Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5885_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
.pdf
224
https://t.me/medicina_free
Agrahari, V., Agrahari, V., Hung, W. T., Christenson, L. K., & Mitra, A. K., (2016). Composite
nanoformulation therapeutics for long-term ocular delivery of macromolecules. Mol
Pharm., 13(9), 2912–2922.
Alvarez-Rivera, F., Fernández-Villanueva, D., Concheiro, A., et al., (2016). α-Lipoic acid
in soluplus® polymeric nanomicelles for ocular treatment of diabetes-associated corneal
diseases. J. Pharm. Sci., 105(9), 2855–2863.
Chang, C. Y., Wang, M. C., Miyagawa, T., Chen, Z. Y., Lin, F. H., Chen, K. H., Liu, G. S., &
Tseng, C. L., (2016). Preparation of arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-modified biopolymeric
nanoparticles containing epigalloccatechin-3-gallate for targeting vascular endothelial cells
to inhibit corneal neovascularization. Int. J. Nanomedicine, 12, 279–294.
Cholkar, K., Patel, A., Vadlapudi, A. D., et al., (2012). Novel nanomicellar formulation
approaches for anterior and posterior segment ocular drug delivery. Recent Pat. Nanomed.,
2(2), 82–95.
Das, S., Ng, W. K., & Tan, R. B., (2012). Are nano structured lipid carriers (NLCs) better
than solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN): Development, characterizations and comparative
evaluations of clotrimazole-loaded SLN and NLCs? Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 47(1), 139–151.
Davis, B. M., Pahlitzsch, M., Guo, L., Balendra, S., Shah, P., Ravindran, N., & Malaguarnera,
G., et al., (2018). Topical curcumin nanocarriers are neuroprotective in eye disease.
Scientific Reports, 8, 11066.
Delplace, V., Payne, S., & Shoichet, M., (2015). Delivery strategies for treatment of
age-related ocular diseases: From a biological understanding to biomaterial solutions. J.
Control Release, 219, 652–668.
Deol, P., Kaur, I. P., Sharma, G., et al., (2015). Potential of nanomaterials as movers and
packers for drug molecules. Solid State Phenom., 222, 159–178.
Doktorovová, S., Kovačević, A. B., Garcia, M. L., et al., (2016). Preclinical safety of solid
lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers: Current evidence from in vitro and in
vivo evaluation. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 108(Supplement C), 235–252.
Doktorovova, S., Souto, E. B., & Silva, A. M., (2014). Nanotoxicology applied to solid lipid
nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers: A systematic review of in vitro data. Eur. J.
Pharm. Biopharm., 87(1), 1–18.
Duncan, G., & Collison, D. J., (2003). Role of the non-neuronal cholinergic system in the eye:
A review. Life Sci., 72(18/19), 2013–2019.
Elsayed, I., & Sayed, S., (2017). Tailored nanostructured platforms for boosting transcorneal
permeation: Box-Behnken statistical optimization, comprehensive in vitro, ex vivo, and in
vivo characterization. Int. J. Nanomedicine., 12, 7947–7962.
ElShaer, A., Mustafa, S., Kasar, M., Thapa, S., Ghatora, B., & Alany, R. G., (2016).
Nanoparticle-laden contact lens for controlled ocular delivery of prednisolone: Formulation
optimization using statistical experimental design. Pharmaceutics, 8(2), 14.
Fangueiro, J. F., Veiga, F., Silva, A. M., et al., (2016). Ocular drug delivery-new strategies
for targeting anterior and posterior segments of the eye. Curr. Pharm. Des., 22(9),
1135–1146.
Fouda, N. H., Abdelrehim, R. T., Hegazy, D. A., & Habib, B. A., (2018). Sustained ocular
delivery of Dorzolamide-HCl via proniosomal gel formulation: In-vitro characterization,
statistical optimization, and in-vivo pharmacodynamic evaluation in rabbits. Drug Deliv.,
25(1), 1340–1349.
Garg, V., Suri, R., Jain, G. K., & Kohli, K., (2017). Proglycosomes: A novel nano-vesicle for
ocular delivery of tacrolimus. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 157, 40–47.
Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery
225 Phytoconstituent-Based Nanotherapeutics
https://t.me/medicina_free
Ghanghoria, R., Tekade, R. K., Mishra, A. K., et al., (2016). Luteinizing hormone-releasing
hormone peptide tethered nanoparticulate system for enhanced antitumoral efficacy of
paclitaxel. Nanomedicine, 11(7), 797–816.
Hao, J., Fang, X., Zhou, Y., Wang, J., Guo, F., Li, F., & Peng, X., (2011). Development
and optimization of solid lipid nanoparticle formulation for ophthalmic delivery of
chloramphenicol using a box-behnken design. Int. J. Nanomedicine, 6, 683–692.
He, W., Guo, X., Feng, M., & Mao, N., (2013). In vitro and in vivo studies on ocular vitamin
A palmitate cationic liposomal in situ gels. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 458,
305–314.
International Federation on Ageing, (2013). The High Cost of Low Vision: The Evidence on
Ageing and the Loss of Sight. LT Publication.
Janagam, D. R., Wu, L., & Lowe, T. L., (2017). Nanoparticles for drug delivery to the anterior
segment of the eye. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 122, 31–64.
Kabiri, M., Kamal, S. H., Pawar, S. V., Roy, P. R., Derakhshandeh, M., Kumar, U.,
Hatzikiriakos, S. G., et al., (2018). A stimulus-responsive, in situ-forming, nanoparticleladen hydrogel for ocular drug delivery. Drug Deliv. Transl. Res., 8(3), 484–495.
Kakkar, S., & Kaur, I. P., (2011). Spanlastics: A novel nanovesicular carrier system for ocular
delivery. Int. J. Pharm., 413(1), 202–210.
Kaskoos, R. A., (2014). Investigation of moxifloxacin loaded chitosan-dextran nanoparticles
for topical instillation into eye: In-vitro and ex-vivo evaluation. Int. J. Pharm. Investig.,
4(4), 164–173.
Kaur, I. P., & Kakkar, S., (2014). Nanotherapy for posterior eye diseases. J. Control Release,
193, 100–112.
Khan, N., Ameeduzzafar, Khanna, K., Bhatnagar, A., Ahmad, F. J., & Ali, A., (2018). Chitosan
coated PLGA nanoparticles amplify the ocular hypotensive effect of forskolin: Statistical
design, characterization, and in vivo studies. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 116, 648–663.
Kim, H., Choi, J. S, Kim, K. S., Yang, J. A., Joo, C K., & Hahn, S. K., (2012). Flt1 peptide-
hyaluronate conjugate micelle-like nanoparticles encapsulating genistein for the treatment
of ocular neovascularization. Acta Biomater., 8(11), 3932–3940.
Kumar, R., & Sinha, V. R., (2014). Preparation and optimization of voriconazole micro
emulsion for ocular delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 117(Supplement C), 82–88.
Lakhani, P., Patil, A., Taskar, P., Ashour, E., & Majumdar, S., (2018). Curcumin-loaded
nanostructured lipid carriers for ocular drug delivery: Design optimization and
characterization. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, doi: 10.1016/j.
jddst.2018.07.010.
Li, J., Guo, X., Liu, Z., Okeke, C. I., Li, N., Zhao, H., Aggrey, M. O., et al., (2014). Preparation
and evaluation of charged solid lipid nanoparticles of tetrandrine for ocular drug delivery
system: Pharmacokinetics, cytotoxicity and cellular uptake studies. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.,
40(7), 980–987.
Li, J., Liu, D., Tan, G., Zhao, Z., Yang, X., & Pan, W., (2016). A comparative study on the
efficiency of chitosan-N-acetylcysteine, chitosan oligosaccharides, or carboxymethyl
chitosan surface modified nanostructured lipid carrier for ophthalmic delivery of curcumin.
Carbohydr Polym., 146, 435–444.
Li, J., Tan, G., Cheng, B., Liu, D., & Pan, W., (2017). Transport mechanism of chitosan-N-
acetylcysteine, chitosan oligosaccharides, or carboxymethyl chitosan decorated coumarin-6
loaded nanostructured lipid carriers across the rabbit ocular. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 120,
89–97.
