 , 97
Internal hemorrhoids , 226
bleeding , 237–239
grade 1 , 227–229
grade 2/3 , 227–229
grade 4 , 234–236
Intersphincteric abscess , 85
evaluation , 83
incidence , 83
symptoms , 83
treatment , 84
Intersphincteric fi stula , 128 , 133
Invasive nonkeratinizing squamous cell
carcinoma , 272
Invasive squamous cell carcinoma , 269
Ischemia, 98
Ischioanal abscesses , 84
Ischiorectal abscesses
evaluation , 83
incidence , 82
symptoms , 83
treatment , 83
K
Karydakis fl ap , 299
L
Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing
Fasciitis (LRINEC) , 90
Lateral internal anal sphincterotomy (LIAS)
vs. botulinum toxin , 114
vs. calcium channel blockers , 113
defi nition , 107
drawback , 108
factors , 109
incisions , 110
meta-analysis , 108
open and closed techniques , 107 , 109
vs. topical nitrates , 113–112
Levator ani muscles (LAM) , 14
Levator ani syndrome , 254–257
Ligation of intersphincteric fi stula tract (LIFT)
procedure , 139–140 , 220
Limberg fl ap technique , 302
Local anesthetics , 27
Low rectal cancer , 58
M
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) , 17 , 54 ,
55 , 57 , 58 , 60 , 61
advantages , 54
anal fi stulas , 131–132
disadvantages , 54
hyperintense , 53
intersphincteric fi stula tract , 68–70
intraluminal and intravascular contrast , 53
rectum , 54
RF energy , 53
RVFs, 214
Malignant transformation , 197
Manometry , 213
Marsupialization , 295
Martin’s anoplasty , 247
Martius fl ap , 221 , 222
Mean resting anal pressures (MRAP) , 97
Mebendazole , 179
Mesorectum , 4
Methylene blue , 171–174
Middle rectal artery (MRA) , 7
Mucinous tumors , 59
Mucosal advancement fl ap , 247
Myofascial pain syndrome , 257
N
Negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) , 90
Neisseria gonorrhoeae , 160
Neuroendocrine tumors , 63
Nifedipine , 245
Nitroglycerin , 245
312
Index
O
Overlapping sphincteroplasty , 215 , 218 , 219
P
Paget’s cells , 277
Paget’s disease , 182–184 , 276
Pap smear , 198
Parks classifi cation , 127
Pectinate line , 11
Pelvic fl oor dysfunction , 44
anal manometry , 44 , 46
anorectal physiology , 44–46
EUS , 46–49
Perianal abscess , 82
evaluation , 81
incidence , 81
symptoms , 81
treatment of , 81–82
Perianal erythema , 158
Perianal itching , 156 , 165
Perianal sepsis , 23
Perianal squamous cell cancer , 265
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) , 202
Pilonidal abscesses , 286–289
Pilonidal disease , 289 , 299–302
algorithm , 303
clinical presentation , 284 , 286
coring out of pits , 296–297
defi nition , 283
fl ap closure
rhomboid excision and limberg , 300 , 301
V–Y advancement fl ap , 302
off-midline closure techniques
Bascom cleft lift procedure , 300
Karydakis fl ap , 299
pathogenesis , 284
primary closure techniques , 297–299
risk factor , 283
sinus see Pilonidal sinus
VAC device , 295
Pilonidal sinus , 294 , 295
case study , 289 , 293
nonoperative approach , 290–292
open wound approach
excision of sinus tracts , 294
marsupialization , 295
operative approaches , 292 , 293
Pinworms , 178
Podofi lox. See Podophyllotoxin
Podophyllotoxin , 199
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) , 160
Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) , 90
Pouchitis , 72 , 73
Proctalgia fugax , 257
Proctectomy , 222
Proctitis , 252
Proctosigmoidoscopy , 19 , 39–41
Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) , 202–203
Pruritus ani , 170 , 175 , 176
adenomatous colon polyps , 182–184
anoscopy/rigid proctoscopy , 158
asthma , 169–170
barrier cream , 165
beta-hemolytic streptococci , 180
capsaicin , 168–169
characteristic feature, erythrasma , 179
chronic see Chronic pruritus ani
clothing , 165
Corynebacterium minutissimum , 158 , 179
dermatologic diseases , 158
diabetes mellitus type II
diagnosis of , 176
fungal infections , 176
digital rectal examination , 158
DLQI , 167
enterobiasis , 178
etiologies , 154–155 , 157
fecal soiling , 161 , 162
foods , 163–164
high-potency steroid , 167
HIV , 177–178
hypopigmentation and
hyperpigmentation , 159
idiopathic, 156 , 162 , 163
lichen sclerosus , 181–182
low-potency topical steroid
preparations , 167
mebendazole and albendazole , 179
medications and preparations , 164
methylene blue , 172–174
