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Daniel J. Mollura
Robert S. Dieter
Matthew P. Lungren
Raymond A. Dieter Jr.
Raymond A. Dieter III
Editors
Editors
Clinical Medicine Covertemplate
Diseases of the Aorta
Subtitle for Clinical Medicine Covers T3_HB
Second Edition
123
123
Diseases of the Aorta
Robert S. Dieter • Raymond A. DieterJr. Raymond A. DieterIII
Editors
Diseases of the Aorta
Editors
Robert S. Dieter Interventional Cardiology Vascular and Endovascular Medicine Loyola University Medical Center Maywood, IL USA
Raymond A. DieterIII University of Tennessee Medical Center Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery Knoxville, TN USA
Assistant Editor
Aravinda Nanjundappa Department of Surgery West Virginia University Charleston, WV USA
Raymond A. DieterJr. Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery Northwestern University at Cadence HealthEmeritus Wineld, IL USA
ISBN 978-3-030-11321-6 ISBN 978-3-030-11322-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11322-3
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microlms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specic statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional afliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
To my wonderful wife who has been patient and supportive through
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all my training and pursuits,
My children who bring a smile to my face every day,
My parents and family who taught me to always strive to do my best,
To God who makes it all possible.
Robert S.Dieter
Foreword
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As the largest artery of the body, the aorta is susceptible to many types of problems, including congenital anomalies, occlusion, thrombosis, infection, dissection, connective tissue disorders, stula formation, and tumors. However, the most frequent form of aortic disease is aneurysm formation, which usually results from weakening of the aortic wall. With time, the stress imposed by pulsation and by the aortic contents may cause the wall to balloon outward, lead­ing to a potentially fatal rupture. Currently, there is much interest in preventing or managing these lesions through lifestyle changes, such as regulation of blood pressure and diet, promo­tion of exercise, and cessation of cigarette smoking. Once an aneurysm enlarges or begins to cause symptoms, however, repair is usually necessary.
Aneurysm surgery has long been a special interest of mine. As a young surgeon, in the early 1950s, I helped develop some of the rst techniques for treating aneurysms of the aorta and major arteries. Since then, many new surgical options have become available, but the outcomes have not always been successful. Today, endovascular repair, including the use of expandable stent grafts, is becoming increasingly widespread, especially in elderly patients or those at high risk for open surgery; another recent option is hybrid repair, which combines open and endovascular techniques.
Successful treatment of aortic disease depends on highly trained specialists who are thor­oughly familiar with this constantly evolving eld. The current volume, edited by my col­league and friend Ray Dieter, Jr., and his sons Ray Dieter III and Robert Dieter, provides an outstanding, in-depth look at the entire spectrum of aortic disease and its treatment. Having known the Dieters for many years, I have followed their careers with interest. I applaud the growing series of textbooks they have published concerning all aspects of the circulatory sys­tem. This volume, like its predecessors, should be of special value to vascular surgeons, inter­ventional cardiologists, and other healthcare professionals involved with the prevention and treatment of aortic diseases. It also should be enlightening to general practitioners, family care physicians, and laypersons interested in this eld.
Denton A. Cooley Founder and President Emeritus Texas Heart Institute Houston, TX USA
vii
Preface
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This is our fth vascular textbook, sixth medical textbook (non vascular textbook on Thoracoscopy) and is unique in that it focuses on the aorta rather than vascular diseases by body region. Not unique, though, is its comprehensive approach to this topic and being a refer­ence textbook.
Diseases of the aorta can occur in the pediatric or adult patient, can be acute or chronic or inherited or acquired, and can be approached in a variety of methods. This textbook systemati­cally reviews all aspects of aortic diseases. Imaging modalities and medical, surgical, and endovascular management are discussed as well as longitudinal surveillance and follow-up.
We are honored that Dr. Denton Cooley was able to write the foreword to this textbook, as he has with our other books. Dr. Cooley was a pioneer in aortic diseases, and prior to his death, we were able to have several conversations regarding his inuence and perspective on diseases of the aorta. Drs. Cooley and Ray Dieter, Jr., were contemporaries and both helped shape the understanding of cardiovascular diseases.
As with our other textbooks, we hope that you nd this to be readable and a helpful refer­ence in your practice.
IL, USA RobertS. Dieter IL, USA RaymondA.Dieter Jr. TN, USA RaymondA.Dieter III
ix
Contents
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1 A Timeline History of Aortic Disease and Therapies, Including Surgery . . . . . . . 1
Raymond A. Dieter Jr., Sanjay Singh, Jasvinder Chawla, Daryl A. Drake Jr., John P. Pacanowski Jr., and Robert S. Dieter
2 Embryology and Anatomy of the Aorta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Rania Kaoukis, Robert S. Dieter, Ivie Okundaye, Michael Dauzvardis, Robert J. Frysztak, Wessin Ibrahim, and Michael J. Pyle
3 Pathophysiology of Ascending Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Thomas E. Gaines and Lauren Benner Grimsley
4 Pathology of the Aorta: Inflammatory and Noninflammatory Conditions
Predisposing to Aneurysm Formation, Dissection, and Rupture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Jessica Gulliver and Erin G. Brooks
5 Genetics of Aortic Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Arno A. Roscher, Raymond A. Dieter Jr., and Tobias D. Raabe
6 Imaging of the Aorta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Caroline A. Ball and Mark G. Rabbat
7 Vascular Rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Carl L. Backer
8 Coarctation of the Aorta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Rachel D. Torok, Michael J. Campbell, Gregory A. Fleming, and Kevin D. Hill
9 Ascending Aortic Dissection, Penetrating Aortic Ulcer,
and Intramural Hematoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Rebecca Pinnelas, Prashant Vaishnava, and Kim A. Eagle
10 Descending Aortic Dissection, Penetrating Aortic Ulcer,
and Intramural Hematoma (Acute and Chronic)
Including Kommerell’s Diverticulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Marc P. Bonaca
11 Ascending Aortic Aneurysm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Tyler M. Gunn, Vedant A. Gupta, Vidya Nadig, Vincent L. Sorrell, and Sibu P. Saha
12 Aortic Arch Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Victor M. Rodriguez, Cherrie Abraham, and Howard K. Song
13 Thoracoabdominal Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Ashok Venkataraman and Jeffrey P. Schwartz
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xii
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14 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Joshua D. Newman, Afaq Motiwala, Alexander Turin, Andrew Chen, Valmiki Rishi Maharaj, and Robert S. Dieter
15 Abdominal Aortic Occlusive Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Sungho Lim and Paul R. Crisostomo
16 Inflammatory and Connective Tissue Disorders of the Aorta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Brittany S. Panico, Ambrose F. Panico, and Robert S. Dieter
17 Aortic Infection: Pathophysiology, Bacteriology, and Management . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Catherine M. Wittgen, Jennifer L. Sanford, and Mai K. Doan
18 Surgical Treatment of the Thoracic Aorta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Juan Jose Gallegos Jr., George Arnaoutakis, Dean J. Arnaoutakis, Kirsten A. Freeman, David Jeffrey Hall, and Mahmoud Alhussaini
19 Surgical Treatment of the Abdominal Aorta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Alexis R. Powell, Gabriel Crowl, and Vikram S. Kashyap
20 Endovascular Repair of the Ascending Aorta and Aortic Arch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Adam Iddriss, Jota Nakano, and S. Chris Malaisrie
21 Endovascular Repair of the Thoracic Aorta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Alexandra H. Fairchild and Robert A. Hieb
ContentsContents
22 Aortocaval Fistula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Kristine Clodfelter Orion and James H. Black III
23 Aortourinary Fistula: Ureter/Renal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Raymond A. Dieter Jr., George B. Kuzycz, Raymond A. Dieter III, David J. Leehey, James S. Walter, and Mohamed A. Rahman
24 Congenital Aortic Fistula and More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Raymond A. Dieter Jr., George B. Kuzycz, Raymond A. Dieter III, J. Michael Tuchek, and Robert S. Dieter
25 Aortotracheobronchial and Aortocutaneous Fistula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Raymond A. Dieter Jr., Raymond A. Dieter III, George B. Kuzycz, Jeffrey P. Schwartz, and Mamdouh Bakhos
26 Aortoesophageal Fistula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Raymond A. Dieter Jr., Raymond A. Dieter III, and George B. Kuzycz
27 Aortoenteric Fistula (Gastric, Small Intestine, Colonic, Biliary) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Raymond A. Dieter Jr., George B. Kuzycz, and Raymond A. Dieter III
28 Malignant and Benign Aortic Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Raymond A. Dieter Jr., George B. Kuzycz, Raymond A. Dieter III, Jessica Gulliver, and Robert S. Dieter
29 Trauma of the Aorta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Jeffrey Cornell Perumean and Joseph P. Minei
30 Aortic Iatrogenic Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Raymond A. Dieter Jr., George B. Kuzycz, Raymond A. Dieter III, and Robert S. Dieter
31 Acute Aortic Thrombosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Raymond A. Dieter Jr., Robert S. Dieter, George B. Kuzycz, Raymond A. Dieter III, and John P. Pacanowski Jr.
ContentsContents
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32 Management of Aortic Atherothrombi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Ruojia Debbie Li, Luis Felipe Gomez, Sashi K. Inkollu, Mark G. Rabbat, and Carlos F. Bechara
33 Aortic Disease in Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Caroline A. Ball and Sara Sirna
34 Fetal Aortic Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Raymond A. Dieter Jr. and Marshall Goldin
35 Aortic Trauma in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Raymond A. Dieter Jr., George B. Kuzycz, Raymond A. Dieter III, and Robert S. Dieter
36 Aortic Valve Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Chawki Elzein, David Roberson, and Michel N. Ilbawi
37 Aortic Pseudoaneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Leonie K. Stabenow
38 Ocular Diseases with Aortic Involvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Robert J. Barnes
39 Applications of 3D Printing for Aortic Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .467
David J. Laczynski, Robert S. Dieter II, and Michael J. Javorski
40 Multidisciplinary Aortic Centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Jocelyn K. Ballast, John R. Frederick, and Frank R. Arko III
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487