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24 Intraoperative Abdominal Wall Extension (AWEX)/Intraoperative Fascia Traction (IFT): Signicance…
Fig. 24.4 Retensioning of elastic reins
237
Fig. 24.5 Reconstruction (here: mesh sublay)
14. The abdominal wall is reconstructed as
needed and is feasible in the given centre,
and the surgeons’ standards and strategies.
24.7 IFT withtheFasciotens®
Hernia System
From the outset of devising the basic technique
described above, which was initially conceived
of as improvisatory, the developers envisaged to
improve its technical implementation. Eucker
and Zerz had developed various techniques to
implement a sterilizable device, including standardizable application and data collection
options.
Together with the Fasciotens company, developer Dr. Gereon Lill launched the fasciotens®
Abdomen device [14–16] in 2017. The device
was originally intended to be applied to the open
abdomen in the context of damage control surgery and to avoid persisting grafted laparostoma.
Due to its similar functional principle (fascia
traction) and sterilizability, it proved excellently
applicable to intraoperative abdominal wall
extension/fascia traction (Fig.24.6).
The fasciotens® Hernia system is the derivative developed for intraoperative application.
With this system, a certied device that offers the
standardized application and measuring options,
in addition to instructions for initial application,
has become available to abdominal wall sur-
238
D. Eucker et al.
geons. A large number of studies using the application data have now been published on the
subject [17–19].
The surgical procedure is as follows:
1. The intervention is performed with the
patient in the standard position for open
complex reconstruction. Apart from the sterilized fasciotens® Hernia device and its carrier, which are installed after standardized
disinfection and draping, only the standard
laparotomy set is required.
2. The fascial edges are visualized after opening the skin or removing the skin graft.
3. Before the traction sutures are attached to the
fascia, the rectus sheath can be opened and
the retromuscular space visualized, as appropriate—either while leaving the hernia sac
(Niebuhr’s technique) or with traction applied
to the nonexposed abdominal wall following
adhesiolysis (Eucker’s technique) (Fig.24.7).
4. Six traction sutures are then xed per side
and at similar distances along the length. The
sutures are pierced through the fascia in a
U-bend with a stitch width of approx. 2cm.
Suture thickness 1 or 2 may be applied with
atraumatic needles.
5. The fasciotens® Carrier is attached to the
operating table in a sterile manner after
which the fasciotens® Hernia device is
attached to the carrier. There should be a distance of approx. 10cm between the thread
retainer and the patient. The system should
be brought to initial traction of 14kg. Then,
the four sutures in the corners and subsequently the remaining sutures in the thread
retainer are connected by using the tensioning clamping mechanism, such that the
Fig. 24.6 Fasciotens® Hernia device (Figures reprinted with friendly permission of fasciotens®, Essen, Germany)
Fig. 24.7 Fascia borders exposed; rectus sheath open before traction (Niebuhr’s technique), rectus sheath closed
(Eucker’s technique)
24 Intraoperative Abdominal Wall Extension (AWEX)/Intraoperative Fascia Traction (IFT): Signicance…
239
thread retainer is located approx. 5cm above
the abdominal wall (Fig.24.8).
6. The sutures are wrapped around the frame
from the exterior and xed to the clamping
mechanism under prestress. The direction of
traction is crossed (Fig.24.9; see comment in
Sect. 24.8).
7. The traction force can be adjusted in a controllable manner by using the handwheel.
Traction forces of up to 20kg can be applied.
8. The individual sutures can be checked every
2min for sufcient tension and retightened if
necessary, until no further gain in the abdominal wall/fascia can be achieved (approx.
after 30min; Fig.24.10).
9. After the posterior rectus sheath is prepared
and layer dissection of the abdominal wall is
completed, the mesh can be inserted before
the traction sutures are removed.
10. The retractor and frame are dismounted and
the possibly remaining size of the defect is
measured.
11. The traction sutures can be left and may
prove helpful in closing the fascia.
Fig. 24.8 Installation of the device and sutures. Applying tension (Figures reprinted with friendly permission of fasciotens®, Essen, Germany)
Fig. 24.9 fasciotens® Hernia device installed and with stressed mechanism
240
D. Eucker et al.
Fig. 24.10 Suture check during traction phase and after removal of traction device
12. As the case may be, the rectus sheath is
opened only now and the retromuscular
space is visualized. Reconstruction of the
abdominal wall is guided by the given center’s and surgeons’ protocol.
13. From this step on, and as with the original
technique, decisions can be made regarding
additional procedures in terms of component
separations.
14. Until surgery is completed, absolute and
unconditional muscle relaxation remains
indispensable.
1. Direction of traction: The rst describers’ idea
was to realize a gain in length in the lateral
abdominal musculature. Shortening in this area
appeared plausible due to CT-based observations of shortening and thickening. The consequence was to induce the traction into the
abdominal wall via a force vector, which is particularly well transmitted to the dorsolateral
part of the abdominal wall. Thus, the idea was
to direct the traction vertically. However, intraoperative measurements showed attempts to
arrange the traction in a crossed direction over
the defect, and thus to imitate the physiological
prestress of the abdominal wall, to be equally
24.8 Key Steps, Tips, Tricks,
andVariations
effective [17, 18]. Crossed tension could possibly prove benecial, which would be located
closely above the abdominal wall at the beginThe technique, whether described as AWEX or as
IFT with the standardized fasciotens® Hernia system, is a novel surgical approach, which has just
begun to spread internationally. For this reason,
no concluding recommendations can be made
regarding several aspects, including:
ning of traction and thereby result in a nearly
horizontal force. However, in the course of
increasing tension, it would redirect the force
vector vertically and thus affect various areas
of the abdominal wall, especially the dorsolat-
eral areas (Fig.24.11).
24 Intraoperative Abdominal Wall Extension (AWEX)/Intraoperative Fascia Traction (IFT): Signicance…
Fig. 24.11 Hypothetically, traction reaches more dorsal abdominal wall areas when applied in a more vertical
direction
241
2. Problematic marginal zones: Especially in the
epigastrium, the lateral abdominal muscles
are relatively short. Still, retraction is signicant in this area as well. The external oblique
musculature retracts in the area of the costal
arches, passing in part before the ribs, with
the transverse abdominal and internal oblique
muscles behind. In this area, retraction is
more difcultly reversed. Horizontal traction
has proven superior to vertical traction in the
marginal zones.
3. Dissection before or after traction?: This ques-
tion has also not yet been denitely answered.
The published studies have not evidenced a
substantial difference in terms of effectiveness
or gain in length. The advantages of preparing
the mesh bed before applying traction include
more rapid reconstruction after removing the
traction system. Whether occasionally
observed abdominal wall reshortening during
the processes of exposure happens per se or
whether it is caused by suboptimal relaxation
remains a matter of discussion.
4. Torn-out traction reins and clamps, damage
to the abdominal wall: At rst sight, the technique of traction to the abdominal wall would
supposedly appear to be somewhat coarse.
Concerns regarding torn-out reins and clamps
have repeatedly been expressed. According to
our own experience however such reservations are not justied as long as traction is
under careful control. Ultimately, the tensile
forces are applied continuously rather than
roughly. Standardization including a limita-
tion of force is certainly an important factor.
Much feared laceration of muscle layers,
development of hematoma, increased postop-
erative pain levels, and functional impairment
have also never been observed and such con-
cerns have proven unsubstantiated. Published
reports have shown that the technique of intra-
operative abdominal wall extension/fascia
traction is associated with a markedly lower
(!) level of comorbidity than other reconstruc-
tion approaches. The decisive factor is that
this technique serves to avoid component sep-
arations and other dissecting interventions in
a relevant percentage of cases. Long-term
investigations [19], with follow-up period of
up to 8 years, have shown no structural or
functional damage whatsoever to the abdomi-
nal wall after applying this method.
5. Combination with chemical component sepa-
ration: In the cohorts presented by Niebuhr
et al. [17, 18], reconstruction was in many
cases prepared with chemical component separation applied 6 weeks previously. In the
cohort presented by Eucker etal. [19], additional measures, such as chemical component
separation and combinations with surgical
component separations, were referred to, yet
not included in the result evaluations. Both
242
D. Eucker et al.
studies showed comparable results in terms of
gain in length and absence of comorbidity.
While complete intraoperative relaxation may
possibly be sufcient for successful abdominal wall extension/fascia traction, nal insights
into this issue are pending. The present
authors currently recommend to consider
preoperative chemical component separation in order to exploit all available possibilities in these complex patient cohorts.
6. Combination with other surgical techniques:
IFT is merely an additional tool to intraoperatively gain length at the abdominal wall.
The given patient’s anatomy, the technical
options, the standards of the given center,
and the planned surgical strategies are the
factors that nally come to apply in deciding
on additional measures. Combinations are
possible with all conceivable techniques.
Intraoperative abdominal wall extension/fascia traction does not obstructively stand in
the way of any known reconstruction technique and can thus be applied unlimitedly as
a sensible complement.
7. Application in non-midline hernia: IFT has
also shown efcacy in this setting, e.g., in
subcostal incisions, in which traction is then
applied asymmetrically, and not lengthwise,
to the abdomen. The principle of moving the
shortened tissue, as a reserve, back towards its
original anatomical position remains the
same.
24.9 Combinations
withLaparoscopy, Mini- or
Less-Open Sublay,
andRobotic Repairs
Notable experts have already employed intraoperative fascia traction in combination with the
principal modern surgical techniques in use for
the abdominal wall. For example, Niebuhr
invented the technique of transcutaneous traction
via percutaneously stitched holding threads to
combine the principles of mini- or less-open sublay (MILOS) and the IFT technique [20]. A relatively small skin incision can be made only above
the hernia sac (Fig.24.12).
Individual cases have been described, in
which traction sutures were applied to the fascia
to reconstruct a rectus diastasis under laparoscopic control. The sutures were then advanced
transcutaneously with a Reverdin needle and
connected to the traction system. The midline
can then be reconstructed with an extended total
Fig. 24.12 IFT combined with MILOS (Niebuhr 2021)
24 Intraoperative Abdominal Wall Extension (AWEX)/Intraoperative Fascia Traction (IFT): Signicance…
243
extraperitoneal preperitoneal (eTEP) approach
(Dieter Berger, Zurich 2021, personal communication). Combinations with robotic incisional
hernia repairs (r-TARUP and r-eTEP) have been
carried out (Bob Bloemendaal, Delft 2021, and
Sebastian Lamm, Liestal 2022, personal
communications).
Traction to the closed and non-herniated
abdominal wall may also prove sensible in specic cases, likewise to an intact abdominal wall
in a loss-of-domain situation with a massive
inguinal hernia.
24.10 Conclusions andProspects
Due to its convenience, low complication rate,
and excellent combinability with all current
reconstruction techniques, the principle of intraoperative abdominal wall extension/fascia traction has come to occupy an important place in
reconstructive abdominal wall surgery. Although
the technical possibilities to successfully exploit
traction have denitely not yet been developed to
the full, multiple variations in application and
scientic investigations are probably to be
expected over the coming years.
The basic AWEX system should be considered experimental and a state of the development
of an elaborated technique.
Implementation of IFT with a standardized
system and a certied device is the benchmark at
specialized centers and in terms of high-quality
requirements. We recommend the currently avail-
able fasciotens® Hernia medical device.
To our minds, planning complex abdominal
wall reconstructions would point to a kind of categorical imperative, which we refer to as the
“Cathegoric algorithm of complex abdominal
wall reconstruction”:
1. Preoperative chemical component separation;
2. Optional progressive pneumoperitoneum;
3. Application of IFT;
4. Optional application of additional component
separation techniques;
5. Reconstruction with synthetic implants pref-
erably arranged outside the peritoneum; and
6. Open IPOM and bridging as alternative
techniques.
Acknowledgments We are grateful to Prof. R.Rosenberg
(Director, Clinic for General, Visceral, Thoracic and
Vascular Surgery, Kantonsspital Baselland), Dr. Gereon
Lill (Cologne), D.C.Steinemann (Basel), and N. Rüedi
(Zurich) for their professional, intellectual and hands-on
support in pathing the way for the AWEX/IFT concept, as
well as to K.É. Thomanek (Vienna) for medical writing
and copy-editing in preparing this article.
References
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Abdominoplasty inVentral Hernia
RajanTondon andAkhileshKumarAgarwal
25
In the last two decades, abdominoplasty along
with ventral and umbilical hernia repair has
grown in numbers owing to the desires and
expectations of the patients, fed on dollops of
media exposure. Renement of surgical technique, team approach, and safer anesthesia practice have led to better outcomes and lower
surgical morbidity [1–3].
Appropriate case selection, preanesthetic
evaluation, patient counseling, meticulous planning, and teamwork remain the key to successful
outcomes.
25.1 Surgical Anatomy inVentral
Hernia
The anterior abdominal wall musculature helps
protect the intra-abdominal contents, stabilizes
the lumbar spine, and helps in trunkal exion.
The aponeurotic layer of the oblique muscles
splits to form the anterior and posterior rectus
sheath, which further interdigitate with their contralateral counterpart to form the Linea Alba.
Hence, the musculoaponeurotic layer of the anterior abdominal wall along with the lumbar spine
and posterior abdominal wall create a “trunkal
cylinder.”
Disruption of the “trunkal cylinder” due to
ventral hernia leads to loss of resting tone of the
oblique and recti muscles and suboptimal muscle
contraction. This results in poor lumbar spine stabilization and lumbar lordosis [4].
In addition to lumbar lordosis, the ventral hernia itself creates signicant traction on the overlying skin and fat. Both these factors accentuate
the anterior bulge (Fig.25.1). Further, the perfusion of the skin overlying the hernia sac would be
jeopardized once the sac is dissected off the skin.
This is because, over time, a large part of the
stretched skin and fat starts receiving its blood
supply from the sac. Therefore, we term it as
“parasitic skin” (Fig.25.2).
It is obligatory for the reconstructive surgeons
to consider the altered functional and vascular
anatomy prior to planning the incision and the
extent of excision (panniculectomy).
R. Tondon (*) · A. K. Agarwal
Belle Vue Clinic, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022
S. J. Baig et al. (eds.), Newer Concepts and Procedures in Hernia Surgery - An Atlas,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5248-7_25
245
246
ab
Fig. 25.1 Surgical anatomy in Ventral hernia. (a) Normal anatomy of anterior abdominal musculoaponeurotic system.
(b) Altered anatomy in ventral hernia. Illustration by Dr. T Varun Raju
R. Tondon and A. K. Agarwal
25.2 Patient Selection (Table25.1)
While most patients with large hernia and redundant skin will need some form of panniculectomy
and an informal abdominoplasty, patient selection for a formal abdominoplasty needs to be
careful. Young, motivated patients (BMI<35kg/
m2) with moderate to severe skin redundancy are
ideal candidates for abdominoplasty with ventral
hernia reconstruction [1].
25.2.1 Preoperative Optimization
Smoking should be stopped 3weeks before and
3 weeks after the procedure, as it impedes the
healing process due to poor skin ap perfusion
[3]. Further, smoking leads to poor ciliary function of the bronchial airway which leads to higher
pulmonary complications in the postoperative
period.
Fair glycemic control in diabetic patients is
mandatory and HbA1c >7.4 is a relative contraindication to perform abdominoplasty [3].
Since abdominoplasty patients are more likely
Fig. 25.2 Exaggeration of lumbar lordosis due to ventral
hernia. Illustration by Dr. T Varun Raju
to develop DVT, preoperative thromboprophy-