226
https://t.me/medicina_free
Li, M., Xin, M., Guo, C., Lin, G., & Wu, X., (2017). New nanomicelle curcumin formulation
for ocular delivery: Improved stability, solubility, and ocular anti-inflammatory treatment.
Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., 43(11), 1846–1857.
Lim, C., Kim, D. W., Sim, T., Hoang, N. H., Lee, J. W., Lee, E. S., Youn, Y. S., & Oh, K.
T., (2016). Preparation and characterization of a lutein loading nanoemulsion system for
ophthalmic eye drops. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 36, 168–174.
Liu, D., Li, J., Cheng, B., et al., (2017). Ex vivo and in vivo evaluation of the effect of coating
a coumarin-6-labeled nanostructured lipid carrier with chitosan-N-acetylcysteine on rabbit
ocular distribution. Mol. Pharm., 14(8), 2639–2648.
Liu, D., Li, J., Cheng, B., Wu, Q., & Pan, H., (2017). Ex vivo and in vivo evaluation of
the effect of coating a coumarin-6-Labeled nanostructured lipid carrier with chitosan-Nacetylcysteine on rabbit ocular distribution. Mol. Pharm., 14(8), 2639–2648.
Liu, D., Li, J., Pan, H., He, F., Liu, Z., Wu, Q., Bai, C., Yu, S., & Yang, X., (2016). Potential
advantages of a novel chitosan-N-acetylcysteine surface modified nanostructured lipid
carrier on the performance of ophthalmic delivery of curcumin. Sci. Rep., 6, 28796.
Liu, R., Liu, Z., Zhang, C., & Zhang, B., (2012). Nanostructured lipid carriers as novel
ophthalmic delivery system for mangiferin: Improving in vivo ocular bioavailability. J.
Pharm. Sci., 101(10), 3833–3844.
Liu, R., Sun, L., Fang, S., Wang, S., Chen, J., Xiao, X., & Liu, C., (2016). Thermosensitive
in situ nanogel as ophthalmic delivery system of curcumin: Development, characterization,
in vitro permeation and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies. Pharm. Dev. Technol., 21(5),
576–582.
Liu, Z., Zhang, X., Wu, H., Li, J., Shu, L., Liu, R., Li, L., & Li, N., (2011). Preparation and
evaluation of solid lipid nanoparticles of baicalin for ocular drug delivery system in vitro
and in vivo. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy,37(4),475–481.
Lou, J., Hu, W., Tian, R., Zhang, H., Jia, Y., Zhang, J., & Zhang, L., (2014). Optimization
and evaluation of a thermoresponsive ophthalmic in situ gel containing curcumin-loaded
albumin nanoparticles. Int. J. Nanomedicine, 9, 2517–2525.
Madni, A., Rahem, M. A., Tahir, N., et al., (2017). Non-invasive strategies for targeting the
posterior segment of eye. Int. J. Pharm., 530(1/2), 326–345.
McGrath, C., Rudman, D. L., Trentham, B., et al., (2017). Reshaping understandings of
disability associated with age-related vision loss (ARVL): Incorporating critical disability
perspectives into research and practice. Disabil. Rehabil., 39(19), 1990–1998.
Meyer, H., Stöver, T., Fouchet, F., et al., (2012). Lipidic nanocapsule drug delivery: Neuronal
protection for cochlear implant optimization. Int. J. Nanomedicine, 7, 2449–2464.
Motwani, S. K., Chopra, S., Talegaonkar, S., Kohli, K., Ahmad, F. J., & Khar, R. K., (2008).
Chitosan-sodium alginate nanoparticles as submicroscopic reservoirs for ocular delivery:
Formulation, optimization and in vitro characterization. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 68(3),
513–525.
Pandit, J., Sultana, Y., & Aqil, M., (2017). Chitosan-coated PLGA nanoparticles of
bevacizumab as novel drug delivery to target retina: Optimization, characterization, and in
vitro toxicity evaluation. Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol., 45(7), 1397–1407.