oil-based cleanser , 165
perianal itching , 153 , 156 , 161
perianal skin , 158 , 165
physical examination , 157
pinworm infection , 178
psoriasis , 181
rapid streptococcus test , 160
rheumatoid arthritis , 181
rubber band ligation
anorectal abnormalities , 175
hemorrhoidal disease , 175
hypertrophied anal papillae , 175
sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy , 158
skin biopsy , 160
staphylococcus aureus , 180
symptoms , 157 , 160
tacrolimus , 167–168
Index
313
topical medications , 166
topical steroid preparations , 167
treatment , 166 , 179
washlet , 164
Pseudovirions (PsV) , 204
Psoriasis , 181
Puborectalis muscle , 14
Pudendal nerve block , 28
Pudendal nerve terminal motor latencies
(PNTMLs) , 254
Pudendal neuralgia , 258 , 259
R
Radiation proctitis , 266 , 267
Radio-frequency (RF) energy , 53
Rectal adenocarcinoma , 56 , 71
Rectal bleeding , 245
Rectal cancer , 266
Rectal compliance , 46
Rectal neoplasms
endometriosis , 64
lymphoma , 63
mesenchymal lesions , 63
metastatic disease , 63
neuroendocrine tumors , 63
rectal hemangioma , 64
retrorectal cystic lesions , 64–65
Rectal sensation , 46
Rectoanal inhibitory refl ex (RAIR) , 45
Rectovaginal fi stulas (RVFs)
anorectal manometry , 213
case study , 218–222
classifi cation , 212
diagnosis , 213
etiology , 211
fi stulograms , 213
location , 212
obstetric injury-related , 214
physical examination , 213
postoperative complications , 212
sigmoidoscopy , 213
surgical options , 212
treatment , 214–218
Rectum , 16–20
autonomic innervation , 9
blood supply , 6
clinical evaluation , 18
fl exible sigmoidoscopy , 19
hemorrhoid injection therapy , 18
OR position , 20
proctoscopy/anoscopy , 18
rigid sigmoidoscopy , 19
rubber band ligation , 19
lymphatic drainage , 9
mesorectum , 4
pelvic fl oor , 4
peritoneal coverage , 6
puborectalis slings , 4
radiological evaluation , 16
endoanal ultrasound , 16
ERUS , 16
MRI , 17
rectal wall , 6
rectosigmoid junction , 3
venous drainage , 8
Recurrent anal canal cancer , 271
Retrofl exion , 43
Retrorectal hamartomas , 65
Rhomboid excision and limberg fl ap
procedure , 300 , 301
Rigid sigmoidoscopy , 19
Rubber band ligation , 19
anorectal abnormalities , 175
hemorrhoidal disease , 175
hypertrophied anal papillae , 175
S
Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) , 257
Sclerotherapy , 231
Sedatives , 27
Setons
cutting , 134–135
marking (non-cutting) , 134
Sexual contact , 195
Sexually transmitted diseases treatment
guidelines , 199
S fl ap, anal stricture , 250 , 251
Sigmoidoscopy , 213
Sinecatechins , 200
Sinusectomy , 297
Sleeve advancement fl ap , 220
Sphincteroplasty , 215 , 218 , 219
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) , 263 , 264
Squamous dysplasia , 192
genital dysplasia , 194
HPV infection , 192
immunosuppression , 194
sexual contact , 195
smoking , 195
Squamous intraepithelial lesions , 196
Staphylococcus aureus , 180
Staphylococcus species , 160
Stapled hemorrhoidectomy , 234
Streptococcus species , 160
Stricture , 74
Superior hemorrhoidal artery , 225
314
Index
Superior rectal artery (SRA) , 7 , 225
Supralevator abscess , 87
evaluation , 86
incidence , 86
symptoms , 86
treatment , 86
Suprasphincteric fi stula , 128
anal fi stulas , 129
transsphincteric fi stulas , 141
T
Tacrolimus , 167–168
Tailgut cysts , 65
Thrombosed external hemorrhoids , 236 , 237
Total mesorectal excision (TME) , 4
Transanal hemorrhoid devascularization
technique , 234
Transsphincteric fi stulas , 128
advancement fl ap , 137–138
Cochrane review , 140
extrasphincteric fi stulas , 142
fi brin glue , 136
horseshoe fi stulas , 142
LIFT , 139–140
plug , 138–139
seton placement , 134
suprasphincteric fi stula , 141
surgical treatment , 133
Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) , 200
Turnbull-Cutait proctectomy , 220
U
U fl ap, anal stricture , 250
Ulcerating invasive melanoma , 275
Ulcerative colitis (UC) , 72
Urinary retention , 241
U-shaped puborectalis , 47 , 48
V
Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC)
device , 295
Vascular invasion , 59
Venous drainage , 8
Verrucous carcinoma , 268
V–Y advancement fl ap , 248 , 302
V–Y anoplasty , 248
W
Waldeyer’s fascia , 5
Warts. See Anal condyloma acuminata