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322 Chemistry and Biology of Beta-Lactams
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effect when used against E. coli bacteria. There was also a signicant increase in the antibacterial and
biolm inhibitory effects of LION14 in the presence of antibiotics. In terms of cytotoxicity, the LION14
demonstrates minimum cytotoxicity on the L929 cell line. It was shown that the combination of antibiotics with LION14 improves the antimicrobial and anti-biolm results of antibiotics while at the same
time maintaining acceptable biocompatibility. As a result, this synergistic effect could be used against
biolm-forming bacteria in the future, as well as resistant microorganisms.
It has been reported that the combination of nanoparticle heating and amoxicillin has a synergistic
effect on the inhibition of H. pylori.
130
According to the report, a dual-functional MNP platform was
designed and developed in order to potentially treat the infection of the H. pylori bacteria. The results of
an in vitro study showed that an ultralow concentration of Mn0.3Fe2.7O4@SiO2 nanoparticles, subjected
to a moderate AC magnetic eld, without causing a bulk heating effect, was capable of depositing heat
locally and effectively inhibiting the growth and virulence of H. pylori. In conjunction with multifunctional amoxicillin and Mn0.3Fe2.7O4@SiO2, the dual-functional amoxicillin-Mn0.3Fe2.7O4@SiO2
further reduces the bacteria survival rate by factors of 7 and 5, respectively, when compared with the
standard amoxicillin treatment and nanoparticle heating alone. There is a possibility that this synergistic
effect can be attributed in part to the heat-induced damage to the membrane of the cell and the protective
biolm, which could increase the permeability of antibiotics to bacteria. The method provides a viable
approach to treating H. pylori infection, with the potential to reduce the side effects and to increase the
efcacy of the treatment in the ght against drug-resistant strains of the organism.
Antimicrobial resistance is currently posing a serious threat to the future of effective prevention and
treatment of the wide range of infections caused by bacteria, which is constantly expanding. An evaluation of the safety and the synergistic effect of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles combined with antibiotics against
P. aeruginosa has been reported.
131
There was an attempt in this study to identify the bacterial causes of
wound infection in rats and to use antibiotic/nanoparticle mixture as a new approach for treating wound
infections caused by bacteria in the animal. As part of this study, 112 swab wound infection cases, originating from many different types of animals (36 sheep, 21 goats, 12 cows, 4 horses, 8 dogs, 9 rabbits, 7
guinea pigs, and 15 rats), were studied in order to isolate bacteria from them. P. aeruginosa was tested
for its sensitivity to antibiotics and nanoparticles (CoFe2O4 and NiFe2O4) in vitro and in vivo using the
MIC method to determine the sensitivity.
Additionally, wound infection was induced in rats, and the effect of a nanoparticle/antibiotic mixture
was tested in vivo on rats. According to the results, P. aeruginosa was the predominant bacterial type
that caused wound infections. The MICs of NiFe2O4 and CoFe2O4 nanoparticles were 32 µg/mL and 16
µg/mL, respectively. Antibiotics and nanoparticles were found to have a synergistic effect when acting as
antibacterial agents, which can be seen as a decrease in the MIC and an increase in the inhibitory diameter zone. According to the results of the random amplication of polymorphic DNA test, the nanoparticles’ effects on the genetic material of P. aeruginosa have been observed in the form of an appearance
or disappearance of bands, along with an increase in thickness and clarity of bands.
In addition to these metal nanoparticles (inorganic nanoparticles), a number of other metal nanoparticles (NPs) have also been documented, including Si, SiO2, cobalt, selenium, cadmium, MgO, CaO,
Al2O3, TiO2, tungsten carbide, and bismuth.
132–134
10.3 Antibacterial Effects of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics
with Organic Nanoparticles
Almost all of the carbon nanostructures and nanocomposites are composed of organic materials. There
are numerous non-covalent interactions that are responsible for the transformation of organic nanoparticles, such as liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, and polymeric nanoparticles, into the desired form.
There has been a nding that the stability of organic antibacterial agents is slightly lower at specic
temperatures than that of inorganic materials. In the modern era of nanotechnology, numerous polymers,
polysaccharides, liposomes, cyclodextrins, and nanomaterials found in natural materials, macromolecules, and synthetic materials have been exploited as vectors for metallic and nonmetallic nanomaterials, respectively [58].
323Antibacterial Effects of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics with Nanoparticles
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10.3.1 Synergistic Antibacterial Effects of Beta-Lactam
Antibiotic Combined with Chitosan Derivative
An example of a linear polysaccharide is chitosan. It comes from the hard shells of shellsh, including
crabs, lobsters, and shrimp. In addition to being used as medicine, it is also used in the manufacturing
of drugs. Chitosan is a derivative of chitin that is commercially produced through the deacetylation of
chitin, and it is one of the most important derivatives of chitin. In addition to being a biodegradable and
biocompatible polymer, chitosan is also approved for wound dressing applications because it is safe for
human consumption and biocompatible. There has been extensive research into the use of chitosan as
a carrier in polymeric nanoparticles for the development of drug delivery systems via various routes of
administration. There are many different applications for chitosan because of its wide variety of chemical functional groups that can be modied in order to achieve specic results, which makes it a polymer
with a wide range of possible uses. It is generally accepted that nanoparticles prepared using chitosan
and its derivatives will possess a positive surface charge and mucoadhesive properties, which will enable
them to adhere to mucus membranes and release the drug payload in a sustained manner. An NP based
on chitosan is being used in a variety of therapeutic areas for non-parenteral drug delivery, such as cancer, gastrointestinal diseases, pulmonary diseases, and delivery of drugs to the brain and the treatment
of ocular infections. There are some in vivo and in vitro studies that show chitosan to have low toxicity.
Since metal nanoparticles are toxic, chitosan nanoparticles could be utilized as a potential alternative for the delivery of antibiotics because of their enhanced biocompatibility, biodegradability, abundance of availability, and nontoxicity.
135, 136
As a result of the electrostatic interaction between positively
charged chitosan molecules and cell membranes of gram-negative bacteria, it is possible for the chitosan
molecules to easily penetrate into the bacterial cells, making the chitosan molecule a suitable agent for
delivering antibiotics to the bacteria.
Public health care is facing one of its greatest challenges in preventing the spread of MDR bacteria that
contain ESBLs of the CTX-M type (bla
when BLAs are combined with chitosan derivatives for the treatment of MDR bacteria.
). There has been evidence of a synergistic antimicrobial effect
CT X-M
137
An investigation was conducted to determine whether N-alkylaminated chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) combined with
conventional BLAs would provide synergistic antibacterial activity against MDR pathogens with bla
CT X-M
genes. In this study, it was demonstrated that the developed nano-formulation successfully resensitized the
studied E. coli MDR strain (E001) to ampicillin (AMP) and piperacillin (PIP) by causing a 1000–10,000fold decrease in their MIC values (5000–50,000 mg/L to 5 mg/L). Due to the higher susceptibility of E001 to
cefoxitin (FOX) and ceftazidime (CAZ), conjugation of CNPs with these antibiotics showed comparatively
lower synergistic inhibitory effects (MIC value = 0.5 mg/L–5 mg/L). Based on the ndings of the study, it
appears that CNPs can be effectively used as an additive to enhance the antibacterial effect of BLAs, for
which MDR strains show higher MIC values, because they enhance the antibacterial effect of the BLAs.
There is no doubt that antimicrobial resistance is one of the greatest threats facing the world today.
In particular, MDR ESBL-producing pathogens confer resistance to a wide variety of commonly used
medically important antibiotics, particularly BLAs, which are commonly used for the treatment of disease. Using chitosan nanoparticles loaded with BLAs and beta-lactamase inhibitors, a new combination
therapy has been developed for treating MDR pathogens.
138
Researchers have developed an innovative
approach to treatment for MDR pathogens by encapsulating cephalosporin antibiotics and beta-lactamase inhibitors in nanoparticles based on chitosan (CNAIs).
There were four combinations of CNAIs which include two cephalosporin antibiotics (cefotaxime and
ceftiofur) along with two beta-lactamase inhibitors (tazobactam and clavulanate) engineered as water–
oil–water emulsions. The combination of four CNAIs showed effective antimicrobial activity toward
MDR ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae cultivated in a laboratory setting. There was a signicant
improvement in antimicrobial activity of the CNAIs compared with the chitosan nanoparticles and the
combination of cephalosporin antibiotics and beta-lactamase inhibitors for treating bacteria. There is
also evidence that the CNAIs attached to the bacterial surface changed the permeability of the outer
membrane, resulting in cell damage that leads to the death of the cells. The combination of CNAIs has
provided promising potential for treating diseases caused by critically important MDR pathogens that
produce ESBLs as well as other antibiotic resistance genes.
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There was recently a report that evaluated the synergistic effects of chitosan metal ions (Cu2+/Co2+)
in combination with antibiotics in order to counteract their effects on antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
139
It
was suggested in this study that chitosan-copper ion (CSNP-Cu2+) and chitosan-cobalt ion (CSNP-Co2+)
nanoparticles could be used to treat antibiotic-resistant bacteria as biodegradable nanoparticles loaded
with metal ions and synthesized using an ionic gelation method. ICP-OES, TEM, zeta potential analysis,
as well as FT-IR were used to characterize the nanoparticles. The MICs for the NPs were assessed, as
well as the synergetic effects of the nanoparticles when combined with cefepime or penicillin for ve
different antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, and a comparison was made between them. For further
evaluation of the mechanism of action, MRSA, DSMZ 28766, and E. coli E0157:H7 were chosen for
further evaluation of antibiotic resistance gene expression upon treatment with NPs in order to examine
their mode of action (Figu re 10.12).
FIGURE 10.12 Illustrates comparative gene expression after application of each antibiotic and CSNP–Cu2 + CSNP– Co2
+ alone and combination of antibiotics with nanoparticles against (A) MRSA DSMZ 28766 and (B) E. coli E0157:H7.
Adapted with permission from Elbialy NA et al. (2023).
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In addition, their cytotoxic activity was examined using MCF7 cells, HEPG2 cells, A549 cells, and
WI-38 cells. The results of the study showed that the particles had a quasi-spherical shape and had mean
particle sizes of 19.9 nm, 21 nm, and 22.27 nm, respectively for CSNP, CSNP–Cu2+, and CSNP–Co2+.
The FT-IR analysis of chitosan indicated a slight shift in the peak positions of the hydroxyl groups and
amine groups, indicating the adsorption of metal ions onto the chitosan. For the used standard bacterial
strains, both the nanoparticles had antibacterial activity with MIC ranging between 125 and 62 μg/mL−1.
Moreover, the combination of each of the synthesized NPs with either cefepime or penicillin showed a
synergistic effect as compared to the action of each of the synthesized NPs alone or antibiotics alone, as
well as a reduction in antibiotic resistance gene expression.
A signicant amount of cytotoxicity was shown by the NPs for MCF-7, HepG2, and A549 cancer cell
lines with much lower cytotoxicity values for the WI-38 normal cell line (Fig ure 10.13). A signicant
FIGURE 10.13 MTT cytotoxicity curve for mean% of viability ± standard error (SE) of (A) CSNP–Cu2+ and (B) CSNP–
Co2+ for A549, MCF-7, HepG-2, and Hbf-4 cell line. Adapted with permission from Elbialy NA et al. (2023).
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part of the antibacterial activity of NPs is attributed to their penetration and rupture of gram-positive and
gram-negative bacteria’s cell membranes, resulting in the death of bacteria, as well as their penetration
into the bacterial genes and blocking the expression of genes essential to the growth of those bacteria.
In order to challenge antibiotic-resistant bacteria with biodegradable nanoparticles, it is necessary to
fabricate nanoparticles that are cost effective, affordable, and biodegradable.
Meropenem is a highly active BLA that is capable of destroying both gram-positive and gram-negative
bacteria with its broad spectrum of activity. Due to its short plasma half-life, however, it is necessary to
administer high doses frequently in order to achieve satisfactory results. The antibacterial efcacy of
meropenem-loaded chitosan nanoparticles in a septic animal model was shown to be extremely high.
140
This study investigated the potential role of meropenem-loaded chitosan nanoparticles in overcoming
antimicrobial resistance and improving pharmacokinetics of a drug by combining this drug with chitosan nanoparticles. As a result of the preparation of spherical nanosized particles, a high encapsulation
efciency for meropenem was demonstrated (76.3%).
Despite the fact that the nanoparticles were preserved in a freeze-dried powdered form, their physicochemical properties could be maintained. Based on the results in vitro, the drug-loaded nanoparticles were found to have greater antibacterial activity when compared with the free drug when used
against methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant S. aureus, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae. Following
the application of the nanoparticles to a septic rat model of K. pneumoniae, the results showed that the
nanoparticles signicantly improved survival and bacterial clearance when compared to the animals
that were treated with the free drug alone. In light of this, it may be possible to overcome antimicrobial
resistance with meropenem-loaded chitosan nanoparticles.
Gram-negative microbes are increasingly becoming resistant to antibiotics, which is considered to
be a dangerous phenomenon that must be dealt with urgently in order to develop better therapeutic
solutions. The use of cefazolin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for the treatment of MDR gram-negative
pathogens has been reported.
141
CSNPs (chitosan nanoparticles with cefazolin loaded on them) were
designed as potential tools against MDR pathogens with the aim of investigating and developing them as
tools against multidrug resistance. In order to prepare empty and drug-loaded CSNPs, the ionic gelation
method was used. Based on the results of studies conducted by SEM and AFM images, it was observed
that CSNPs were less than 100 nm in size and exhibited homogeneity in both shape and size.
There has been no increase in the size of nanosystems as a result of encapsulating cefazolin. According
to the results of a zeta sizer, both formulations have a positive zeta potential of more or less +50 mV,
which contributes to the stability of a formulation as a whole. It was found that the encapsulation efciency increased directly with the increase in antibiotic concentration (28–62%). In addition, a growth
kinetics study had shown that CSNPs containing cefazolin have excellent antimicrobial properties, especially against MDR K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli expressing ESBL.
The bacterium A. baumannii is rated as a “critical priority pathogen” by the World Health Organization,
and it represents a major threat to human health today as it is responsible for a wide range of life-threatening nosocomial infections. Among the most resistant microbes known to mankind, A. baumannii
forms biolms at the sites of infection, which interfere with the permeability of antibiotics as a result.
In a study performed on chitosan nano-carrier systems loaded with imipenem (IPM) against multidrugresistant A. baumannii (MDRAB), their microstructural and physicochemical properties, as well as
their efcacy against both bacteria and biolms, were demonstrated.
142
This study uses an intrinsically
antibacterial biopolymer called chitosan to synthesize IPM-encapsulated chitosan nano-carrier system
(CS-IPM-NCS) for the treatment of MDRAB. Ionic gelation was used to fabricate CS-IPM-NCS as
opposed to conventional methods of fabrication. With the use of SEM, AFM, zeta potential, average size,
and FTIR spectroscopy, the developed CS-IPM-NCSs were characterized.
The results of SEM and AFM analyses revealed that the nano-carrier systems were smooth, regular,
and homogeneously distributed. CS-IPM-NCS was found to have a mean size of 100 nm, as well as a zeta
potential of 38.9±5.52 mV, indicating that the systems were stable and the zeta potential was consistent
with a stable nano-carrier system. As shown by changes in characteristic peaks in FTIR spectra, it can
be concluded that the IPM has been successfully encapsulated inside the CS-NCS. CS-IPM-NCS has
been evaluated for antibacterial activity using a growth kinetic assay in which the results showed that it
inhibited MDRAB by 100%. As a result of the cationic-anionic interaction between NCS and the biolm
327Antibacterial Effects of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics with Nanoparticles
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structure, the outcome of CS-IPM-NCS on the preformed biolms by MDRAB strains was approximately 90%. As a result, the study ndings suggest that CS-IPM-NCS could be an alternative strategy to
conventional (failing) antibiotics in order to eradicate MDRAB by using CS-IPM-NCS.
Combinational drug delivery systems based on biopolymers chitosan (CS) and metal nanoparticles
are being used to treat drug-resistant microorganisms. There has been a report in which antibioticresistant bacteria were treated with chitosan nano-drug delivery systems (CS-AMP-P-ZnO) for combinational antibacterial treatment of ampicillin-resistant bacteria.
143
A combination of PEGylated zinc oxide
nanoparticles (P-ZnONPs) and chitosan-based nanoparticles (CS NPs) was prepared in order to deliver
ampicillin (AMP) for improved antibacterial activity in the presence of bacteria. The TEM imaging of
P-ZnONPs shows less aggregation than that of ZnONPs and a more stable rod morphology in comparison to ZnONPs. There was a decrease in the size of the P-ZnONPs as they were engulfed by the spherical
CS-AMP NPs. CS-AMP-P-ZnONPs have been determined to have a zeta potential of 32.93 mV, and the
hydrodynamic size of the NPs was determined to be 210.2 d. nm.
In comparison to AMP, CS-AMP-P-ZnONPs had better antibacterial activity against E. coli as a
result of the alternation in membrane permeability caused by the CS and ZnONPs. Further, as a result of
PEGylation and CS, the hemolytic properties of ZnO nanoparticles were attenuated. Additionally, CS,
CS-AMP-P-ZnONPs were not toxic to HEK-293 cells, erythrocytes, or chick embryos as a result of their
biocompatible nature. Accordingly, CS-AMP-P-ZnO nanoparticles might have the potential of being a
potent antibacterial agent as shown in this study.
Since conventional therapies have failed to eradicate infections caused by antibiotic-resistant pathogens
in both community-acquired infections and infections acquired in a hospital, there has been an increase
in the incidence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens forming biolms. NABs are a new generation of medications which have been developed to combat the MDR mechanisms which are employed by superbugs. The
prevention of biolm formation is one of the strategies that can be used in order to curb the occurrence of
multidrug resistance. There has been a report published on the development of cefotaxime-impregnated
chitosan as NABs, a novel strategy for combating biolm formation by MDR pathogens.
144
During the
study, the anti-biolm and antibacterial properties of the synthesized cefotaxime-loaded chitosan-based
NABs have been examined in relation to their antimicrobial potential. NABs that were bare and those that
were loaded with cefotaxime were prepared by ionotropic gelation (Figure 10.14).
FIGURE 10.14 Atomic force microscopic images of surface topography and 3-dimensional (3D) structures of empty
chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) (A, B) and cefotaxime-loaded CSNPs (C, D), respectively. Adapted with permission from
Jamil B et al. (2016).
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It was found that they had a positive zeta potential greater than +50 mV, which indicates that they were
in highly stable nano-dispersion. Furthermore, microscopic studies have revealed that the size of the
particles is less than 100 nm. The NABs were tested against clinical isolates of MDR K. pneumoniae,
P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus, as well as seven clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and found to be effective against both biolm and pathogenic bacteria (Figure
10.15 and F igure 10.16). The in vitro-improved synergistic action of cephalosporin drugs and chitosan
polymers at nanoscale as compared to free antibiotics can thus be viewed as a broad-spectrum strategy
toward thwarting resistance mechanisms in both gram-positive and gram-negative resistant pathogens.
There is no doubt that the emergence of multidrug resistance in clinical settings poses a signicant
challenge to the successful treatment of A. baumannii-associated infections. In order to overcome such
health problems, it is imperative to explore new alternatives in order to cope with them. In regard to the
management of MDRAB, antibiotic combinations and chitosan nanoparticles have been presented.
145
The purpose of this research was to evaluate promising combinations of antibiotics and CNPs, both
alone and in combination with selected antibiotics, to ght against MDRAB clinical isolates and to
determine if they are effective.
FIGURE 10.15 Colony-forming unit (CFU) assay. CFU assay was performed to count the viable bacteria after reaction of
CSNPs and drug-loaded CSNPs with pathogens. Adapted with permission from Jamil B et al. (2016).
FIGURE 10.16 Anti-biolm activity of antibiotic suspension (AB) chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) and cefotaxime-
loaded CSNPs (NAB) against pathogens. Adapted with permission from Jamil B et al. (2016).
329Antibacterial Effects of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics with Nanoparticles
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There were 51 clinical isolates recovered from A. baumannii, of these 51 isolates were 100% MDR, of
which 92% (47/51) were extensively drug resistant (XDR). The combination of colistin (CT) + meropenem (MEM) and MEM + tigecycline (TGC) has synergistic effects in 77.7% and 44.4%, respectively, and
additive effects in 22.3% and 55.6% of the tested MDRAB isolates (n=51). The CT + TGC combination,
on the other hand, showed antagonism. Several MDRAB isolates were tested with CNPs, and their inhibitory activity (inhibition zones ranged from 24 to 31 mm) was found to be good (one isolate per clone).
MIC values of CNPs at concentrations ranging from 1 to 5 mg/mL were 0.16 to 0.25 mg/mL, which corresponds to good antimicrobial activity in vitro. There is signicant evidence that when CNPs (5 mg/mL)
are combined with CT, TGC, or MEM, CT + MEM and TGC + MEM signicantly increased the susceptibilities of MDRAB isolates to these antibiotics by 88.8%, 66.6%, 100%, 77.7%, and 44.4%, respectively.
It was found that CNPs (5 mg/mL) combined with CT + TGC did not have any signicant effects.
10.3.2 Other Organic Nanoparticles with Antibacterial Effects
Several other organic nanoparticles based on liposomes, cyclodextrin, dendrimers, and lignin have also
been shown to have antibacterial properties.
134
For hydrophobic and hydrophilic medicines, liposomes
can be utilized as a safe and secure delivery mechanism. A liposomal antibacterial medicine is typically injected into the body via an intravenous route. In order to ensure a targeted delivery of medicines
and antibiotics, liposomes play a crucial role in the encapsulation of those medicines and antibiotics.
Researchers have developed methods that enable the preparation of nanoliposomes (50 nm) using rotary
evaporators and ultrasound in order to encapsulate AgNPs using these nanoliposomes. An evaluation of
the ability of liposomes to release AgNPs for an extended period of time has been carried out. In order
to test the efcacy and safety of liposome Ag nanoparticles, gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
such as E. coli, S. enterica, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa were tested. It has been demonstrated that
nanoscale organic liposomes have considerable antibacterial activity and are effective against harmful
microorganisms, diseases, and fungi. The variety of biological applications for which they can be used,
along with their good biocompatibility and antibacterial properties, as well as their ability to play the role
of absorption boosters, accounts for the widespread use of these compounds in research.
Cyclodextrin (CD) belongs to the class of cyclic oligosaccharides and is composed primarily of sub-
units that are 1,4-linked glucopyranose units.
134
As a molecular complexation agent, it is extremely useful. There is an enzymatic degradation process that occurs during the starch breakdown process that
results in CD being produced. The unique properties of dendrimers make them an excellent NP carrier
for antimicrobial drug delivery due to their increased surface area and relatively small size, both of
which contribute to their unique properties as NP carriers. In the case of dendrimers with high-molecular-weight functionalized components, such dendrimers can show greater antibacterial activity than the
molecules attached to them.
It has become apparent in the last few years that lignin and lignin nanoparticles have emerged as
effective and reliable drug delivery agents in the medical eld.
134
As well as their direct antibacterial
effects, they have also been used to treat a variety of health problems. Among the many advantages of
using lignin nanoparticles is the fact that they are abundant in nature, inexpensive, and environmentally
friendly as well. Because lignin is mostly derived from plants, and when it is derived from plant waste, it
is both cost effective and environmentally friendly. In the literature, there are numerous references to the
use of lignin as a drug-carrier molecule. In recent years, it has been discovered that lignin nanoparticles
are very effective at ghting gram-positive bacteria as well. A colloidal solution of silver and lignin was
also created by researchers in order to use it as an antimicrobial agent.
10.4 Conclusion
Nanoparticles have shown to increase the antibacterial activity of BLAs. Several of the nanoparticles that
were considered, when they were combined with BLAs, showed a marked enhancement in the effectiveness of the antibiotics, which was found to be effective on a majority of the bacterial strains tested. In the
330 Chemistry and Biology of Beta-Lactams
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future, researchers may be able to formulate combinations of nanoparticles and antibiotics that may be
effective in inhibiting drug-resistant strains of bacteria as a result of further research.
Acknowledgments
AD is grateful to CEA-Grenoble, Joseph Fourier University, University of Göttingen, and University of
California, Los Angeles, for their support. BKB is grateful to the US NIH, the US NCI, Texas Kleberg
Foundation, Stevens Institute of Technology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, University
of Texas-Pan American, and Community Health Systems of Texas for their nancial and moral support
to his research. AD and BKB are also grateful to their current employer, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd
Un iversit y.
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18. Aldawood SAA, Das A, Banik BK. Tellurium-induced cyclization of olenic compounds. Phys Sci Rev.
Published online May 17, 2022. doi:10.1515/psr-2021-0119
19. Aldawood SAA, Das A, Banik BK. 11 Tellurium-induced cyclization of olenic compounds.
In: 11 Tellurium-Induced Cyclization of Olenic Compounds. De Gruyter; 2022:249–290.
doi:10.1515 /9783110 735840- 011
20. Ray D, Das A, Mazumdar S, Banik BK. Tellurium-induced functional group activation. Phys Sci Rev.
Published online June 2, 2022. doi:10.1515/psr-2021- 0221
21. Ray D, Das A, Mazumda r S, Banik BK. 12 Tellu rium-induced fu nctional group act ivation. In: 12 Tellurium-
Induced Functional Group Activation. De Gruyter; 2022:291–308. doi:10.1515/9783110735840 - 012
22. Das A. A systematic exploration of InGaN/GaN quantum well-based light emitting diodes on semipolar
orientations. Opt Spectrosc. 2022;130(3):137–149. doi:10.1134/S0030400X2203002X
23. Das A. LED light sources in organic synthesis: An entry to a novel approach. Lett Org Chem.
2022;19(4):283–292.
24. Das A. Recent developments in semipolar InGaN laser diodes. Semiconductors. 2021;55(2):272–282.
doi:10.1134/S106378262102010X
25. Das A, Yadav RN, Banik BK. Microwave-induced conversion of electromagnetic energy into heat energy
in different solvents: Synthesis of β-lactams. Chem J Mold. 2022;17(1):62–66. doi:10.19261/cjm.2021.86 4
26. Das A, Banik BK. Microwave-induced catalytic transfer hydrogenation in different solvents toward
optically active hydroxy beta lactams: Effects of penetration depth. Asian J Org Med Chem. Published
online 2023.
27. Das A, Yadav R, Banik BK. Microwave-induced ferrier rearrangement of hyroxy beta-lactams with
glycals. Appl Chem Eng. Published online 2023.
28. Das A, Banik BK. Dipole moment studies on beta lactams. In: Banik BK, ed. Green Approaches in
Medicinal Chemistry for Sustainable Drug Design. Elsevier; 2023.
29. Das A, Banik BK. β-Lactams: Geometry, dipole moment and anticancer activity. J Indian Chem Soc.
2020;97(11b):2461–2 467. d oi:10.5281/zenodo.5656689
30. Das A, Alqashqari AA, Banik BK. Quantum mechanical calculations of dipole moment of diverse
imines. J Indian Chem Soc. 2021;97(9b):1563–1566.
31. Das A, Banik BK. Dipole moment studies on α-hydroxy-β-lactam derivatives. J Indian Chem Soc.
2021;97(9b):1567–1571.
32. Das A, Banik BK. Dipole moment and anticancer activity of beta lactams. Indian J Pharm Sci.
2021;83(5):1071–1074. doi:10.36468/pharmaceutical-sciences.862
33. Das A, Banik BK. Computational studies of physicochemical parameters on optically active anticancer
β-lactams. Heterocycl Lett. 2023;13(1). doi:10.36468/pharmaceutical-sciences.862
34. Das A, Banik BK. Studies on dipole moment of penicillin isomers and related antibiotics. J Indian
Chem Soc. 2020;97:6.
35. Das A, Yadav RN, Banik BK. Conceptual design and cost-efcient environmentally Benign synthesis
of beta-lactams. Phys Sci Rev. Published online May 4, 2022. doi:10.1515/psr-2021-0088
36. Das A, Yadav R, Banik BK. 10 conceptual design and cost-efcient environmentally benign synthe-
sis of betalactams. In: 10 Conceptual Design and Cost-Efcient Environmentally Benign Synthesis of
Betalactams. De Gruyter; 2022:357–388. doi:10.1515/978311079 7428-010
37. Das A, Bose AK, Banik BK. Stereoselective synthesis of β-lactams under diverse conditions:
Unprecedented observations. J Indian Chem Soc. 2020;97:10.
38. Yadav RN, Shaikh AL, Das A, Ray D, Banik BK. Asymmetric synthesis of 3-pyrrole substituted
β-lactams through p-toluene sulphonic acid-catalyzed reaction of azetidine-2,3-diones with hydroxyprolines. Curr Organocatal. 2022;9(4):337–345.
39. Das A, Yadav RN, Banik BK. A novel baker’s yeast-mediated microwave-induced reduction of racemic
3-keto-2-azetidinones: Facile entry to optically active hydroxy β-lactam derivatives. Curr Organocatal.
2022;9:195 –198.
40. Shaikh AL, Das A, Banik BK. Indium-mediated reduction of aromatic nitro groups in β-lactams to
oxazines. Asian J Met Salt. Published online 2023.
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