Peptu, C. A., Popa, M., Savin, C., et al., (2015). Modern drug delivery systems for targeting
the posterior segment of the eye. Curr. Pharm. Des., 21(42), 6055–6069.
Preeti U. P., Kumar, M., & Pathak, K., (2016). Norfloxacin loaded pH triggered nanoparticulate
in-situ gel for extraocular bacterial infections: Optimization, ocular irritancy and corneal
toxicity. Iran J. Pharm. Res., 15(1), 3–22.
Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery
227 Phytoconstituent-Based Nanotherapeutics
https://t.me/medicina_free
Prosperi-Porta, G., Kedzior, S., Muirhead, B., et al., (2016). Phenylboronic-acid-
based polymeric micelles for mucoadhesive anterior segment ocular drug delivery.
Biomacromolecules, 17(4), 1449–1457.
Robinson, M., & Zhang, X., (2011). The world medicines situation. Traditional Medicines:
Global Situation, Issues and Challenges (pp. 1–12). Geneva: World Health Organization.
Song, K., Xin, M., Yu, H., Zheng, Z., Li, J., Li, M., Guo, H., Tan, Y., & Wu, X., (2018). Novel
ultra-small micelles based on rebaudioside A: A potential nanoplatform for ocular drug
delivery. Int. J. Pharm., 552(1/2), 265–276.
Souto, E. B., & Doktorovová, S., (2009). Chapter six-solid lipid nanoparticle formulations:
Pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutical aspects in drug delivery. In: Düzgünes, N., (ed.),
Methods in Enzymology (pp. 105–129). Amsterdam (AMS): Academic Press.
Tekade, R. K., Youngren-Ortiz, S. R., Yang, H., et al., (2014). Designing hybrid on conase
nanocarriers for mesothelioma therapy: A Taguchi orthogonal array and multivariate
component driven analysis. Mol. Pharm., 11(10), 3671–3683.
Thrimawithana, T. R., Young, S., Bunt, C. R., et al., (2011). Drug delivery to the posterior
segment of the eye. Drug Discov. Today, 16(5/6), 270–277.
Vadlapudi, A. D., Cholkar, K., Vadlapatla, R. K., et al., (2014). Aqueous nanomicellar
formulation for topical delivery of biotinylated lipid prodrug of acyclovir: Formulation
development and ocular biocompatibility. J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther., 30(1), 49–58.
Vandamme, T. F., (2002). Microemulsions as ocular drug delivery systems: Recent
developments and future challenges. Prog. Retin. Eye Res., 21(1), 15–34.
Wang, F., Chen, L., Jiang, S., He, J., Zhang, X., Peng, J., Xu, Q., & Li, R., (2014).
Optimization of methazolamide-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for ophthalmic delivery
using Box-Behnken design. J. Liposome Res., 24(3), 171–181.
Wang, J., Zhao, F., Liu, R., Chen, J., Zhang, Q., Lao, R., Wang, Z., Jin, X., & Liu, C., (2017).
Novel cationic lipid nanoparticles as an ophthalmic delivery system for multi component
drugs: Development, characterization, in vitro permeation, in vivo pharmacokinetic and
molecular dynamics studies. Int. J. Nanomedicine, 12, 8115–8127.
Weng, Y., Liu, J., Jin, S., et al., (2017). Nanotechnology-based strategies for treatment of
ocular disease. Acta Pharmaceutica, Sinica B, 7(3), 281–291.
Yu, Y., Feng, R., Yu, S., Li, J., Wang, Y., Song, Y., Yang, X., Pan, W., & Li, S., (2018).
Nanostructured lipid carrier-based pH and temperature dual-responsive hydrogel composed
of carboxymethyl chitosan and poloxamer for drug delivery. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 114,
462–469.
Zeng, W., Li, Q., Wan, T., Liu, C., Pan, W., Wu, Z., Zhang, G., Pan, J., Qin, M., Lin, Y., Wu,
C., & Xu, Y., (2016). Hyaluronic acid-coated niosomes facilitate tacrolimusocular delivery:
Mucoadhesion, precorneal retention, aqueous humor pharmacokinetics, and transcorneal
permeability. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 141, 28–35.
