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Medicinal
231
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Plants Used for the Treatment and Management of Bilharziasis and Other…
ITexLi.113291
Scientific name
[Family]
Cissampelos
mucronata A.
Rich.
[Menispermaceae]
Cissus
quadrangularis L
[Vitaceae]
Clerodendrum
ternatum Schinz
[Verbenaceae]
Combretum
hereroense Schinz
subsp. heteroense
[Combretaceae]
Combretum
imberbe Wawra
[Combretaceae]
Combretum zeyheri
Sond
[Combretaceae]
Crossopteryx
febrifuga (Afzel.
ex G. Don) Benth
[Rubiaceae]
Croton gratissimus
Burch
[Euphorbiaceae]
Cynanchum
viminale (L.) L.
subsp. viminale
Sarcostemma
[Growth habit]
Distribution
Liane with a
woody root
stock
[Liane]
N, W, C, E, S
Succulent
climbing herb
with tendrils.
[Climber]
N, W, C, E, S
Suffrutex
growing from
an extensive
rhizomatous
woody roots
stock
[Herb]
N, W, C, E, S
Shrub or small
tree.
[Tree or shrub]
N, W, C, E, S
Medium to large
deciduous tree.
[Tree]
N, W, C, E, S
Small to
medium-sized
tree.
[Tree] N, W, C,
E, S
Shrub or small
deciduous tree.
[Tree]
N, W, C, E, S
Shrub or small
tree.
[Tree or shrub]
N, W, C, E, S
Succulent vine.
[Climber]
N, W, C, E, S
Vernacular names and
other names
Hairy heartleaf (English)
Heart-leaved vine
(English) Nyakuta
(Shona) Ruzambu
(Shona)
Murunjurunju (Shona)
Muvengahonye (Shona)
Renja (Shona)
Dwarf cat’s whiskers
(English) Umalanjana
(Ndebele) Umqotshanja
(Ndebele)
Ithetshane (Ndebele)
Mouse-eared combretum
(English) Murovamhuru
(Shona) Mutechani
(Shona) Russet
bushwillow (English)
Leadwood (English)
Monzo (Shona)
Muchenarota (Shona)
Mutsviri (Shona)
Umtshenalotha (Ndebele)
Umtshwili (Ndebele)
Large-fruited bushwillow
(English) Muchenja
(Shona) Mupemberekono (Shona) Muruka
(Shona) Umbhondo
(Ndebele) Umbula
(Ndebele)
Common crown-berry
(English) Crystal-bark
(English) Mubakatirwa
(Shona) Mugoko (Shona)
Mukombegwa (Shona)
Mukombigo (Shona)
Muteyo (Shona)
Umphokophokwana
(Ndebele)
Gunukira (Shona)
Lavender croton (English)
Mubangwa (Shona)
Mufandemengwe (Shona)
Mufarata (Shona)
Caustic vine (English)
Chifure (Shona) Imvubu
(Ndebele) Ingotsha
(Ndebele)
Ingotshayeganga
Parts used and mode of
preparation
Roots – infusion taken
orally three times a day
for three consecutive
days.
Whole plant – crushed
and applied on wounds.
Roots – are ground into
powder and taken orally.
Roots – infusion taken
orally.
Latex – infusion taken
orally.
Parasitic infection
ethnomedicinal uses
[References]
Bilharziasis
[16]
To treat wounds
infested with
maggots
[16]
Tapeworm and
hookworm.
[16]
Bilharziasis
[26]
Bilharziasis
[16, 27]
Bilharziasis and
hookworm
[28]
Bilharziasis (Urinary
schistosomiasis)
[21]
Internal worms and
ascariasis
[25]
Worm scours
[16]
7
Medicinal Plants – Chemical, Biochemical, and Pharmacological Approaches
232
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Scientific name
[Family]
viminale (L) R.Br
[Apocynaceae]
Dicoma anomala
Sond.
[Asteraceae]
Diplorhynchus
condylocarpon
(Müll. Arg.)
Pichon
[Apocynaceae]
Elephantorrhiza
goetzei (Harms)
[Fabaceae]
Eriosema
englerianum
Harms.
[Fabaceae]
Erythrina
abyssinica Lam. ex
DC.
[Fabaceae]
Euclea divorum
Hiern
[Ebenaceae]
Euphorbia schinzii
Pax
[Euphorbiaceae]
Faurea saligna
Harv
[Proteaceae]
[Growth habit]
Distribution
Prostrate,
decumbent or
erect perennial
herb
[Herb]
N, W, C, E, S
Shrub or as a
small, graceful
tree
[Tree or shrub]
N, W, C, E, S
[Shrub]
N, W, C, E, S
A manystemmed
perennial,
growing from a
woody root
stock.
[Herb]
N, W, C
Small to
medium-sized
of wooded
tree
grassland.
[Tree]
N, C, E, S
Evergreen
shrub or small
tree.
[Tree or shrub]
N, W, C, E, S
Shrub under
2m.
[Shrub]
N, W, C, E, S
Small to
medium-sized
tree.
Vernacular names and
other names
(Ndebele) Milk rope
(English) Runyakadomdo
(Shona) Rusungwe
(Shona)
Fever bush (English)
Stomach bush (English)
Chifumuro (Shona)
Rhodesian rubber tree,
Horn-pod tree, Wild
rubber (English) Mutowa
(Shona)
Intolwane (Ndebele)
Mugudzuru (Shona)
Narrow-pod elephant
roots (English)
Ndorani (Shona)
Blue bush (English)
Mashona fire bean
(English)
Lucky-bean tree (English)
Munhimbiti (Shona)
Mutete (Shona) Mutiti
(Shona) Mutsiti (Shona)
Red-hot-poker tree
(English) Umgqogqogqo
(Ndebele)
Diamond-leaved euclea
(English) Magic guarri
(English) Mubhununu
(Shona) Mudziviriratsuro
(Shona) Mugarazvuru
(Shona) Mugurameno
(Shona) Munyenya
(Shona) Mushangura
(Shona) Umtshekesane
(Ndebele)
Mutsatstsi (Shona)
African beech (English)
Isidwadwa (Ndebele)
Kapfutsana (Shona)
Parts used and mode of
preparation
Roots (fresh) decoction Bilharziasis (Urinary
Roots – is mixed with
Bauhinia thonningii and a
decoction is prepared
which is taken orally.
Roots decoction and/or
infusion.
Roots (fresh), fruits, stem
bark and stem
Roots – is mixed with
Vigna unguiculata seeds
and soup drunk.
Roots – is mixed with
Vigna unguiculata seeds
and soup drunk.
Roots – mixed with Vigna
unguiculata seeds and
cooked in soup.
Leaves Bilharziasis and
Parasitic infection
ethnomedicinal uses
[References]
schistosomiasis)
Intestinal worm
parasites
[21–23, 29]
Bilharziasis (Urinary
schistosomiasis)
[21]
Bilharziasis (Urinary
schistosomiasis)
[16, 21, 23, 30–32]
Bilharziasis
[16]
Bilharziasis (Urinary
schistosomiasis)
[16, 21]
Bilharziasis (Urinary
schistosomiasis)
[16, 21]
Bilharziasis (Urinary
schistosomiasis)
[21]
helminthiasis.
[33]
8
Medicinal
233
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Plants Used for the Treatment and Management of Bilharziasis and Other…
ITexLi.113291
Scientific name
[Family]
Flacourtia indica
(Burm.f) Merr
[Salicaceae]
Gymnosporia
senegalensis (Lam.)
Loes.
Maytenus
senegalensis (Lam)
Exell
[Celastraceae]
Hydnora abyssinica
A. Braun ex
Schweinf.
Hydnora solmsiana
Dinter
[Hydnoraceae]
Khaya anthotheca
(Welw.) C. DC.
Khaya nyasica Bak.
f.
[Meliaceae]
Kigellia africana
(Lam.) Benth.
Kigelia pinnata
(Jacq.) DC.
[Bignoniaceae]
Landolphia kirkii
Dyer ex Hook. f.
[Apocynaceae]
Lannea discolor
(Sond.) Engl.
[Anacardiaceae]
[Growth habit]
Distribution
[Tree]
N, W, C, E, S
Tree, shrub
over 2 m.
[Tree or shrub]
N, W, C, E, S
Tree, shrub
over 2 m.
[Tree or shrub]
N, W, C, E, S
A subterranean
roots parasite,
lacking
chlorophyll
[Roots parasite]
W, C
Large to very
large evergreen
tree with a long
straight stem.
[Tree]
N, E, S
Medium to large
tree.
[Tree]
N, W, C, E, S
[Climber,
liane.]
E
Medium-sized
deciduous tree.
[Tree]
N, W, C, E, S
Vernacular names and
other names
Mugarahungwe (Shona)
Munyaganza (Shona)
Mushangwa (Shona)
Muzazati (Shona)
Umpembele (Ndebele)
Willow beechwood
(English)
Batoka plum (English)
Governor’s plum
(English) Mududwe
(Shona) Munhunguru
(Shona) Mutombototo
(Shona) Mutudza (Shona)
Mutunguru (Shona)
Chivhunabadza (Shona)
Chizhuzhu (Shona)
Confetti tree (English)
Isihlangu (Ndebele)
Mugaranjiva (Shona)
Mukokoba (Shona)
Musosaguva (Shona)
Musosawafa (Shona)
Musukameno (Shona)
Mutotova (Shona)
Mutsotsova (Shona) Red
spike-thorn (English)
Emerging flower
(English)
Mubarwa (Shona)
Mururu (Shona) Muwawa
(Shona) Red mahogany
(English)
Mubveve (Shona)
Musonya (Shona)
Muvhumati (Shona)
Sausage tree (English)
Umvebe (Ndebele)
Mukanga (Shona)
Muungu (Shona) Rubber
vine (English)
Runyangarwapene
(Shona) Sand apricot-vine
(English)
Chizhenje (Shona) Livelong (English)
Mugan’acha (Shona)
Muhumbukumbu (Shona)
Mumbumbu (Shona)
Mupuri (Shona)
Parts used and mode of
preparation
Roots – infusion taken
orally.
Leaves and stem.
Roots
Roots and bark
Roots – decoction taken
orally. Leaves and stem.
Roots and bark.
Parasitic infection
ethnomedicinal uses
[References]
Bilharziasis and
intestinal worms
[16, 19, 20]
Bilharziasis (Urinary
schistosomiasis)
[21, 23]
Bilharziasis (Urinary
schistosomiasis)
[21]
Bilharziasis (Urinary
schistosomiasis)
[21]
TapewormFruit, bark and roots.
[19]
Bilharziasis (Urinary
schistosomiasis)
[21]
Bilharziasis (Urinary
schistosomiasis)
[21, 23, 34, 35]
9
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Scientific name
[Family]
Lannea edulis
(Sond.) Engl.
[Anacardiaceae]
Lecaniodiscus
fraxinifolias Bak.
[Sapindaceae]
Loranthus on
Dichrostachys
cinerea,
[Loranthaceae]
Mondia whitei
(Hook.f.) Skeels
[Apocynaceae]
Mucuna coriacea
Baker subsp.
irritans (Burtt
Davy) Verdc.
[Fabaceae]
sp.
Musa
[Musaceae]
Ozoroa reticulata
(Baker f.) R. Fern.
& A. Fern.
Ozoroa insignis Del.
subsp.reticulata
(Bak.f.) Gillett
Heeria reticulata
Engl.
[Anacardiaceae]
Peltophorum
africanum Sond.
[Fabaceae]
Phaseolus vulgaris
L
[Fabaceae]
[Growth habit]
Distribution
Shrub under
2m
[Shrub]
N, W, C, E, S
Tree, shrub
over 2 m.
[Tree or shrub]
N, E, S
Parasitic shrub
with long
spreading
stems.
[Shrub]
N, W, C, E, S
[Climber, liane]
N, W, C, E, S
Climber, shrub
over 2 m.
[Climber or
shrub]
N, C, E, S
Tall herbs,
perennial
[Herb]
Cultivated
A small, muchbranched
deciduous tree.
[Tree]
N, W, C, E, S
Tree, shrub
over 2 m.
[Tree or shrub]
N, W, C, E, S
Herbs or
subshrubs,
erect, prostrate
Vernacular names and
other names
Mushamba (Shona) Tree
grape (English)
Intakubomvu (Ndebele)
Mutsambatsi (Shona)
Tsombori (Shona) Wild
grape (English)
Chikuhlule (Hlengwe)
Musando (Shona)
Mutarara (Tonga:
Zimbabwe) River-litchi
(English)
Sicklebush (English) Whole plant – infusion
Mungurauwe (Shona)
Tonic roots (English)
White’s ginger (English)
Buffalo bean (English)
Huriri (Shona) Uriri
(Shona)
Mubhanana (Shona) Bilharziasis (Urinary
Isafice (Ndebele) Muacha
(Shona) Mubedu (Shona)
Mudyamombe (Shona)
Mugaragunguwo (Shona)
Mulilila (Tonga:
Zimbabwe) Murungu
(Shona) Raisin bush
(English) Tar berry
(English)
African wattle (English)
Dzedze (Shona) Mudjiza
(Shona) Mupumhamauva
(Shona) Musambanyoka
(Shona) Mutandarombo
(Shona) Muzeze (Shona)
Nyakambariro (Shona)
Nyamanyoka (Shona)
Umkahla (Ndebele)
Umsehla (Ndebele) Zeze
(Shona)
Common bean (English)
French bean (English)
Parts used and mode of
preparation
Roots – infusion or
decoction taken orally.
Roots can be ground into
powder and mixed with
porridge and taken orally.
Roots (fresh)
Leaves and stem.
Leaves and stem.
Roots.
taken orally.
Roots – ground into
powder and mixed in
porridge.
Roots – infusion mixed
with porridge and taken
orally.
Roots – infusion taken
orally.
Roots (fresh)
Leaves
Stem and bark.
Roots bark.
Leaves and stem.
Roots and roots bark.
Roots
Seeds – dried Bilharziasis (Urinary
Parasitic infection
ethnomedicinal uses
[References]
Bilharziasis (Urinary
schistosomiasis)
[16, 21–23, 31, 36]
Bilharziasis (Urinary
schistosomiasis)
[21, 23]
Bilharziasis
[16]
Bilharziasis
[16]
Bilharziasis (Urinary
schistosomiasis)
[21]
schistosomiasis)
[21]
Tapeworm and
hookworm.
Bilharziasis (Urinary
schistosomiasis)
[16, 21–23]
Bilharziasis (Urinary
schistosomiasis)
Intestinal parasites
[21, 23, 29]
schistosomiasis)
[21]
10
Medicinal
235
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Plants Used for the Treatment and Management of Bilharziasis and Other…
ITexLi.113291
Scientific name
[Family]
Piliostigma
thonningii
(Schumach.)
Milne-Redh.
[Fabaceae]
Pogonarthria
squarrosa (Roem.
& Schult.) Pilg.
[Poaceae]
Pterocarpus
angolensis DC.
[Fabaceae]
Ricinus communis
L
[Euphorbiaceae]
Sansevieria
hyacinthoides (L.)
Druce
[Dracaenaceae]
Sclerocarya birrea
(A. Rich.) Hochst.
subsp. caffra
(Sond.) Kokwaro
[Anacardiaceae]
Securidaca
longipedunculata
Fresen
[Polygalaceae]
Senna italica Mill.
subsp. micrantha
[Growth habit]
Distribution
or climbing.
[Herb or shrub]
Cultivated
[Tree]
N, W, C, E, S
Erect perennial
tufted grass, up
to 1 m.
[Grass]
N, W, C, E, S
Tree, shrub
over 2 m.
[Tree or shrub]
N, W, C, E, S
Tree, annual,
perennial, shrub
over 2 m, shrub
under 2 m.
[Tree or shrub]
Introduced
Evergreen,
perennial herb
[Herb]
N, C, E, S
Medium-sized
deciduous tree.
[Tree]
N, W, E, S
Tree, shrub
over 2 m.
[Tree or shrub]
N, W, C, E, S
Prostrate or
ascending
Vernacular names and
other names
Camel-foot (English)
Ihabahaba (Ndebele)
Monkey bread (English)
Mubaba (Shona) Muhuku
(Shona) Musakasa
(Shona) Musekesa
(Shona) Mutukutu
(Shona)
Cross grass (English)
Herringbone grass
(English) Meerjarige
denneboomgras
(Afrikaans) Sekelgras
(Afrikaans)
Bloodwood (English)
Mubvamakovo (Shona)
Mubvamaropa (Shona)
Mubvinziropa (Shona)
Mukambira (Shona)
Mukonambiti (Shona)
Mukula (Tonga:
Zimbabwe) Mukurambira
(Shona) Mukwa (English)
Mukwa (Shona)
Mukwirambira (Shona)
Mushambaropa (Shona)
Muzwamulowa (Tonga:
Zimbabwe) Umvagazi
(Ndebele)
Mother-in-law’s tongue
(English)
Piles roots (English)
Bowstring hemp (English)
Marula (English) Mufuna
(Shona) Mupfura (Shona)
Mushomo (Shona)
Umganu (Ndebele)
Chipvufanana (Shona)
Mufufu (Shona)
Munyapunyapu (Shona)
Munyazvirombo (Shona)
Mutangeni (Shona)
Umfufu (Ndebele) Violet
tree (English)
The Port Royal senna
(English)
Parts used and mode of
preparation
Roots – are mixed with
Elephantorrhiza
goetzei roots and an
infusion are prepared
which is taken orally.
Leaves and stem.
Roots and roots bark.
Roots
Roots – decoction taken
orally.
Bark – infusion taken
orally.
Flowers – applied to
incision on area affected.
Roots (fresh)
Leaves
Stem
Bark
RootsCastor-oil plant (English) – infusion taken
orally.
Leaves and roots –
infusion taken orally.
Leaves, rhizome and
roots.
Roots – infusion taken
orally.
Bark
Roots – infusion taken
orally.
Parasitic infection
ethnomedicinal uses
[References]
Bilharziasis (Urinary
schistosomiasis)
[16, 21, 23, 31]
Bilharziasis
[16]
Bilharziasis (Urinary
schistosomiasis)
[16, 21–23]
Bilharziasis (Urinary
schistosomiasis)
[16, 21, 37]
Intestinal parasites
and worms.
[38]
Bilharziasis
[16, 19]
Tapeworm and
hookworm.
Bilharziasis (Urinary
schistosomiasis)
[16, 21, 37]
Bilharziasis
(Urinary
11
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Scientific name
[Family]
(Brenan) Lock
Cassia italica
(Mill.) F.W. Andr.
[Fabaceae]
Senna petersiana
(Bolle) Lock
Cassia petersiana
Bolle
[Fabaceae]
Senna singueana
(Delile) Lock
Cassia singueana
Delile
[Fabaceae]
Solanum
campylacanthum
Solanum delegoense
Dunal S. incanum
[Solanaceae]
Steganotaenia
araliacea Hochst.
[Apiaceae]
Strychnos
occuloides Bak.
[Loganiaceae]
Terminalia
brachystemma
Welw. ex Hiern
[Combretaceae]
Terminalia sericea
Burch ex. DC
[Combretaceae]
Toddalia asiatica
(L.) Lam.
Toddalia aculeata
Pers.
[Rutaceae]
[Growth habit]
Distribution
perennial herb
or small shrub
[Herb or shrub]
W, C, S
Tree, shrub
over 2 m.
[Tree or shrub]
N, C, E, S
Tree, shrub
over 2 m.
[Tree or shrub]
N, W, C, E, S
[Shrub]
Introduced
[Tree]
N, C, E, S
Small deciduous
tree.
[Tree]
N, W, E, S
Shrub or small
semi-deciduous
tree.
[Tree or shrub]
N, W, C, E, S
Small to
medium-sized
deciduous tree.
[Tree]
Introduced
[Climber,
liane.]
N, C, E, S
Vernacular names and
other names
Eared senna (English)
Monkey pod (English)
Isihaqa esincinyane
(Ndebele) Mudyamhungu
(Shona) Munzungu
(Shona) Mushayanyoka
(Shona) Scrambled egg
(English) Sticky pod
(English) Winter cassia
(English) Winterflowering senna (English)
Nhundurwa (Shona)
Bitter apple (English)
Intume (Ndebele)
Munhomboro (Shona)
Munhundurwa (Shona)
Poison apple (English)
Snake apple (English)
Sodom apple (English)
Thorn apple (English)
Umdulukwa (Ndebele)
Carrot Tree (English) Leaves and stem.
Corky monkey-orange
(English) Muhumi
(Shona) Mushumwi
(Shona) Mutamba
muzhinyu (Shona)
Kalahari cluster-leaf
(English)
Mangwe (Shona)
Mukonono (Shona)
Mususu (Shona) Mutabvu
(Shona) Silver cluster-leaf
(English) Silver
terminalia (English)
Umangwe (Ndebele)
Chikafusi (Shona)
Climbing orange
(English) Cockspur
orange (English) Gato
(Shona) Mubhatakhamba
(Ndau) Rukato (Shona)
Parts used and mode of
preparation
Leaves, stem, roots and
bark.
Leaves
Roots
Roots and stem.
Leaves
Roots Fruit
Roots – mixed with Vigna
unguiculata seeds and
cooked in soup.
Roots – decoction taken
orally.
Parasitic infection
ethnomedicinal uses
[References]
schistosomiasis)
[21]
Bilharziasis (Urinary
schistosomiasis)
[21]
Bilharziasis
(Urinary
schistosomiasis)
[23]
Bilharziasis (Urinary
schistosomiasis)
[16, 21, 37]
Bilharziasis (Urinary
schistosomiasis)
[38]
Bilharziasis (Urinary
schistosomiasis)
19]
[16,
Bilharziasis (Urinary
schistosomiasis)
[16, 21, 37]
Bilharziasis
Worms in anus and
arms.
[16, 21, 37]
Bilharziasis (Urinary
schistosomiasis)
[38]
12
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Plants Used for the Treatment and Management of Bilharziasis and Other…
ITexLi.113291
Scientific name
[Family]
Trichilia emetica
Vahl subsp.
emetica
Trichilia roka
Chiov.
[Meliaceae]
Trichodesma
ambacense Welw.
subsp. hockii (De.
Wild) Brummitt
[Boraginanceae]
Vangueria infausta
Burch.subsp.
infausta
[Rubiaceae]
Vernonia
amydalina Del
[Asteraceae]
Vernonia
musofensis S.
Moore var.
miamensis (S.
Moore) G.V. Pope
Vernonia
philipsoniana
Lawaltree
[Asteraceae]
Warburgia sulcate
[Canellaceae]
Ximenia caffra
Sond.
[Olacaceae]
Zanthoxylum
chalybeum Engl.
[Rutaceae]
Ziziphus
mucronata Willd
[Rhamnaceae]
[Growth habit]
Distribution
Medium-sized
to large
evergreen tree.
[Tree]
N, W, E, S
Perennial herb.
[Herb]
N, W, C, E, S
Small deciduous
tree.
[Herb]
W, C, E, S
Tree, shrub
over 2 m.
[Tree or shrub]
N, W, C, E, S
[Herb]
N, C, E
Evergreen tree.
[Tree]
No information
Tree, shrub
over 2 m.
[Tree or shrub]
N, W, C, E, S
Tree, shrub
over 2 m.
Tree or shrub
N, W, C
Small to
medium-sized
tree.
[Tree]
N, W, C, E, S
Vernacular names and
other names
Banket mahogany
(English) Muchichiri
(Shona) Mutsikiri
(Shona) Natal mahogany
(English)
Blue Bells of St. Mary’s
(English) Gwiramwaka
(Shona)
Munjiro (Shona)
Munzviro (Shona)
Munzvirwa (Shona)
Umthofu (Ndebele)
Umviyo (Ndebele) Velvet
wild medlar (English)
Bitter-tea vernonia
(English) Dembezeko
(Shona) Inyathelo
(Ndebele) Musikavakadzi
(Shona) Muzhozho
(Shona) Nyareru (Shona)
Tree vernonia (English)
Munhengeni (Shona)
Mutengeni (Shona)
Mutsvanzva (Shona)
Sourplum (English)
Umthunduluka (Ndebele)
Kundanyoka knobwood
(English)
Mukundanyoka (Shona)
Buffalo-thorn (English)
Chinanga (Shona)
Muchecheni (Shona)
Umpasamala (Ndebele)
Umphafa (Ndebele)
Parts used and mode of
preparation
Leaves
Roots and roots bark.
Tuber – is ground into
powder and taken orally.
Fruit, leaves and roots –
decoction taken orally.
Roots
Roots – are mixed with
Vigna unguiculata seeds
and a soup is prepared
and taken orally.
Leaves and stem.
Roots.
Roots bark
Roots – are mixed with
Vigna unguiculata seeds
and a soup is prepared
and taken orally.
Roots – infusion taken
orally.
Roots (fresh)
Leaves and stem.
Roots bark.
Roots – infusion taken
orally.
Leaves and stem
Roots bark
Roots
Parasitic infection
ethnomedicinal uses
[References]
Bilharziasis (Urinary
schistosomiasis)
[16, 19]
Bilharziasis
[16, 21, 37]
Parasitic worms
[29, 39]
Roundworm
Bilharziasis (Urinary
schistosomiasis)
[16, 23]
Bilharziasis
Bilharziasis
[40]
Bilharziasis (Urinary
schistosomiasis)
[16, 21–23, 40]
Bilharziasis (Urinary
schistosomiasis)
[21]
Bilharziasis (Urinary
schistosomiasis)
[16, 21, 23, 40]
Table 1.
Medicinal plants used to treat and manage bilharziasis and other parasitic infections in Zimbabwe: Family
and botanical name, local name, part used, mode of preparation, growth form, distribution and
ethnomedicinal uses.
13
Medicinal Plants – Chemical, Biochemical, and Pharmacological Approaches
238
https://t.me/medicina_free
Scientific name Pharmacological
properties
Abrus precatorius
L. subsp.
africanus Verde.
*Anthelmintic, analgesic,
antimicrobial,
antimigraine, antibacterial, anti-fungal, antitumor, anti-spasmodic,
anti-diabetic, antiserotonergic and antiinflammatory activities.
Acacia karoo
Hayne
Analgesic, HIV1 reverse
transcriptase, antilisterial,
anti-gonococcal, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, antioxidant,
antibacterial, antifungal,
antimalarial, antimicrobial,
*anthelmintic and antimycobacterial activities.
AIbizia
antunesiana
*Anthelmintic and oxidant
activities.
Harms
Asparagus spp
except A.
asparagoides L
Analgesic, diuretic,
*anthelmintic, antiinflammatory and
antimicrobial activities.
Burkea africanus
Hook.
Antioxidant, antidiarrhoeal, antibacterial,
analgesic, antiinflammatory, anticholinesterase and
*anthelmintic activities.
Carissa spinarum
L.
Carrisa edulis
Vahl
Anti-plasmodial, diuretic,
antioxidant, *antihelmintic,
antiherpetic, antiinflammatory and antiviral
activities.
Cassia abbreviata
Oliv.
*Anthelmintic, antiviral,
antioxidant, antimicrobial,
abortifacient, anti-diabetic,
anti-inflammatory,
hepatoprotective and
antimicrobial activities.
Catunaregam
swynnertonii (S.
Moore) Bridson
Catunaregum
spinosa sensu
Verdcourt
subsp. spinosa
*Anthelmintic, antioxidant,
emetic, nauseant, antiallergic, antipyretic, antiinflammatory, expectorant,
abortifacient, antibacterial,
human cyclooxygenase
(COX)-2 inhibitory effects,
analgesic,
immunomodulatory and a
prominent protection of
DNA activities.
Biological target Toxicological
Reference
evaluation
Cestodes
Schistosomes
Cestodes Weak or low toxicity or
Safe
LD
> 5000 mg/kg
50
[23, 41–46]
[23, 47–49]
mildly toxic
LD
< 1600 mg/kg
50
Cestodes no records found [23, 31, 50]
Nematodes:
Haemonchus
Safe
LD
> 5000 mg/kg
50
[51–54]
contortus
Nematodes:
Haemonchus
Safe
LD
> 5000 mg /kg
50
[55–57]
contortus
Earthworms:
Pheretima
Safe
LD
> 2000 mg in rats
50
[58–62]
posthuma.
Cestodes Safe
LC
–
50
[23, 63–68]
1319.37 356.63 μg/ml
Nematodes
Earthworm:
Safe
LD
up to 2000 mg/kg.
50
[56, 69, 70]
Eisinia Fetida
14
Medicinal
239
https://t.me/medicina_free
Plants Used for the Treatment and Management of Bilharziasis and Other…
ITexLi.113291
Scientific name Pharmacological
Celtis africana
Burm. f.
Cissampelos
mucronata A.
Rich.
Cissus
quadrangularis
L.
Cleridendrum
ternatum Schinz
Combretum
heteroense Schinz
subsp. heteroense
Combretum
imberbe Wawra
Combretum
zeyheri Sond
Crossopteryx
febrifuga (G.
Don) Benth.
properties
*Anthelmintic, prokinetic,
laxative, antidiarrheal,
spasmolytic, antioxidant,
anti-inflammatory
andweak to moderate
acetylcholinestrease
enzyme inhibition
activities.
Hypoglycemic, antivenin,
anti-diabetic, anti-ulcer,
antispasmodic, antidiarrhoeal and possess
significant effects on male
fertility.
Bone healing,
*anthelmintic, antiulcer,
anti-inflammatory, antitumor, molluscicidal,
gastro-protective, antiosteoporotic, antioxidant
and antimicrobial activities.
*Anthelmintic
(antischistosomal),
antifungal, antiinflammatory and
cytotoxicity activities.
Antibacterial, anthelmintic,
antioxidant, antifungal,
*anthelmintic
(antischistosomal), antihyperglycemic, antimalarial, anti-snake and
anti-inflammatory
activities.
Antibacterial, antiinflammatory, cytotoxicity
against human cancer cell
line, *anthelmintic
(antischistosomal),
antioxidant, antifungal and
anti-proliferative activities.
Anti-inflammatory,
*anthelmintic,
anticonvulsant, analgesic,
anti-plasmodial,
antipyretic,
antihyperglycemic, antiproliferative and
hypolipidemic activities.
Biological target Toxicological
no records found Safe
Earthworms:
Pheretima
posthuma
no records found no records foundno records found
Nematode:
Worms of C.
elegans var.
Bristol
Schistosomes:
Worms of S.
haematobium
Nematode:
Worms of C.
elegans var.
Bristol
Schistosomes:
Worms of S.
haematobium
Schistosomes:
Worms of S.
haematobium
Nematodes:
Haemonchus
contortus
evaluation
LD
> 5000 mg/kg
50
Safe
LD
- 3000 mg/kg
50
Highly toxic
LC
–168.6 μg/mL
50
Highly toxic
LC
–16 μg/ml to 159 μg/
50
ml
Safe
LD
–5000 mg/kg
50
Reference
[23, 71, 72]no records foundCestodes
[73–75]
[76–79]
[80no records found –82]
[80–85]
[28, 56,
80, 81]
[51, 86–91]
15
Medicinal Plants – Chemical, Biochemical, and Pharmacological Approaches
240
https://t.me/medicina_free
Scientific name Pharmacological
properties
Croton
gratissimus Burch
Good antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, antibiotic,
antiviral, analgesic,
anticonvulsant,
*anthelmintic
(antiprotozoal and
antileishmanial),
anticancer, antiulcer,
immunomodulatory, antipyretic, anti-plasmodial,
hypolipidemic,
antiarthritic, anti-eczemic,
antihistimic and anticoronary activities.
Cynanchum
viminale (L.) L.
subsp. viminale
Antipyretic, analgesic, and
anti-inflammatory
activities.
Sarcostemma
viminale (L) R.
Br
Dicoma anomala
Sond.
*Anthelmintic, anticancer,
antioxidant,
antihyperglycemic, antiinflammatory and
antimicrobial activities.
Diplorhynchus
condylocarpon
(Muell Arg.)
Pich.
Sympatholytic, antiamoebic, anti-plasmodial,
analgesic, antibacterial,
antimalarial, antiinflammatory and
antioxidant activities
Elephantorrhiza
goetzei (Harms)
*Anthelmintic, antifungal,
antioxidant, antibacterial,
antiviral, and cytotoxicity
activities.
Eriosema
englerianum
Harms.
Erythrina
abyssinica DC.
Antimicrobial,
antibacterial, antifungal
and antioxidant activities.
Antimycobacterial,
antifungal, hypoglycemi,
antiplasmodial,
hepatoprotective,
*antihelminthic and
antimicrobial activities.
Euclea divorum
Hiern
Antimicrobial, diuretic
cytotoxic, antibacterial,
oxytocic, antifungal,
diuretic, antioxidant,
*antihelminthic
and anti-plasmodial
activities.
Biological target Toxicological
Reference
evaluation
Protozoa: T. b.
rhodesiense
Leishmania:
Leishmania
donovani
Highly toxic
LC
50
Hexane fraction -
25.3 0.87 μg/ml.
DCM fraction -
[92–98]
67.3 0.32 μg/ml.
no records found no records found [99]
Cestodes Safe
LC
value of
50
[34, 35, 100]
3040 1060 μg/ml
no records found Safe
LD
Cestodes
Schistosomes
Moderately toxic
LC
> 2000 mg/kg
50
356.55 24.55 μg/
50
[56, 101–
103]
[23, 32]
ml.
no records found no records found [104, 105]
Nematodes:
Ascaridia galli
Nematodes:
Caenorhabditis
Safe
LC
–5440 0 μg/ml.
50
Safe
LD
- 2000 mg/kg
50
[100, 106–
109]
[110–113]
elegans
16
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