Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_1002_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
.pdf
14 Preoperative Testing andCounseling
13. Wadden T, Butryn M, Sarwer D, Fabricatore A, Crerand C, Lipschutz P, etal. Comparison of
psychosocial status in treatment-seeking women with class III vs. class I–II obesity. Surg Obes
Relat Dis. 2006;2(2):138–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2006.03.016.
14. Mohan P, Kalayarasan R, Anand S.Role of preoperative endoscopy in bariatric surgery. Indian
J Gastroenterol. 2017;36(4):334–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12664- 017- 0772- 2.
15. Bennett S, Gostimir M, Shorr R, Mallick R, Mamazza J, Neville A.The role of routine preoperative upper endoscopy in bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg
Obes Relat Dis. 2016;12(5):1116–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2016.04.012.
16. Wolter S, Duprée A, Miro J, Schroeder C, Jansen M, Schulze-Zur-Wiesch C, et al. Upper
gastrointestinal endoscopy prior to bariatric surgery-mandatory or expendable? An analysis of
801 cases. Obes Surg. 2017;27(8):1938–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695- 017- 2622- 9.
17. Kuper MA, Kratt T, Kramer KM, Zdichavsky M, Schneider JH, Glatzle J, etal. Effort, safety,
and ndings of routine preoperative endoscopic evaluation of morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(8):1996–2001.
18. Al-Akwaa AM.Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in a group of morbidly obese
Saudi patients undergoing bariatric surgery: a preliminary report. Saudi J Gastroenterol.
2010;16:264–7.
19. Winegar DA, Sherif B, Pate V, Demaria EJ.Venous thromboembolism after bariatric surgery
performed by bariatric surgery center of excellence participants: analysis of the bariatric outcomes longitudinal database. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2011;7(2):181–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
soard.2010.12.008.
20. Almarshad FM, Almegren M, Alshuaibi T, Alobaodi N, Almutawa A, Basunbl H, et al.
Thromboprophylaxis after bariatric surgery. Blood Res. 2020;55(1):44–8. https://doi.
org/10.5045/br.2020.55.1.44.
21. Birkmeyer NJ, Share D, Baser O, Carlin AM, Finks JF, Pesta CM, etal. Preoperative placement of inferior vena cava lters and outcomes after gastric bypass surgery. Ann Surg.
2010;252(2):313–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/sla.0b013e3181e61e4f.
22. Villegas L, Schneider B, Provost D, Chang C, Scott D, Sims T, etal. Is routine cholecystectomy required during laparoscopic gastric bypass? Obes Surg. 2004;14(1):60–6. https://doi.
org/10.1381/096089204772787301.
23. Worni M, Guller U, Shah A, Gandhi M, Shah J, Rajgor D, etal. Cholecystectomy concomitant
with laparoscopic gastric bypass: a trend analysis of the nationwide inpatient sample from
2001 to 2008. Obes Surg. 2011;22(2):220–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695- 011- 0575- y.
24. Doulamis IP, Michalopoulos G, Boikou V, Schizas D, Spartalis E, Menenakos E,
Economopoulos KP. Concomitant cholecystectomy during bariatric surgery: the jury is still
out. Am J Surg. 2019;218(2):401–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2019.02.006.
25. Warschkow R, Tarantino I, Ukegjini K, Beutner U, Güller U, Schmied BM, etal. Concomitant
cholecystectomy during laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in obese patients is not justied:
a meta-analysis. Obes Surg. 2013;23(3):397–407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695- 012- 0852- 4.
26. Kothari SN.Bariatric surgery and postoperative imaging. Surg Clin N Am. 2011;91(1):155–72.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2010.10.013.
27. Morais M, Faria G, Preto J, Costa-Maia J.Gallstones and bariatric surgery: to treat or not to
treat? World J Surg. 2016;40(12):2904–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268- 016- 3639- 2.
28. Raaff CA, Vries ND, Wagensveld BA.Obstructive sleep apnea and bariatric surgical guidelines.
Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2018;31(1):104–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/aco.0000000000000542.
29. Rasmussen JJ, Fuller WD, Ali MR.Sleep apnea syndrome is signicantly underdiagnosed in
bariatric surgical patients. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2012;8(5):569–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
soard.2011.06.021.
30. Catheline J, Bihan H, Quang TL, Sadoun D, Charniot J, Onnen I, et al. Preoperative cardiac and pulmonary assessment in bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2008;18(3):271–7. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s11695- 007- 9329- 2.
31. Thompson R. β-blocker continuation after noncardiac surgery. Arch Surg. 2012;147(5):467.
https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.2011.1698.
165
166
Данная книга находится в списке для перевода на русский язык сайта https://meduniver.com/
V. Tan and A. Fridman
32. Hall TC, Pellen MG, Sedman PC, Jain PK. Preoperative factors predicting remission of
type 2 diabetes mellitus after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery for obesity. Obes Surg.
2010;20(9):1245–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695- 010- 0198- 8.
33. Eaton L, Walsh C, Magnuson T, Schweitzer M, Lidor A, Nguyen H, Steele K.On-line bariatric
surgery information session as effective as in-person information session. Surg Obes Relat Dis.
2012;8(2):225–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2011.10.015.
34. Gould J, Ellsmere J, Fanelli R, Hutter M, Jones S, Pratt J, etal. Panel report: best practices for
the surgical treatment of obesity. Surg Endosc. 2010;25(6):1730–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00464- 010- 1487- y.
35. Raper SE, Sarwer DB.Informed consent issues in the conduct of bariatric surgery. Surg Obes
Relat Dis. 2008;4(1):60–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2007.09.002.
36. Eggers C, Obliers R, Koerfer A, Thomas W, Koehle K, Hoelscher AH, Bollschweiler E.A
multimedia tool for the informed consent of patients prior to gastric banding**. Obesity.
2007;15(11):2866–73. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.340.
37. Kaly P, Orellana S, Torrella T, Takagishi C, Saff-Koche L, Murr MM.Unrealistic weight loss
expectations in candidates for bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2008;4(1):6–10. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2007.10.012.
Chapter 15
Risk Assessment andReduction
JohnColeCowling andErikWilson
15.1 Risk Assessment
Risk assessment of the bariatric surgery patient begins with a comprehensive, in
person clinical consultation with several objectives. The rst is to get to know the
patient, as well as their family or other member of their social support structure who
will be helping the patient achieve a healthier lifestyle. In getting to know the
patient, the surgeon begins to build the rapport that will be necessary to gain the
patient’s trust for what will be a long-standing clinical relationship that will span
many visits over a multi-year time period to address a chronic health condition.
Second, the surgeon should conduct a traditional history and physical exam,
focusing on not only the pertinent details of the patient’s history of obesity and
efforts to lose weight through diet, exercise, and medical treatment but also a
detailed review of their past medical and surgical history, social history including
tobacco, alcohol, or other substance use, their current work or important hobbies
that may be impacted by surgery and the necessary recovery, and a detailed review
of their medication list. Patients should also be assessed if they are up to date on
age-specic cancer screening such as mammograms and colonoscopies. [1] By
reviewing this information, the surgeon can quickly glean patient-specic risk factors that may impact their ability to safely undergo and recover from a complex
surgical intervention and achieve the intended outcomes of weight loss and remission of their associated medical comorbidities.
J. C. Cowling (*) · E. Wilson
Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science
Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
e-mail: john.c.cowling@uth.tmc.edu
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2023
A. Teixeira et al. (eds.), Duodenal Switch and Its Derivatives in Bariatric and
Metabolic Surgery, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25828-2_15
167
168
Данная книга находится в списке для перевода на русский язык сайта https://meduniver.com/
J. C. Cowling and E. Wilson
Particular interest should be given to a history of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events; coagulation disorders; pulmonary health including smoking, COPD, and
obstructive sleep apnea; history of gastrointestinal disorders; and previous abdominal and intestinal operations. Hepatic and renal disease and autoimmune disorders
that might be treated by steroids or immune modulators should also be asked about.
A physical exam should include the patient’s current height, weight, and body
mass index (BMI) among other vital signs. An exam might detect previously
unknown cardiovascular or pulmonary risk factors such as signs of congestive heart
failure or arterial disease that should be evaluated and addressed before undergoing
anesthesia. An exam might also identify abdominal pathology such as masses, hernias, or excessive abdominal surgical history that may complicate the ability to
safely gain access to the abdomen or mobilize limbs of the intestine. Similarly, the
presence of jaundice or other signs of severe liver dysfunction may preclude the
patient as a surgical candidate.
Lastly, an assessment can begin to be made of the patient’s degree of frustration
imposed by their morbid obesity and psychological readiness to undergo surgical
weight loss, as well as their prior knowledge about or research of the available
operations and the involved recovery. In fact, many patients will come to the ofce
having already done a great deal of online research about surgical weight loss or
will have known someone who has already undergone surgery and may have some
preconceived biases about the operations of choice. This preoperative research is
benecial, as a well-informed patient who has a solid understanding of the scope of
weight loss surgery can reduce the risks of non-compliance or poor follow-up. This
is a good opportunity to clear up any misconception about bariatric surgery functioning as a cosmetic intervention.
15.2 Risk Reduction
In our practice, risk assessment and reduction is achieved by evaluating and optimizing modiable patient-specic risk factors to achieve a safer surgical outcome,
even at the expense of delaying surgery when necessary. Here, we will address some
commonly evaluated conditions.
15.2.1 Smoking
Any patient with a smoking history is counselled on the need for cessation and
offered resources to assist them in stopping tobacco use before surgery, typically by
referral to their primary care provider. Our goal is to have the patient be free of
smoking for at least 4–8weeks before surgery to allow time for the effects on wound
15 Risk Assessment andReduction
healing and inammation to reverse [2]. We conrm their cessation with a preoperative nicotine screen usually 1week before surgery, but some advocate for a cotinine
test 1–2days prior [3] and there is evidence that smoking is underreported, especially preoperatively, suggesting we should be more aggressive in screening [4]. A
recent National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) review of over
133,000 patients undergoing sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-En-Y gastric bypass
found that 9.3% of the patients were smokers and suffered substantially worse
30-day outcomes, including risks of readmission, death, and respiratory complications [5]. Another NSQIP review of sleeve gastrectomy patients demonstrated
increased risk of intubations and 30-day mortality in smokers [6]. Patients can be
reassured that an effort to stop smoking should have little impact on their long-term
weight loss. In a review of sleeve and gastric banding patients, pre- or post- operative
smoking status was not associated with any signicant difference in weight loss in
long-term follow-up [7]. Moser found no signicant difference in weight loss after
sleeve gastrectomy, regardless of smoking status at 6, 12, and 24months [8].
169
15.2.2 Substance Abuse
Bariatric surgery patients may also have a higher lifetime risk of substance abuse
and the physiologic changes after surgery may put them at increased risk of alcohol
abuse [9]. We consider active alcohol abuse or alcoholism to be a contraindication
to bariatric surgery of any kind, including duodenal switch, and these patients are
referred for rehabilitation and detoxication. Although data exists for duodenal
switch, there is concern in the gastric bypass patient that alcohol absorption may be
accelerated and reach higher concentrations in the blood, putting patients at
increased risks of alcohol use disorder after surgery [10]. Patients are counselled
about the risks of post-operative substance use disorders.
Patients with a history of opioid abuse and recovery should be given non-opioid
analgesics in the perioperative period and utilize local anesthetic blocks to control
pain [11]. Enhanced recovery (ERAS) protocols are already becoming widespread
in bariatric surgery and can be applied to the duodenal switch patient.
15.2.3 Psychosocial Evaluation
Most third-party payers require psychosocial evaluation to determine that the patient
does not have any untreated mental disorders or eating disorders as a condition of
insurance approval. We refer patients to a local psychologist for this evaluation and
follow any recommendations made. This topic is discussed in more detail in a prior
chapter.
170
Данная книга находится в списке для перевода на русский язык сайта https://meduniver.com/
J. C. Cowling and E. Wilson
15.2.4 Cardiopulmonary Assessment
Although preoperative cardiopulmonary assessment is not typically a provision of
insurance approval, consideration should be given to cardiac evaluation and screening of obstructive sleep apnea and obesity hypoventilation syndrome.
A good place to start, aside from a physical exam as mentioned above, is to
assess the patient’s functional status. This is done by evaluating a patient’s ability to
perform activities of daily living and is measured in metabolic equivalents (METs),
which can be calculated using the Duke Activity Status Index. Perioperative cardiac
risks are increased in patients unable to perform 4 METs [12].
The Revised Cardiac Risk Index is one of several available risk assessment tools
to evaluate perioperative cardiac risk in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery
such as duodenal switch. The calculator gives one point and deems a patient high
risk for any of the following: ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, congestive heart failure, insulin therapy for diabetes, serum creatinine level>2mg/dL,
or planned high-risk surgery [13]. For patients in these categories, consideration
should be given for referral to a cardiologist for consideration of preoperative stress
testing, particularly if unable to perform 4 METs [14]. Patients on beta-blockade
and statins should have these medications continued in the perioperative period.
The presence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can similarly be assessed using
questionnaires such as STOP-Bang [15] and the Berlin Questionnaire to evaluate
for factors like snoring, daytime sleepiness, and measured neck size to determine if
the patient may benet from referral for polysomnography, which is the gold standard for diagnosing OSA and will quantify the number of apnea and hypopnea
events per hour as the apnea-hypopnea-index (AHI). Several studies have demonstrated a signicant prevalence of OSA in the bariatric surgery patient population of
>60%. A recent expert consensus panel recommended preoperative and perioperative CPAP in patients with moderate to severe OSA, dened as an AHI>15 and to
have patients bring their own machine and mask to the hospital for the postoperative
period. Patients should also be monitored with continuous pulse oximetry in the
early postoperative period until sedatives and opioids minimized [16].
15.2.5 Chronic Steroid Immunosuppression
Some patients presenting for evaluation may be on chronic steroid immunosuppression for a variety of conditions. While there is no denitive study in the duodenal
switch patient, reviews of gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy patients suggest an
increase in postoperative complications. Kaplan found that patients on chronic steroids undergoing sleeve gastrectomy and gastric bypass had a 3.4 times increased
risk of dying at 30days postop and 2 times increased risk of serious complications
[17]. Andalib found an almost 7 times increased risk of 30-day mortality and similar
twofold risk of major morbidity in sleeve and gastric bypass patients who were
15 Risk Assessment andReduction
171
steroid dependent at the time of surgery. Also, there was no difference in 30-day
complication rates between sleeve and gastric bypass, suggesting that sleeve is not
a safer alternative in this population [18]. Heer found an increased risk of 30-day
complications, bleeding, and anastomotic leak in immunosuppressed patients also
undergoing sleeve and gastric bypass but appeared to show worse outcomes in the
bypass cohort [19]. While the long-term effect of bariatric surgery and weight loss
may reduce the inammatory state of certain rheumatic diseases [20], caution
should be used in offering stapled operations to patients on chronic steroid immunosuppression, likely including duodenal switch.
15.2.6 Preoperative Weight Loss andLiver Volume Reduction
The concept of a preoperative diet to reduce the liver volume and moderate the
technical challenges of bariatric surgery is controversial. Risk reduction may be
achieved with a preoperative liver volume reduction diet that may result in improved
exposure of the gastric cardia and reduce the risk of bleeding from an oversized
liver. Visceral adiposity may also be reduced [21]. Very low calorie diets (VLCD,
450–800kcal/day) and low calorie diets (LCD 800–1200kcal/day) have been studied. Van Nieuwenhove studied a 2-week VLCD in gastric bypass patients and found
a decreased perception of difculty of the surgery but no difference in bleeding or
outcomes [22]. Edholm also found improvement in the perceived complexity of
gastric bypass in 15 patients following a 4-week LCD and resulted in a reduction of
liver volume by 12% as measured by MRI [23].
The optimal time and degree of caloric restriction is unknown. A systematic
review concluded that VLCD are effective for volume reduction but found no association between degree of liver volume reduction and the length of a preoperative
diet or degree of caloric restriction and that diets of <1500kcal/day are likely sufcient for liver volume reduction [24].
It is also unclear if preoperative weight loss reduces postoperative complications.
Ekici found no signicant difference in early postoperative outcomes or weight loss
at 1year in patients having sleeve gastrectomy after a 4-week 1000kcal/day diet
[25]. A randomized trial of gastric bypass patients found no difference in bleeding
or postoperative outcomes [22]. Tan also found no difference in postoperative complications in bypass and sleeve patients with <5% or >5% weight loss after a VLCD
[26]. There may also be a detrimental effect to wound healing with a prolonged
preoperative VLCD of 4weeks [27].
While we do not know of any studies evaluating preoperative weight loss specically in the duodenal switch population, there is likely at least some benet to
achieving liver volume reduction with a 2-week LCD to mitigate the technical challenges of an enlarged fatty liver, especially during the sleeve creation portion of the
operation.
172
Данная книга находится в списке для перевода на русский язык сайта https://meduniver.com/
J. C. Cowling and E. Wilson
15.2.7 Hospital andProgrammatic Support
ofBariatric Surgery
Surgery should be done within a comprehensive accredited bariatric program with
access to nutritional consultation both pre and postoperatively and with adequate
support staff to assist the patient in preparing for surgery and to monitor the patient
in postoperative recovery. Additionally, surgery should be performed in a hospital
setting with the resources to care for the inherent high-risk complexities of these
morbidly obese patients. Some third-party payers require that these surgeries are
performed in high-volume centers of excellence.
A plan should be made and literature provided to the patient that details all
aspects of the postoperative recovery. In our practice, this includes educating the
patient on the expected time they will be in the hospital recovering and how much
time they should plan to be out of work while recovering at home. In our practice,
this is generally 1–2weeks, depending on the physical nature of their employment
or daily activities. Additionally, we provide information on the postoperative diet,
which involves liquids for 2weeks, followed by a gradual advancement through
pureed and soft foods over the course of weeks 3–6, and that emphasizes daily protein intake of 60–80 grams and avoidance of carbohydrate dense and fatty foods.
Additionally, patients must have a rm understanding of the risk of malnutrition and
short and long-term vitamin deciency and the inherent need for and nancial considerations of lifelong vitamin supplementation. In our practice, we require close
follow-up after surgery at 1 and 6weeks, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24months, and then
yearly thereafter and perform routine monitoring of both their weight loss and any
side effects. We also engage in regular laboratory monitoring of hematologic, metabolic, and hepatic function and monitor vitamin and mineral levels. Patients must be
committed to the time and travel burden necessary to make these follow-up
appointments.
Maybe the most important aspect of risk reduction is a comprehensive experience and plan prior to surgery that addresses the technical challenges of the surgery
including safe dissection and division of the duodenum, safe and reproducible anastomotic technique and efforts to streamline the operation to minimize operative time
and increase efciency. It is our opinion that this can be achieved by attending
specialized training courses and lectures with experienced duodenal switch surgeons, practicing the technique in cadaveric models ahead of surgery and having an
experienced proctor or assistant present during the early and crucial phases of the
learning curve. It makes intuitive sense that a surgeon who decides to perform duodenal switch should have adequate experience in both sleeve gastrectomy and anastomotic weight loss surgery (e.g., Roux-en-Y gastric bypass) prior to adding
duodenal switch to the surgical armamentarium offered to patients in his or her
practice. Whether a single or double anastomosis procedure is performed, prior
experience in sleeve creation and bowel anastomosis will be crucial in safely performing these technically advanced operations.
15 Risk Assessment andReduction
173
Despite every effort made to assess and reduce the risks to the patient of undergoing duodenal switch, operative and perioperative complications are inherent to
the nature of surgery. We believe that giving informed consent of the risks of surgery
is crucial to the ethical practice of surgery. Patients must understand the real risks of
bleeding, anastomotic leak, stricture and ulcer, deep venous and mesenteric venous
thromboembolism, incisional hernia, bowel obstruction, malnutrition, and even
myocardial infarction, stroke, or death.
References
1. Gagné DJ, Papasavas PK, Maalouf M, Urbandt JE, Caushaj PF.Obesity surgery and malignancy: our experience after 1500 cases. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2009;5(2):160–4. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.soard.2008.07.013.
2. Sørensen LT.Wound healing and infection in surgery: the pathophysiological impact of smoking, smoking cessation, and nicotine replacement therapy: a systematic review. Ann Surg.
2012;255(6):1069–79. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e31824f632d.
3. Gormsen J, Hjørne F, Helgstrand F.Cotinine test in evaluating smoking cessation at the day of bariatric surgery. Scand J Surg. 2020;109(3):265–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/1457496919866017.
4. Wolvers PJD, Bruin SC, Mairuhu WM, de Leeuw-Terwijn M, Hutten BA, Brandjes DPM,
Gerdes VEA.Self-reported smoking compared to serum cotinine in bariatric surgery patients:
smoking is underreported before the operation. Obes Surg. 2020;30:23–37. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s11695- 019- 04128- 4.
5. Yuce TK, Khorfan R, Soper NJ, etal. Post-operative complications and readmissions associated with smoking following bariatric surgery. J Gastrointest Surg. 2020;24(3):525–30. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s11605- 019- 04488- 3.
6. Haskins IN, Nowacki AS, Khorgami Z, etal. Should recent smoking be a contraindication
for sleeve gastrectomy? Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2017;13(7):1130–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
soard.2017.02.028.
7. Kowalewski PK, Olszewski R, Waledziak MS, Janik MR, Kwiatkowski A, Pasnik K.Cigarette
smoking and its impact on weight loss after bariatric surgery: a single center, retrospective
study. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2018;14:1163–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2018.05.004.
8. Moser F, Signorini FJ, Maldonado PS, etal. Relationship between tobacco use and weight
loss after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2016;26(8):1777–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s11695- 015- 2000- 4.
9. Heinberg LJ, Ashton K, Coughlin J.Alcohol and bariatric surgery: review and suggested
recommendations for assessment and management. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2012;8(3):357–63.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2012.01.016.
10. Parikh M, Johnson JM, Ballem N. ASMBS position statement on alcohol use before and
after bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2016;12(2):225–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
soard.2015.10.085.
11. Heinberg LJ, Pudalov L, Alameddin H, Steffen K.Opioids and bariatric surgery: a review
and suggested recommendations for assessment and risk reduction. Surg Obes Relat Dis.
2019;15(2):314–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2018.11.019.
12. Fleisher LA, Fleischmann KE, Auerbach AD, et al. 2014 ACC/AHA guideline on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. J
Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(22):e77–e137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.07.944.
13. Lee TH, Marcantonio ER, Mangione CM, et al. Derivation and prospective validation of
a simple index for prediction of cardiac risk of major noncardiac surgery. Circulation.
1999;100(10):1043–9. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.100.10.1043.
174
Данная книга находится в списке для перевода на русский язык сайта https://meduniver.com/
J. C. Cowling and E. Wilson
14. Smilowitz NR, Berger JS. Perioperative cardiovascular risk assessment and management
for noncardiac surgery. A review. JAMA. 2020;324(3):279–90. https://doi.org/10.1001/
jama.2020.7840.
15. Chung F, Abdullah HR, Liao P.STOP-bang questionnaire a practical approach to screen for
obstructive sleep apnea. Chest. 2016;149(3):631–8. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.15- 0903.
16. de Raaff CAL, Gorter-Stam MAW, de Vries N, et al. Perioperative management of
obstructive sleep apnea in bariatric surgery: a consensus guideline. Surg Obes Relat Dis.
2017;13(7):1095–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2017.03.022.
17. Kaplan JA, Schecter SC, Rogers SJ, Lin MYC, Posselt AM, Carter JT.Expanded indications
for bariatric surgery: should patients on chronic steroids be offered bariatric procedures? Surg
Obes Relat Dis. 2017;13:35–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2015.10.086.
18. Andalib A, Aminian A, Khorgami Z, Jamal MH, Augustin T, Schauer PR, Brethauer
SA. Early postoperative outcomes of primary bariatric surgery in patients on chronic steroid or immunosuppressive therapy. Obes Surg. 2016;26:1479–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s11695- 015- 1923- 0.
19. Heer J, Dang J, Modasi A, Switzer N, Birch DW, Karmali S. Effects of chronic corticosteroid and immunosuppressant use in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Obes Surg.
2019;29:3309–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695- 019- 03995- 1.
20. Gallo G, Candilio G, De Luca E, Iannicelli A, Sciaudone G, Pellino G, Sacco R, Selvaggi F,
Sammarco G.Bariatric surgery and rheumatic diseases: a literature review. Rev Recent Clin
Trials. 2018;13(3):176–83. https://doi.org/10.2174/1574887113666180314095445.
21. Cleveland E, Peirce G, Brown S, etal. A short-duration restrictive diet reduces visceral adiposity in the morbidly obese surgical patient. Am J Surg. 2016;212(5):927–30. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2016.01.040.
22. Van Nieuwenhove Y, Dambrauskas Z, Campillo-Soto A, van Dielen F, Wiezer R, Janssen I,
Kramer M, Thorell A.Preoperative very low-calorie diet and operative outcome after laparoscopic gastric bypass: a randomized multicenter study. Arch Surg. 2011;146(11):1300–5.
https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.2011.273.
23. Edholm D, Kullberg J, Haenni A, etal. Preoperative 4-week low-calorie diet reduces liver volume and intrahepatic fat, and facilitates laparoscopic gastric bypass in morbidly obese. Obes
Surg. 2011;21(3):345–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695- 010- 0337- 2.
24. Holderbaum M, Casagrande DS, Sussenbach S, Buss C.Effects of very low calorie diets on
liver size and weight loss in the preoperative period of bariatric surgery: a systematic review.
Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2018;14(2):237–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2017.09.531.
25. Ekici U, Ferhatoglu MF.Perioperative and postoperative effects of preoperative low-calorie
restrictive diets on patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. J Gastrointest Surg.
2020;24(2):313–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605- 019- 04157- 5.
26. Tan SYT, Loi PL, Lim CH, etal. Preoperative weight loss via very low caloric diet (VLCD)
and its effect on outcomes after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2020;30(6):2099–107. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s11695- 020- 04446- y.
27. Chakravartty S, Vivian G, Mullholland N, etal. Preoperative liver shrinking diet for bariatric surgery may impact wound healing: a randomized controlled trial. Surg Obes Relat Dis.
2019;15(1):117–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2018.10.001.
Соседние файлы в папке Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана