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438

Index

abdu cens nerve ( VI) 67 abscesses 146

brain 86

dental/ periodontal 430

fasc ial spa ce

infec tion s 333– 4 intraoral 425 jaw 335 periapical 384 peritonsillar 245 salivary glands 336

acces sory ner ve (XI ) 68,

121– 2,151– 2

acidic ingestion 172– 3 acid regurgitat ion

assessment 236 causes 234 gastro- oesophageal

reu x dise ase 249

actinomyco sis 335,

371,382– 4

acute angle- closure

glaucoma 304

acute s ubdu ral

haematomas 78

adenoiditis, chronic 243 adenotonsillar hypertro-

phy, chro nic 247– 8

aerent pupillary defect

(APD) 28 9

air way

asse ssme nt 26– 8,408

air way man agem ent 32

advanced

techniques 33– 4 guide for the non- airway

specialist 33

airway obstruction, man-

dibular fractures 360– 1

airway- related

prob lems 28 – 30 ,31

air way ri sk fac tors 2 8 alcohol intake 9 alkaline ingestion 172– 3 allergic keratitis 306 allergic rhinitis 224 allergies, anaphylaxis 426 alle rgy t esting 219 allodynia 336

alveolar os teit is (dry

socket) 38 5, 434 – 5 amau rosis f uga x 314 amoebic keratitis 305 ‘AMPLE’ h isto ry 24 – 5 amyloidosis 427 anaphylaxis 426 angina bullosa

haemorrhagica 423 angiography 135 angio- oedema

anaphylaxis 426

hereditary 426 angle fractures, man-

dibl e 361, 362,363 angular cheilitis 423 anosm ia 56,69

asse ssme nt 65, 215,2 29

causes 63, 212,2 29

presentation 229 ante rior co rd

synd rome 107,116– 17 ante rior o pen bi te 55– 6 anterior spinal artery

syndrome 116– 17 ante rior t rian gle of t he

neck 150– 1 antibiotic prophylaxis 42 anticoagulants 8 – 9

contr ol of bleedi ng 417

dent al ex trac tions 417

DVT prophylaxis 15

perioperative

management 13– 14 aphthous ulcers 251– 2,420 apixaban, perioperative

management 14 arc eye 29 9,306 Arnold– Chiari

malformation 117,118 aspiration 253– 6 assaults

documentation 2

hist ory t aking 4, 24 – 5 assessment

ante rior n eck 30

ear disorders 181– 4

headaches 82– 3

head i njur ies 65,7 5

hear ing loss 186,197

midf ace inj urie s 52– 3,54

multiply injured

patie nts 2 2 neck l umps 153 – 5 patie nts in ‘shock ’ 38 post erio r neck 101 – 2 preoperative 10 – 17 primary survey 23– 8,

34– 5, 37– 9,41,42 secondary survey 42 soft t issu e inju ries 4 5– 6 throat disorders 236– 8 walk ing wounde d 44 see also examination;

historytaking

asth ma 7– 8 ,11 atla s (C1), frac turesof 112 atrophic

polychondritis 228

atrophic rhinitis 225 atyp ical f acial

pain 338 – 9,386

atypical odontalgia 337 atypical odontitis 384 audiometr ic tests 187 auricular haematoma 189 autonomic symptoms 84 avuls ed te eth 331,413– 14

bact eria l kera titi s 305 barotrauma 190 Barrett’s oesophagus 249 Batt les sign 58, 69, 70,75 Beck’s syndrome 116– 17 Behç et’s dis ease 424 Bell ’s pals y 341– 2 benign positional

vertigo 202– 3 Dix– Hallpike

manoeuvre 186

berry (saccular)

aneu rys ms 87,88

bisphosphonate- related

oste onecr osis of the jaw 345, 37 3, 374,436

bisphosphonates 9 bite , chang es in 5,56

assessment 352 causes 348 – 9,398

bite s 47

‘bla ck eye’ 264 – 5,271

causes 284

blackouts

asse ssme nt 64,102 causes 62

bleeding

ear 58,69 extr action sockets

381– 2 , 401, 402,433 in faci al tr auma 39 – 40 gums 56 , 399– 40 0 history taking 4 hypovolaemic shock 37– 8 intracranial

(non- traumatic) 87– 9 intraoral 416– 17 lower j aw/ teeth 34 8,

351,380 – 1 mana geme nt 37– 8,

39– 40 mandibular

fr actur es 361 mout h 40, 392 ,402 retrobulbar

haemorrhage 274– 5 sources of ma jor

haemorrhage 38– 9 tongue 395 see also epistaxis;

haemoptysis

bleeding dyscrasias 381– 2 blepharitis 314 blistering

angina bullosa

haemorrhagica 423 assessment 407 lips 392 mouth 395 tongue 398 see alsoulcers

block ednose

assessment 213– 14 causes 210

blood blisters, angina

bullosa haemorrhagica 423

blood dyscrasias 8

asse ssme nt for

sur ge ry 13 – 14

blowout fractures 267– 9

clinical signs 57– 8 management 268 – 9

Boer haave synd rome 2 51 bone c ysts, infe cted 372 bone lesions

expo sed bon e see

expo sed bon e,mouth non-

neop last ic 343,345 – 6

bovin e cough 55 ‘bow st ring’ tes t 56,22 2 brachial plexus, trunks

in the p oste rior tria ngle 121– 2 ,152

brachial plexus injuries

139 brain abscess 86 brain tumours 93– 4 branchial

cyst s 136– 8,161– 2

infected 372 branchial stula 162 branchial sinus 162 bran ch retinal a rte ry

occlusion 312– 13 breathing asse ssme nt 34– 5

conditions aecting

ventilation 35

breathing diculties

140 – 2

site s of air way

obstruction 140

see also stridor breathing

management 36– 7 bronchosco py 135 Brown– Séquard

synd rome 107,117 bucca l space 332,367 buccal sulcus bruising 56 buphthalmos (congenital

glaucoma) 305 burning mouth

syndrome 428 burns

airway obstruction 31

clinical signs 55

mout h and li ps 418 buttresses 323

cacosmia

assessment 215

cau se s 212 Campbell’s lines 271 candidiasis 247 cani ne foss a 333 canthal detachment, ‘bow

string’ te st 56,2 22 carcinomas

nasopharyngeal 227

odontogenic 343

oesophageal 250

oral/ lip

ulcer ation 421,422

oropharyngeal 380,

382, 411, 417,436

INDEX

sali var y

glan ds 165,342– 3

squa mous ce ll 227, 256,

409 – 10, 414 , 417,

421, 436 of the t hroat 2 56 thyroid 159

cardiorespiratory

assessment 11

carotid ar teries 150– 1 carotid artery disease

dis se ct ion 171 risk f acto rs for 170 – 1 steno si s 170 – 1

carotid artery injuries 139 carotid body tumours

(chemodectomas) 160– 1

carot id she ath 150 – 1 cat- scratch disease 157 caustic ingestion 172– 3 caver nous s inus

thrombosis 92– 3

cellulitis 369– 70 centr al cord

synd rome 107,116

centr al retina l art ery

occlusion 312– 13

cere bral c ontus ions a nd

haem atoma s 72,76,7 7

cere bral p erfusio n pres sure

(CPP) 7 3

cerebrospinal uid

leak s 41, 8 0,329 – 30 antibiotic prophylaxis 42 CSF rhinorrhoea/

otor rhoe a 58, 69,

70,71,75 in tem pora l bone

frac tures 188

cer vica l cord in jur y 26 cer vica l fasc ia 145– 6 cervical plexus 151– 2

bran ches in the po ster ior

triangle 121– 2,151– 2

cervical spine examination

‘clear ing’ a neck 106 non- injured n eck or af ter

minor injur y 103– 4 potential spinal injury

patie nts 104– 5

cervical spine imaging

108 late ral vi ew 109,110 open m outh ‘p eg’

vi ew 111 plain lm

interpretation 108– 11

cervical spine

immobilization 112– 14

439

440

INDEX

cervical spine

injuries 112– 14 asse ssme nt 104 – 5,107 facet joint

inju ries 113,114

frac tures of the

atla s (C1) 112

frac tures of the odont oid

peg (C2) 112

frac tures of the

vertebral

body 112,113 hanging 114 high - risk fac tors 10 5 indications for

imaging 105 low- risk factors 103 neck sprai n

(‘whiplash’) 113– 14 neurological injuries 107 SC IWO R A 113 see also spinal cord

injuries

chalazion 314 chancres 422– 3 cheek

applied anatomy 262 numb ness o f 55– 6

chee k frac tures see zygo-

matic fractures

chem ical injur ies to t he

eye 302

chemodectomas (carotid

body tumours) 160– 1

chem osis 57 children 6

eye exa mination 292 head i njur ies 80 hear ing lo ss 197– 8 orbi tal f racture s 268– 9

choan al atr esia 2 26 cholesteatoma 193– 4 chondrodermatitis

nodularis helicis 207

chron ic obstru ctiv e

pulm onar y disease 7,11

chron ic subdural

haematomas 78 – 9

chron ic suppurative ot itis

media 193– 4

cilia ry ush 303 circulation

assessment 37– 9

‘clear ing’ a neck 106 clicking temporomandibu-

lar joint 348 , 352,376

clini cal si gns 69,70,71

ears 5 8 eyes 56 – 8

face 55 – 6 general 55

intraoral 56 close d lock , mout h 377 cluster headaches 97 coagulation screening 411 coate d tong ue, causes 396 coital cephalalgia (primary

sexual headache) 96 cold so res 418 – 19 cold te stin g, tee th 410 – 11 colour changes

assessment 402

gums 4 00

lips 391

mouth 393

tongue 396 colour vision

assessment 289 concha bullosa 226 concu ssion 7 2,76

post- concussion

headache 80

conductive hearing

los s 196 condylar fractures,

mandible 363 condyloma lata 423 consc iousle vel

alte red, c ause sof 72

Glas gow Com a Scal e

(GCS) 41,65 ,66

and he adach es 83 contact le ns acut e red eye

(CLA RE) 3 06 contact le ns- r elat ed

problems 309– 10 conversion dysphonia 169 corn ea, ke rati tis 305 – 6 corn eal ab rasi ons

288 – 93,298 – 9

contact le ns- r elat ed

309 corneal ulceration 308 coronoid hyperplasia 378 cort ical lacer atio ns 72 Cott le’s test 218 cough

assessment 128 cau se s 124

coxsackievirus infection

(herpangina) 246 cracked tee th 431 cran ial ne rve

examination 67– 8 cran ial va ult fr actu res 51 C- re acti ve protein

(CRP) 7 1 cricothyroidotomy 34

croup (laryngotracheo-

bron chiti s) 142,246– 7 crown f rac ture s 413 crus tynose

assessment 214

ca use s 210– 11 CT sca nnin g 71,135

cerebral tumours 93– 4

cervical spine 108 Cushing reex 73 cysts

bran chia l 136– 8,161– 2

dentigerous 432

mandibular 375,387

nasoalveolar 228

odontogenic 343– 4

thymic 160

thyroglossal 160

thyroid 159

dabigatran 8– 9

perioperative

management 14 dacryocystitis 316 deaerentation 336 deaf ness see heari ngloss decompression sickness

(Caisson disease) 190

deep v ein

thrombosis 14– 15 dental abscesses 430 dent al injuri es 413– 14

assessment 404

avuls ed

teet h 331,413– 14

dama ge from g ener al

anaesthesia 414 fractured teeth 413 loose t eeth 414

dent al pai n see toothache dent igerous cy sts 432 dentine hypersensitivity

431, 434

dentoalveolar

frac tures 326– 7 manag emen t 331

denture broma 437 denture hyperplasia 437 denture- related

prob lems 4 01,407 loose/ broken

dentures 436 rubbing/ ulceration

436 soft t issu e chang es 437 stomatitis 437 tightness 437

depapillation,tongue

assessment 403 causes 397

derm al llers (si de

ee ct s) 427

derm oid cysts 163

nasa l 228 devitalized tissue 47 diabetes 8

asse ssme nt for

surgery 12– 13 diuse axonal injury 72 diphtheria 243 diplopia 57, 265,280– 1

assessment 259– 60 causes 258,2 81 investigations 281

disco lour edtee th

assessment 403 causes 398– 9

‘dishfaced’

deformity 329– 30

Dix– Hallpike

manoeuvre 186

dizziness (ver tigo) 199– 203

asse ssme nt 181,20 0 benign positional

vertigo 202– 3

cau se s 178 – 9 dierential diagnosis 199 labyrinthitis and vestibu-

lar neur itis 200– 1

Ménière’s dise ase 201– 2 documentation 2 drooling (ptyalism) 166 drop attacks, vertebrobasi-

lar insuciency 120 drug hist ory 5 – 6 ,8– 9 drug- induced headache 96 drug- induced ulcer s 7,423 drug i nter actions 8 dry eyes 284 dry m outh 166,167 dry s ocket 38 5,434 – 5 dysaesthesia 336 dysphagia 56,253– 4

asse ssme nt 129, 236,

254 – 5,4 03

causes 125, 234 ,

253– 4,393

diuse oesophageal

spasm 248– 9

management 255– 6 dysphonia see hoarseness

Eagl e synd rome

(styloid– carotid ar tery

synd rome) 173,2 52

ear

applied anatomy 185 clinical signs 58 exam inat ion 52,185 – 6

ear disorders

arteriovenous malforma-

tion s and ven ous

hum 207 asse ssme nt 181– 4 aural fullness 208 chondrodermatitis nodu-

laris helicis 207 common

presentations 178 commo n prob lems a nd

their causes 178– 81 Eust achian tub e

problems 206 foreign bodies 20 4– 5 fullness/

disch arge 179,182 glomus jugulare

tumours 207 infectio ns of the adjacent

bon es 194 – 5 infectio ns of the EAM

and pi nna 191– 2 infectio ns of the middl e

ear 192– 4,197 investigations 187 itching 208 otorrhoea 196 otosclerosis 205 perilymphatic

stulas 208 swel lings 181,184 tinnitus 203– 4 tympanic membrane

perforation 205– 6 wax impaction 20 4 see also h ear inglos s

ear in juri es 179

asse ssme nt 182– 3 auricular

haem atoma 18 9 barotrauma 190 invol ving t he EA M 190 ossicular chain

dislocation 191 sero ma of the pinna 18 9 temp oral b one

frac tures 188 – 9 traumatic

perichondritis 190 tympanic membrane

perforation 191

ear pa in (otal gia)

asse ssme nt 184 causes 180 distant causes 195– 6

INDEX

local causes 195 otit is ext ern a 191– 2

otit is med ia 192– 4 ectr opio n 290,314 elderly people 6

asse ssme nt for

sur ge r y 16– 17

eye ass essm ent 299 encephalitis 86– 7 endocarditis 7 endophthalmitis 311 enop htha lmos 58 ,265 entr opion 2 90,314

management 316 eosinophilic

oesophagitis 250 epig lott itis 142,24 6– 7 epilepsy 8

see also a ssessment exophthalmos see

proptosis expo sed bon e,mouth

alveolar os teit is (dry

socket) 43 4– 5

441

442

INDEX

expo sed bone,m outh (Contd.)

assessment 404 bisphosphonate- related

oste onecr osis of the

jaw 436 causes 400 – 1 oral c ance r 436 osteomyelitis 435 osteoradionecrosis 435

exposure keratitis 306 external auditorymeatus

infections 191– 2 injuries 190

external ear, applied

anatomy 185

extraction sockets

blee ding 4 01, 402 ,433 dry s ocket 38 5, 434– 5 infected 433 painful 401, 4 06,433 – 4

extradural

haematomas 76– 8

extramedullary

haematopoiesis 345

extraocular muscles 263 eye

asse ssme nt in el derl y

people 299 clinical signs 56– 8 diplopia 57, 258,

259– 60,280 – 1 exam inat ion 52,

265– 6,2 88 – 93 propt osis 273,2 74– 7 thyroid eye

disease 280

eye disorders

arc eye 29 9 common

presentations 284 commo n prob lems a nd

their causes 284– 7 contact

lens- related 309– 10 corn eal ab rasions 298 – 9 corneal ulceration 308 foreign bodies 307– 8 glaucoma 303 – 5 history taking 287– 8 hypopyon 308 investigations 293 iritis/ uveitis 306– 7 keratitis 305– 6 in Le For t

fractures 329– 30 loss of v isio n 310– 14 red eye 302– 3 rust ring s 308 scler itis and

episcleritis 307

traumatic optic

neuropathy 298 warning symptoms 306 wate ry eye s 315– 16 see also e ye movem ent

asse ssme nt; eye p ain;

vision- threatening

injuries

eye inj urie s 285,29 4

blun t trau ma 296 – 7 chemical injuries 302 history taking 288 penetrating/ perforating

294 – 5, 30 0

eyelid 263

exam inat ion 263– 4,29 0

eyeli d avuls ion 30 1 eyeli d disor ders 314

swelling 287

eyeli d ever sion 29 0 eyeli d trau ma 43

invol ving t he lid

margin 301 loss of e yelid

integrity 300 not invo lvin g the li d

margin 300– 1

eye move ment

asse ssme nt 265,29 0

eyepai n

causes 286 history taking 287– 8

facet j oint in jur ies 113,114 facial asymmetry, history

tak ing 5

facial elongation 55– 6 facia l ner ve (VII) 68

extracranial course 340

facial numbness

assessment 321 causes 318– 19,339– 40

facia lpain

anatomy and

physiology 336 atypical 338– 9 atypical odontalgia 337 herpes zos ter

(shingles) 337 idiopathic 337 trig emin al neu ral gia 338

facia l pals y 55, 69,340 – 2

Bell ’s pals y 341– 2 causes 340 – 1 clinical features 341 herpes zos ter

(Ram sayHun t

syndrome) 341

facial skeleton 50 faints

assessment 64

causes 62 family history 10 fascial planes, neck 145– 6 fasc ial spa ce

infec tion s 333– 4

see also Ludwig’sangina fasc ialspa ces

lower jaw 366– 7

nec k 147

uppe r jaw/

midf ace 332– 3 ferritin 412 bro us dys plasia 346,

373– 4,427

ne- needle aspiration

(FNA) 135,155

stu lae 349, 352– 3,

359,382– 4

ts

assessment 64 causes 62 epilepsy 8 with h eada che 84 post- traumatic 80

oor of t he mouth,

examination 409– 10

focal neurological

dec its 84 Ford yce spot s 408 – 9 foreignbod ies

ear 204 – 5

eye 285, 29 0,308 – 9

imag ing 36,45 – 6

management 47

nose 222– 3

thro at 235,237 foreign body aspiration 35,

36,125

assessment 129

plain lm

interpretation 134– 5

foreign bod y

ingestion 172– 3 fractures

airway obstruction 31

antibiotic prophylaxis 42

atla s (C1) 112

cerebrospinal uid

leaks 41 dentoalveolar 326– 7,327 laryngeal 136 lower- third injur ies 53 mandibular 31, 40, 357– 8,

359– 64,38 8 middle- third

injuries 51– 3 midf ace 324,326 – 31

nasa l 220 – 1 naso -

orbitoethmoid 221– 2

odontoid peg

(C2) 111,112

orbi tal 262 ,

264 – 5,267– 9 pathological 388 tee th 413 temp oral bone 188– 9 upper- third injur ies 51 ver tebr al body 112,113 zygomatic

(malar) 263,270– 3

frontal si nus fr actu res 51 frontal si nusitis 95,279 func tion al voic e

disorders 169

fund oscopy 292

in the u ncons cious

patie nt 293

fungal infections

keratitis 306 sinusitis 280 thr oat 247

gastro- oesophageal reux

disease 249,428

gaze restriction 57 giant cell ar teriti s (temporal

art eri tis) 94– 5,387

gingival

blee ding 38 0– 2 ,416– 17

gingivitis 416 glandular fever (infectious

mononucleosis) 240,243

Glas gow Com a Scal e

(GCS) 41,66 paediatric ver sion 66

glaucoma 303 – 5

acute angle- closure 304 congenital 305 open- angle 304 secondary 305

globe injuries 294

blun t trau ma 296 – 7 penetrating/ perforat-

ing 294 – 5,3 00 ruptur e 296– 7

glob us 176,251 glomerulonephritis,

post- streptococcal 245

glomus jugulare

tumours 207

gloss opha ryn geal n erv e

(IX) 6 8

‘glue e ar’ 193,197

goitres 158– 9 gout 207– 8 granulomatous

conditions 226

Grav es’

ophthalmopathy 280 great auricular nerve 152 ‘guardsman’s’

frac ture 357– 8 Guer in’s sign 56 gumma, syphilitic 423 gums blee ding 38 0– 2 ,416– 17

common

presentations 390

commo n prob lems a nd

their causes 399– 401

examination 410– 11 gunshot wounds 40

haem angiomas 374,426 haematinic screening 412 haematomas

auricular 189

intr acra nial 33 – 6 ,77,78

medi al pte rygo id 379

periorbital 57

sept al 55– 6,221

subl ingual 56, 358 ,

360,425

tongue 395 haemophilia 417 haemoptysis 171– 2

assessment 129

cau se s 125 – 6 haem otym panu m 58,69 hair y tongue 396 halitosis

assessment 404

causes 393 hanging 114 ‘han ging drop’ sig n 267 hangman’s fracture 112 hardp alate

bruising (Guerin’s

sign) 56 examination 410 split 324– 5

hay feve r 224 headaches 80 – 1

asse ssme nt 64,82– 3 associated

symptoms 83– 4 causes 62 classication 81– 2 diagnostic features 81 extracranial causes 94– 6

INDEX

investigations 81 post- concussion 8 0 primary 97– 8 shunt overdrainage 92 ‘thunderclap’ 87 worr ying featu res 81

head injuries 72

admission crite ria 74 asse ssme nt 65,75 causes 63 in chil dren 80 classication and com-

mon t ypes 76 – 9 driving restrictions 80 initial

management 79– 80 pathophysiology 73– 4 post- traumatic

seizures 80 traumatic optic

neuropathy 298

hear ing assess ment 183,

186,197

hear ing lo ss 196– 9

aetiology 197 asse ssme nt 183 causes 180, 197– 8 classication 196 gra dua l 198 management 199 mixed 198– 9 otosclerosis 205 sudden onset 198 wax impaction 20 4

Heerfordt’s

synd rome 167,343

hemicrania continua 98 hepa rin, DV T

prophylaxis 15

hepatitis 8 hereditary

angio- oedema 426

herniati on of th e brai n 74 herpangina (coxsackievirus

infection) 246

herpes zos ter

(shing les) 337,385 intraoral 419

herpes zos ter ot icus

(Ram say Hun t synd rome) 194 ,341

herpetic ulcers 418– 19 higher functions,

assessment 68

hist ory t aki ng 2– 3,6 – 7

eye dis orde rs 287– 8 fami ly/ occup ation al 10 headaches 82– 3 head i njur y 75

443

444

INDEX

history taking (Contd.)

medi catio n 5– 6,8 – 9 multiply injured

patie nts 23 – 5 neck l umps 153 – 4 past medical history 7– 8 presenting

complaint 3 – 5 religious beliefs 6 socia l hist ory 6 ,9 systems review 5 see also a ssessment

HIV infection

cervical adenopathy 157 Kapo si’s sar coma 422

hoarseness

(dysphonia) 55,167 asse ssme nt 130,167 cau se s 126 conversion

dysphonia 169 func tion al voic e

disorders 169 vocal c ord

conditions 168– 9

Hodg kin’s di sease 157– 8 hydrocephalus 90

shun ts and s hunt

complications 91– 2

hyoid fract ures 136 hypertension 7 hyphaema 57,291 hypocalcaemia 429 hypoglobus (vertical ocular

dystopia) 58,265

hypog lossal ner ve

(XII) 68,151 lesionsof 429

hypopharynx, applied

anatomy 239

hypopyon 308 hypotension 37– 9 hypovolaemic shock 37– 8

assessment 38

ice- cream headache 96 idiopathic thrombocytope-

nic pu rpur a 381,417

imaging

ante rior n eck 134 – 5 cerebral tumours 93– 4 cer vica l

spin e 105,108 – 11 ear di sorde rs 187 eye disorders 293 in hea d injury 75 in Le For t fractu res 330

lower j aw and

face 358 – 9 nasa l disorder s 218 neck l umps 155 occipitomental views,

inter pret ation 271– 2 oral d isor ders 412 periorbital

disorders 266– 7 thr oat di sord ers 241 uppe r jaw/

midface 325– 6

impacted w isdom

teet h 432

infected wo unds 4 5 infections

brain abscess 86 contact

lens- related 309– 10 encephalitis 86– 7 exte rnal audi tor y

meat usand

pinna 191– 2 extr action sockets 433 history taking 5 intr aora l 416,425 keratitis 305– 6 lower j aw and fa ce 349,

353,366 – 72 Ludw ig’s ang ina 144 – 5,

367– 8 ,426 lymphadenopathy

156– 7 meningitis 84– 5 middle ear 192– 4 orbital cellulitis 277– 8 peri orbi tal 2 58,260 salivary glands 165 shunts 91– 2 subdural empyema 85 thr oat 241– 2 ,246 – 7 uppe r jaw/ midfa ce 318,

320,332– 6 see also n eck in fect ions;

pharyngitis; tonsillitis

infectious mono-

nucleosis (glandular fever) 24 0,243

inferior a lveol ar ner ve

injections, medial pterygoid haematoma 379

injuries

cervical spine 112– 14 dent al 404 ,413– 14 ear 188 – 91 eye 294 – 302 head 7 2 intr aora l 50, 40 5,416

jaw and l ower

face 349 – 50,3 53– 4 lips 415 – 16 mechanisms of

injury 24– 5 neck (front of ) 136–4 0 spinal cord 115– 18

inner ear, applied

anatomy 185

inse cts in t he ear 204 – 5 intercanthal dist ance 55 – 6,

69,265

intermaxillary xation

364

intracerebral haemorrhage,

spontaneous 89

intracranial

haematomas 76– 9

intracranial hyperten-

sion see raised intracranial pressure

intracranial

thrombosis 92– 3

intraocular pressure 303– 5

measurement 266,

291,293 see also glaucoma

intraoral

exam inat ion 18,40 8– 12 clinical signs 56 mandibular fractures

53 midf ace fr actu res 53

intr aora l inju ries 50,

405,416

intubation 33

indi catio nsfor 37

investigations

ear di sorde rs 187 eye disorders 293 head i njur y 75 labo rato ry te sts 71 nasa l diso rder s 218– 19 neck l umps 155 oral disorders 411– 12 periorbital

disorders 266– 7 thro at diso rder s 240 – 1 see also imaging

iridodialysis 57 iritis 306– 7 ischa emic h ear t

disease 7,11

itching ear 2 08

asse ssme nt 183 cau se s 179

itchingnos e

assessment 215 ca use s 211

jaw

claudication 84 see also l ower ja w; lowe r

jaw and f ace disorde rs; lower j aw pain; uppe r jaw; up per ja w disorders; upper jaw

infections jugular veins 150–2 jugulotympanic

paragangliomas 207

Kapo si’s sar coma 422 keratitis 305– 6 Kutt ner’s t umou r

(chronic submandibular sialadenitis) 149,369

labo rato ry te sts 71,134 – 6 labyrinthitis 200– 1 lacrimal apparatus 315 laryngeal injuries

assessment 138– 9

management 139– 40 laryngeal mask airways 33 laryn goscopy 135 laryngotracheobronchitis

(croup) 142 larynx, applied

ana tom y 136 lateral canthotomy/

cant holysis 275,276 late ral ne ck

mass es 127,149 late ral op en bit e 330 Le For t

frac tures 53,327– 31

assessment 324

clinical features 329– 30

frac ture patt erns 32 8

investigations 330

Le For t I (low level) 327

Le For t II

(pyramidal) 328

Le For t III (high

transverse) 328

manag emen t 331 lesser occi pita l ner ve 152 leucoplakia 252 leuk aemi a 381,417 leukoedema 408– 9 lichen planus 423– 4 life- threatening injuries 22

lips

alte red se nsat ion 55– 6,

350, 354 , 359, 388, 391– 2

common

presentations 390

commo n prob lems a nd

their causes 391– 2 examination 409 infections 332 inju ries 391,415 – 16 swelling 424– 8 weak ness 39 8

loose t eeth 4 01,414 loss of v isio n 310– 14

amau rosis f uga x 314 causes 285 optic n euritis 312 painf ul 310– 11 painless 311 reti nal ar tery

occlusion 312– 13 reti nal

detachmen t 311– 12 reti nal vei n

occlusion 313 vitreous

haemorrhage 313

loss of voice 167

assessment 130 cau se s 126

lowerj aw

age- rela ted

changes 356– 7 applied anatomy 356– 7

lower j aw and fa ce

disorders assessment 351– 5 bleeding

(non- traumatic) 38 0– 2 common

presentations 348 commo n prob lems a nd

their causes 348– 51 cuta neou s sinu ses and

stulae 382– 4 examination 357– 8 infective

swellings 366– 72 investigations 358– 9 limi tati on of mou th

opening 377– 8 mandibular

fra ctu res 359 – 64 non- infective

swellings 372– 5 temporomandibular

joint dislocation

365– 6

INDEX

temporomandibular joint

dysfunction 375– 6

lower j aw pain 3 84 – 8

assessment 355 causes 350 –1 imaging 359

lower l ip, alt ered s ensa -

tion 55 – 6 , 350,38 8 assessment 354 investigations 359

Ludw ig’s ang ina 144 – 5,

367– 8 ,426 lump s, his tor y tak ing 4 lump s in the g ums 40 0 lump s in the m outh 424 – 5

amyloidosis 427

assessment 405

causes 394

derm al llers (si de

ee ct s) 427 brous dysplasia 427 haemangioma/

lymphangioma 426 infections/

abscesses 425– 6 orofacial

granulomatosis 427 sublingual haema-

toma 56 , 358,

360,425 traumatic swelling 425

lump s in then eck

asse ssme nt 101– 2,

131, 133 – 4 ,153– 5 branchial

cyst s 136– 8,161– 2 carotid body tumours

(che modec to-

mas) 160 – 1 causes 100, 127– 8,153 derm oid cysts a nd

teratomas 163 ne- needle

aspiration 135 late ral 127,149 metastatic lymph

nodes 149 midline 127 pos te rio r 121– 2 ranulas 162– 3 salivary gland swell-

ing s 163, 16 4– 5 in the t hyroid 159 see also

lymphadenopathy

lump s in thet hroat

assessment 238 causes 236

lump s in the t ongu e 396

445

446

INDEX

lump s in the u pper j aw/

midface 342– 6

lymphadenopathy

assessment 134 caus es 156 infe cti ve 156 – 7 malignant 157– 8 metastatic

neop lasi a 149,158 lymphangiomas 426 lymphomas 157– 8

malar fractures see

zygomatic fractures

mali gnant l ymph

node s 134,149 malignant melanoma 421 malignant ulcers 421 Mallory– Weiss

syndrome 251 mandible

age- rela ted

changes 356– 7 applied anatomy 356– 7 cyst s 387 examination 357– 8 osteomyelitis 370–2 tor i 374 tumours 387

mandibular fractures

357– 8 , 362,363 air way

obst ruc tion 31,360 – 1 assessment 53 bleeding 361 clinical features 359– 60 commo n fractur e

pat te rn s 361 – 3 contr ol of bleedi ng 40 imaging 358 infected 370 management 364 pathological 388

mast icator spac e

332,367

mastoiditis 194– 5 maxillary bones 322– 3 maxillary sinusitis 279 McCune– Albright

synd rome 3 46,374

mechanisms of

injury 24– 5

mediastinal masses

175 – 6

medication

drug i nter actions 8 hist ory t aki ng 5– 6,8 – 9

medication- induced

headache 96

medication- induced

ulcer s 7,423

Méni ère’s dis ease

(endolymphatic

hydro ps) 198,201– 2 meningitis 84– 5 meningoencephalitis 86– 7 metastatic neoplasia

lymphadenopathy 158

spinal cord

compression 119

middle ear, applied

anatomy 185 middle ear

infectio ns 192– 4 ,197 midface

applied anatomy 322– 3

examination 323– 5

fasc ial spaces 332– 3

imaging 325– 6

non- infe cti ve lump s and

swellings 342– 6 midface bleeding 39 midface disorders

common

pres enta tion s 318

commo n prob lems a nd

thei r caus es 318– 2 0 midf ace

frac tures 51– 2,326 – 31 abnormal mobility 53 airway obstruction 31 asse ssme nt 52– 3,

54,324

dentoalveolar 326– 7

Le For t fractur es 327– 31 migraine 97 ‘Mis s Pigg y nose’ 222 mouth

common

presentations 390

commo n prob lems a nd

their causes 392– 5 exam inat ion 18,40 8– 12 pain and

numbness 428– 9 submucous brosis 378

mouth injuries 394

assessment 405 lace ra tio ns 416 see also d ent al injurie s;

lips, injuries

mout h lump s and

swelling 424– 5 amyloidosis 427 asse ssme nt 405,406 causes 394,395

derm al llers (si de

ee ct s) 427 brous dysplasia 427 haemangioma/

lymphangioma 426 infections/

abscesses 425– 6 orofacial

granulomatosis 427 sublingual haema-

toma 56 , 358,

360,425 traumatic swelling 425

mouth opening, limitation

of 377– 8 assessment 354 causes 350, 37 7 investigations 359 see also trismus

mout hpain

assessment 405– 6 causes 394

mout h ulcer ation 395 MRI imaging 135

cerebral tumours 93– 4 cervical spine 108

mucocoele 316 multiple sclerosis 429 multiply injured

patie nts 2 2 history taking 23– 5 primary survey 23– 8,

34– 5, 37– 9,41,42 reassessment 42 secondary survey 42

‘Mum my’s kis s’ tech niqu e,

nasa l fore ign bod ies 223

mump s 165, 166– 7,369 muscl e spas m,

tris mus 379 – 8 0

mycobacterial infection,

aty pica l 157

myeloma 345 myia sis, na sal 223 myosit is ossica ns 378

nasal congestion,

causes 230

nasal disorders

assessment 213– 17 common

presentations 210 commo n prob lems a nd

their causes 210– 13 epis tax is 39,219– 20 foreign bodies 222– 3 infestation 223

investigations 218– 19 relapsing

polychondritis 228 rhinitis 223– 5 rhinophyma 228 sept al pro blem s 226 tumours 227 vestibulitis 228

nasa l glio ma 228 nasal injuries

assessment 215 ca use s 211 frac tures 220 – 1 sept al

haem atoma 55 – 6,221

nasal swelling

assessment 217 cau se s 213

naso alveo lar cy sts 2 28 nasoethmoid region,

exam inat ion 218

naso- orbitoethmoid

fractures 221– 2

nasopharyngeal

airways 32

nasopharyngeal

carcinoma 227

nasopha ryngosco py 135 nasopharynx,

examination 239

nausea and vo miti ng, wi th

headache 84

neck

tria ngle s of 149– 52 zones of 136– 7

neck , ante rior,

asse ssme nt 30,132– 4

neck infections

applied anatomy 145– 6 commonly infected

fasc ial ti ssue

spaces 147 Ludwig’s angina 144– 5 management 147– 8 necrotizing fasciitis 148 sign s and sy mptom s 144,

147– 8 submandibular

sialadenitis 148

neck injur ies 10 0, 126,137

asse ssme nt 101,

130,138 –40 blun t trau ma 137 management

principles 139– 40 penetrating trauma 138 symptoms 137 see also cer vical spine

injuries

neckl umps

asse ssme nt 101– 2,

131, 133 – 4 ,153– 5

branchial

cyst s 136– 8,161– 2

carotid body tumours

(che modec to-

mas) 160 – 1 causes 100, 127,153 derm oid cysts a nd

teratomas 163 ne- needle

aspiration 135 late ral 127,149 metastatic lymph

nodes 149 midline 127 pos te rio r 121– 2 ranulas 162– 3 salivary gland

swellings 164– 5 in the t hyroid 159 see also

lymphadenopathy

neck p ain/ sti ness 84

acute t ort icollis (wr y

nec k) 12 0 assessment 101 causes 100 dierential

diagnosis 119– 20

neck sprai n

(‘whiplash’) 113– 14

necrotizing external

otitis 194

necrotizing fasciitis 148 necrotizing

sialometaplasia 422

neurological examination

cran ial ne rve s 67– 8 in hea d injury 75 higher functions 68 peripheral 68 spinal- injured

patie nts 107

neurological injuries, spinal-

inju red pat ients 107

neurological symptoms 102 neur opath ic pain 336 Nikolsky’s sign 420 noise- induced hearing

los s 198

non- accidental injuries 80 nose,

exam inat ion 52,217– 18

numb ness 55 – 6 ,354

asse ssme nt 321,340 causes 318– 19,339– 40 intraoral 429 lower l ip 55– 6, 350,

354, 359,388

INDEX

obst ruc tion of t he

air way 31,141– 2 cau ses 141

obst ruc tive sl eep

apnoeasyndrome 247– 8, 252– 3

occipitomental views,

inter pret ation 271– 2 occlu sion 18 occupational history 10 oculomotor nerve (III) 67 oculomotor nerve

pals y 58,69 odontalgia 384 odontogenic cys ts 343– 4 odontogenic tumours 343

my xom a 374 odontoid peg

fr ac tu re s 111, 112 odynophagia 147– 8,253– 4

asse ssme nt 131,237

causes 127,235

diuse oesophageal

spasm 248– 9

oesophageal diverticulum

(pharyngeal pouch) 250 oesophageal

neoplasms 250 oesophageal rupture and

perforation 251 oesophage al web s and

ri ng s 2 51 oesophagitis 250 oesophagoscopy 135 oesophagus

an at omy 151

diuse oesophageal

spasm 248– 9 examination 240 gastro- oesophageal

reu x disease 249,428

olfactory esthesioneuro-

blas toma 2 27

olfa ctor y nerve(I) 67 omohyoid mus cle 122,152 oncho cerc al ker atit is (‘ri ver

blindness’) 305

open- angle glaucoma 304 optic n erve (II) 67,263 optic n erve

compression 43

optic neur iti s 310– 11,312 optic n europathy 4 3 oral d isor ders se emouth oral m ucosa,

examination 408– 9

oral submucous

brosis 378

447

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