Zhang, J., Liang, X., Li, X., Guan, Z., Liao, Z., Luo, Y., & Luo, Y., (2016). Ocular delivery of
cyanidin-3-glycoside in liposomes and its prevention of selenite-induced oxidative stress.
Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy,42(4),546–553.
https://t.me/medicina_free
CHAPTER 10
https://t.me/medicina_free
Rosmarinic Acid: A Boon in the
Management of Cardiovascular Disease
MD. ADIL SHAHARYAR,
CHOWDHURY MOBASWAR HOSSAIN,
SANMOY KARMAKAR
1
1,2
MAHFOOZUR RAHMAN,3 KUMAR ANAND,
1
IMRAN KAZMI,4 and
2
2
2
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University,
3
Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology, and Sciences,
4
Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT
Cardiovascular disease has been a source of morbidity and mortality in the world.
The American Heart Association states that though the mortality has decreased
yet the burden and impact are still threatening. Molecules from the plants have
been a boon for mankind. These gifted molecules from nature have been a source
of cure for various diseases, the cardiovascular disease being one of them. Many
molecules have been investigated and rosmarinic acid obtained from various
plants being one of them. Rosmarinic acid, till now, has received less attention
in terms of its cardiovascular potential from the scientific community. This book
chapter deals with the cardiovascular disease-modifying activities of rosmarinic
230
https://t.me/medicina_free
Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery
acid and sheds light for carrying out research in this domain. This book chapter
has covered the attenuation or inhibition of AMI, arrhythmia, hypertension
(HTN), etc., by Rosmarinic acid. For studying the effect of rosmarinic acid
on cardiovascular disease, various protocols have been mentioned. After this
discussion Rosmarinic, acid turns out to be a strong candidate having promising
results in the management of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
Heart and its ailments find a special place in the contemporary scientific circle.
Cardiovascular disease is a menace to the society. According to the American
Heart Association, the mortality rate has declined but the impact and burden of
the disease remain unchanged. The mortality rate in 2006 from cardiovascular
disease was 262.5 per 100,000 (International Classification of disease 10,
100–199). The value was a higher for white males. For white males 306.6 per
100,000 and for black males 422.8 per 100,000. In the case of females, it was
lower 215.5 and 298.2 per 100,000 for white and black females respectively.
A 2006 report of AHA foregrounded the fact that 2300 Americans die per day
of cardiovascular disease. One of every six deaths in the US is due to CHD.
Every 6 deaths in the US are due to CHD. Each year around 95,000 people
experience a new or recurrent stroke. According to a survey conducted by the
National Health and Nutrition Examination (NHANES) 2003–2006 points out
that 33.6% of US adults ≥ 20 years of age have hypertension (HTN). The data
of cardiovascular disease affecting people presents a disturbing picture, which
needs immediate attention (Jones et al., 2010).
Plant extracts have always been useful and exploited by mankind for the
treatment of various diseases since ancient civilization. Rosmarinic acid is one
such molecule extracted from various plants having a cardiovascular effect.
Rosmarinic acid oil found in Perilla frutescens (Lee et al., 2013) from which
glucoside of rosmarinic acid (rosmarinic acid-3-O-glucoside) is obtained
(Makino et al., 2001). Rosemary (Al Sereiti et al., 1999) (Rosmarinus offi-
cinalis Linn.), Sage which is a spice herb Mint (Ellis et al., 1970), Thyme
(Dapkevicius et al., 2002), Basil (rosmarinic acid and related phenolics in
hairy root cultures of Ocimum basilicum) and the Ayurvedic medicine Holy
Basil (Hakkim et al., 2007), Melissa officinalis (Labiatae) at 2.2–5.5%,
231 Rosmarinic Acid: A Boon in the Management of Cardiovascular Disease
https://t.me/medicina_free
Orthosiphon stamineus (Malahubban et al., 2013), Clerodendranthus
spicatus (Thunberg) (Zheng et al., 2012), Verbascumxantho phoeniceum
(Scrophulariaceae) (Georgiev et al., 2012), and Heliotropium foertherianum
(Boraginaceae) (Braidy et al., 2013).
The phenylpropanopid pathway uses 4-coumaroyl CoA. Thus, 4-coumaroyl
CoA acts as a hydroxycinnamoyl donor. The hydroxy cinnamoyl acceptor is
synthesized from the Shikimic acid pathway.
From chemical and biological point of view, rosmarinic acid is synthesized from an ester of caffeic acid (CAA) with 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic
acid and 4-coumaroyl-4’-hydroxyphenyllactate respectively. Rosmarinate is
synthesized with the help of rosmarinate synthase which utilizes caffeoylCoA and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid to produce the same (Petersen et
al., 1988) (Figure 10.1).
The pathway has many enzymes taking part which probably came from
the pathway that involves synthesis of chlorogenic and caffeoylshikimic acid
(Petersen et al., 2009).
Biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid.
(Source: Reprinted from Wu et al., 2015. © Elsevier.)
Two eminent Italian scientists namely M. L. Scarpatti and G. Oriente are credited with the isolation of rosmarinic acid from the plant Rosemary (Rosmarinus
232
https://t.me/medicina_free
Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery
officinalis). The Iupacname of the rosmarinic acid is (2R)-3- (3,4-dihy-
droxyphenyl)-2-[ (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxypropanoic
acid (pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) (Figure 10.2).
Rosmarinic acid.
Source: PubChem URL:
It is a powder with red-orange color having slight solubility in water and
soluble in almost all the organic solvent (Petersen et al., 2003).
Labiatae family of the plant kingdom has been tremendously exploited as
traditional medicine for conditions like depression, strengthening of fragile
blood vessels, memory enhancement, weakness, circulation improvement,
exhaustion (Wang et al., 2004), infection, inflammation (Vieira, 2010),
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
233 Rosmarinic Acid: A Boon in the Management of Cardiovascular Disease
https://t.me/medicina_free
gastritis, and indigestion (Hajimehdipoor et al., 2010). Researchers have
shown that rosmarinic acid possesses anti-oxidant (Zheng et al., 2001), antiinflammatory (Al-Sereiti et al., 1999), anti-allergic (Ito et al., 1998), antidepression (Takeda et al., 2002), anti-hyperglycemic (Kumar et al., 2010)
and antimicrobial (Nascimento, 2009; Jain, 2010; Zomorodian et al., 2011).
An investigation was conducted to nd out the best source of rosmarinic
acid in plants belonging to family Labiatae which predominantly grows in
Iran. HPLC was used to ascertain the RA contents in 29 plants, using the
mobile phase as 0.085% O-phosphoric acid in water: 0.085% O-phosphoric
acid in methanol: 0.085% O-phosphoric acid in 2-propanol in gradient mode
for 20 min (Table 10.1).
TABLE 10.1 Rosmarinic Acid Content Analysis from Gradient Time Perspective
Water Containing
o‑Phosphoric Acid
(%)
10 10 80 0
15 15 70 10
20 20 60 15
20 20 60 20
Methanol Containing
o‑Phosphoric Acid
(%)
Isopropyl Alcohol
Containing
o-Phosphoric Acid (%)
Time
(mins)
Source: Shekarchi et al. (2012).
The separation was best with the above HPLC protocol. C8 and C
columns were compared and the best separation efcacy was obtained by C
18
18
column. HPLC chromatogram of Mentha spicata sample and UV spectrum of
RA in 11.16 min obtained from PDA detector. Different genus of the labiata
family was analyzed and rosmarinic acid contents were found greatest in
Mentha species. From Table 10.2, it is observed all Mentha species contain
RA in fairly good concentration (19.3–58.5 mg g
–1
) and M. spicata revealed
the highest rosmarinic acid content (Shekarchi et al., 2012).
The pharmacokinetic parameters of rosmarinic acid, tissue distribution
studies, excretion, and metabolism as well as its metabolism in serum are not
clear. In a Pharmacokinetic study miltiorrhiza depside salts in a dose of 60
mg/kg S were administered to Sprague Dawley rats were administered and
Соседние файлы в папке Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана