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446 The Voice and Voice Therapy
Communication
in aphonia, 93
postlaryngectomy, 325
voice disorder effects on, 5
Communication-related quality of life, 166
Compensatory ventricular dysphonia, 78
Computerized Speech Lab, 177, 178, 184, 236, 258,
272
Confidential voice, 216, 225–228
Congenital laryngeal webs, 114
Congenital subglottic stenosis, 101
Connected speech
intensity variability in, 186
sounds in, 363
Consensus Auditory Perceptual Evaluation of Voice,
163–164, 165
Consonants, 346, 349
Contact granulomas, 115
Contentment, 4
Conus elasticus, 49, 49–50
Conversion aphonia, 13, 92
Corniculate cartilage, 42, 43, 50
Corpus striatum, 122
Cough, chronic refractory, 302–303
Coughing, 260
Counseling, 216, 228–230, 361–362, 364, 366
Cover-body theory, 60–61
CPP. See Cepstral peak prominence
Cranial nerves, 125–128, 126
CRC. See Chronic refractory cough
Cricoarytenoid joint, 48, 48–49
Cricoarytenoid muscle, 50
Cricoid cartilage, 42, 42, 44
Cricopharyngeal myotomy, 331
Cricopharyngeus, 336
Cricothyroid joint, 48, 48–49
Cricothyroid membrane, 45, 46, 48
Cricothyroid muscle, 51, 52, 64
Cricothyroid space, 58
Cricothyroid visor maneuver, 252
Cricotracheal ligament, 45, 46
Cricotracheal membrane, 45, 46
Cross-referrals, 17
Croup, 297
Cul-de-sac resonance, 342–343, 367
Cuneiforms, 42
CVA. See Cerebrovascular accident
Cysts, vocal fold, 105–106, 284
D
DAF. See Delayed auditory feedback
DBS. See Deep-brain stimulation
Deaf and hard of hearing children, 290–292, 367–368
Deep-brain stimulation, for Parkinson’s disease, 145–146
Delayed auditory feedback, 145
Delayed feedback, 217
DHH children. See Deaf and hard of hearing children
Diabetes mellitus, 107–108
Diadochokinesis, of tongue, 16
Diagnostic probes, for voice stimulability testing, 15
Diaphragm
anatomy of, 25–27, 28
in breathing, 23, 25–27, 28
dome of, 25–26
motor innervation for, 26
sensory innervation for, 26
Diaphragmatic-abdominal breathing, 189
Digastric muscle, 41
Digital manipulation, 216, 230–232, 367
Diplophonia, 79, 87–88
Direct laryngoscopy, 171
Dopamine, 124
DRSP. See Dysphonia Risk Screening Protocol
Dry spirometer, 191
Duckbill prosthesis, 334, 334
Dynamic range, 180, 180, 186–187
Dysarthria
description of, 129, 136
flaccid, 129, 357, 367
spastic, 129, 136, 357, 367
traumatic brain injury and, 147
Dysphonia
academic achievement affected by, 8
acute onset of, 160
adductor spasmodic, 14
in adolescent, 203–207
aging as cause of, 278
behavioral, 250
case study of, 203–207
in children, 282–283
in females, 7
functional. See Functional dysphonia
laryngopharyngeal reflux disease as cause of, 284
muscle tension. See Muscle tension dysphonia
neurogenic, 120
in older adults, 278
Index 447
onset of, 160
postradiation, 318
postsurgical, 318
prevalence of, 7, 278
psychogenic, 13, 250
Reinke’s edema as cause of, 85
somatization, 90, 96
spasmodic. See Spasmodic dysphonia
in teachers, 289
treatment of, 7–8, 317
ventricular, 78–79, 80
vocal quality abnormalities in, 66
voice facilitating approaches for, 317–318
Dysphonia plicae ventricularis, 78, 269
Dysphonia Risk Screening Protocol, 153
Dystonia, laryngeal, 135
E
EA. See Esophageal atresia
Ear-nose-throat physician. See Otolaryngologist
ECG. See Electroglottogram
EILO. See Exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction
Elderly. See Older adults
Electroglottogram, 185–186, 187
Elimination of abuses, 216, 232–235, 234
Emotionality
functional dysphonia and, 95
vocal function and, 4
Emotional problems, in functional dysphonia, 95
Emphysema, 299–300
EMST. See Expiratory muscle strength training
Endocrine system, 106–108
Endoscopic laryngoscopy, 154
ENT. See Otolaryngologist
Epiglottis, 42–44, 68
Epinephrine, 123
ERV. See Expiratory reserve volume
Esophageal atresia, 101
Esophageal speech
description of, 325, 327
inhalation method for, 327, 329–331
injection method for, 327–329
Essential tremor
description of, 141
spasmodic dystonia versus, 138t, 143
Essential voice tremor, 141–142
Establishing a new pitch, 216, 235–237, 361, 366–367
Estrogen, pubertal increases of, 106
Evidence, levels of, 16
EVT. See Essential voice tremor
Excessive muscle tension disorders
benign pathologies caused by
laryngitis, 86–87
Reinke’s edema, 85–86, 161, 172
vocal fold nodules, 81–83
vocal fold polyps, 84–85
diplophonia associated with, 87–88
muscle tension dysphonia. See Muscle tension
dysphonia
phonation breaks associated with, 88
pitch breaks associated with, 89
ventricular dysphonia, 78–79, 80
voice characteristics with, 87–89
Exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction, 299, 301–302
Expiration. See also Respiration
abdomen tightening on, 267
muscles of, 30
thoracic cavity movements in, 29
vocal folds in, 4
Expiratory muscle strength training, 269
Expiratory reserve volume, 36, 36–37, 188
Extended GRBAS scale, 163–164
External intercostal muscles, 27–28, 29
External laryngeal nerve, 57, 126
Extrapyramidal tracts, 121–122, 122
Extrinsic laryngeal muscles, 40
F
False ribs, 25, 28
Falsetto register
description of, 63, 241
pubertal changes in, 91
False vocal folds. see Ventricular folds
Familial tremor, 141
Faulty breath control, 300–302
Feedback
auditory. See Auditory feedback
biofeedback, 263, 271, 287
delayed, 217
hypernasality managed with, 361
hyponasality treated with, 363
visual, 216, 270–273, 363, 367–368
Females. See also Women
dysphonia in, 7
448 The Voice and Voice Therapy
Females (continued)
lung volumes and capacities in, 37, 188
pubertal changes in, 106
speaking fundamental frequency in, 280
voice range profiles in, 186
Feminization laryngoplasty, 293
FF. See Fundamental frequency
Fibroelastic membrane of larynx, 49
Finger pressure on thyroid cartilage, 230, 245
Fistula, tracheoesophageal, 101
Flaccid dysarthria, 129, 357, 367
Flexibility, of voice, 22
Flexible laryngoscopy, 156
Flexible nasoendoscopy, 172
Flexible videoendoscopy, 271
Floating ribs, 25, 28
Focus, 216, 237–241, 361, 363, 367–368
Fogging mirror, 347, 363
Forward focus resonance, 237
FRC. See Functional residual capacity
Frequency altered feedback, 217
Front-of-the-mouth focus, 239
Front pocket muscles, 30
F-shaped vocal tract, 67, 68, 70
Functional aphonia, 92–94, 248, 252, 259
Functional dysphonia
definition of, 250
description of, 94–95
hearing loss and, 159
hierarchy analysis for, 246
inhalation phonation for, 248
laryngeal massage for, 250
voice facilitating approaches for, 246, 248, 250, 259
voice quality in, 259
Functional laryngitis, 87
Functional residual capacity, 36, 36–37, 188
Functional voice disorders
definition of, 76
description of, 12, 17
muscle tension dysphonia. See Muscle tension
dysphonia
organic voice disorders versus, 100
in singers, 289
vocal abuse as cause of, 233–235, 234
Fundamental frequency
description of, 70
in glottal fry register, 241–242
instruments for assessing, 236
in modal register, 241
pubertal changes in, 89
speaking, 179, 179, 181–182
G
Gargling, 260
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
diagnosis of, 103
laryngomalacia and, 100
laryngopharyngeal reflux disease versus, 102
organic voice disorders caused by, 102–103
Gender-affirming health care, 297
Gender-affirming voice therapy
overview of, 293
for transmasculine individuals, 296–297
for transwomen, 293–296, 295
Genioglossus muscle, 41
Geniohyoid muscle, 41
GERD. See Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Glides, 254–255
Glossopharyngeal nerve, 125
Glottal attack, 61–62
Glottal fry, 32, 216, 241–243, 317, 366–368
Glottal fry register, 63, 241–242
Glottal resistance, 64
Glottis
anatomy of, 47, 51, 103
cancer of, 322–323
insufficiency of, 104, 132
neoglottis, 336, 338
spindle-shaped, 113
Glucocorticoids, for asthma, 298
Granulomas, vocal fold, 103–105
GRBAS scale, 163
Growth hormone, 106–107
H
Habitual vocal SPL, 179, 179–180
Hard palate, 68, 345
Harsh voice quality, 66, 67
Hashimoto’s disease, 107
Head and neck cancer
case examples of, 314–317
demographics of, 311–312
laryngeal cancer. See Laryngeal cancer
organ preservation protocols in, 324
Index 449
preoperative counseling for, 324–325
prevalence of, 311
risk factors for, 311–312
surgical management of, 324
TNM staging of, 321–323
treatment of, 313–314
tumor staging of, 321–324, 322–323
types of, 310–311
vocal hygiene for, 318
Head positioning, 216, 243–245
Head rotation, 264
Health-related quality of life, 166
Hearing acuity, 158
Hearing aids, 291–292
Hearing loss, 158–159, 290, 344
Heat and moisture exchange system, 319–320, 335
Hemangiomas, laryngeal, 108–109
Heschl’s gyrus, 121
Hierarchy analysis, 216, 246–248, 263, 274, 366–368
High-speed digital imaging, 336
HME system. See Heat and moisture exchange system
HNC. See Head and neck cancer
Hoarseness
in children, 112
in laryngeal cancer, 311–312
organic voice disorders and, 100
in presbyphonia, 279
Hoarse voice quality, 66, 67
Horizontal voice focus, 237
Hormone therapy, 296
HPV. See Human papillomavirus
HSDI. See High-speed digital imaging
Human papillomavirus, 111–112, 311–312
Humming, 260
Hyaline cartilage, 31
Hygiene, of voice, 22
Hyoid bone, larynx and, 40, 42, 45
Hyperfunctional voice disorders, 34
Hyperkeratosis, 109
Hyperkinetic dysarthria, 129
Hypernasality
case study of, 355–356
causes of, 354
dental appliances for, 355
description of, 292, 342–343, 346
prosthetic treatment of, 357, 358–359
speech language-pathologist’s role in, 355
surgical treatment of, 356–357
temporary, 354
voice facilitating approaches for, 360–361
voice therapy for, 359–362
Hyperthyroidism, 107
Hypoglossal nerve, 128
Hypoglossus muscle, 41, 128
Hypokinetic dysarthria, 124, 129, 143
Hyponasality, 292, 342, 346, 362–363
Hypopharynx
anatomy of, 3, 31, 68
cancer of, 310
Hypothalamus, 124
Hypothyroidism, 107
I
IAL. See International Association of Laryngectomees
IC. See Inspiratory capacity
IDEA. See Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
ILO. See Induced/inducible laryngeal obstruction
Immittance testing, 344
Incidence, 6
Indirect laryngoscopy, 172
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 283
Induced/inducible laryngeal obstruction, 299, 301–302
Infants. See also Children
babbling by, 5
jargon voice of, 5
laryngeal hemangiomas in, 108
laryngeal sounds by, 4
suprasegmental phonation in, 5
vocalizations by, 4–5
Inferior horns, 44
Inferior pharyngeal constrictors, 68
Inhalation method, for esophageal speech, 327, 329–331
Inhalation phonation, 216, 248–250, 262, 315, 365
Injection medialization laryngoplasty, 132–133
Injection method, for esophageal speech, 327–329
Inspiration. See also Respiration
accessory muscles of, 30
muscles of, 25–30, 26–29
thoracic cavity movements in, 29
vocal folds in, 4
Inspiratory capacity, 36, 36
Inspiratory reserve volume, 36, 36
Intensity variability, 180, 186
Interarytenoid muscle, 50–51, 51
Internal capsule, 122–123
450 The Voice and Voice Therapy
Internal intercostal muscles, 30
Internal laryngeal nerve, 57, 126
International Association of Laryngectomees, 325
Intra-abdominal pressure, 30
Iowa Pressure Articulation Test, 348
IRV. See Inspiratory reserve volume
J
Jargon voice, of infants, 5
Juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis
(JORRP), 111–112
Juvenile papilloma, 298
K
Kazoo, playing the, 260–261
L
Lamina propria, 54, 54–55, 85
Laryngeal airflow, 191
Laryngeal cancer
case examples of, 314–317
chemotherapy for, 313–314
description of, 310
functions affected by, 310
hoarseness associated with, 311–312
laryngeal endoscopic evaluation of, 317
laryngectomy for, 318–321, 319–320
preoperative counseling for, 324–325
prevalence of, 311
radiation therapy for, 313
risk factors for, 311
surgery for, 313
symptoms of, 311
treatment of, 313–314
vocal hygiene for, 318
Laryngeal cavity, 46–48, 47
Laryngeal collar, 269
Laryngeal dystonia. See also Spasmodic dysphonia
adductor, 136
description of, 135
Laryngeal edema, 34
Laryngeal electromyography, 147
Laryngeal endoscopy, 317
Laryngeal hypersensitivity syndrome, 301, 303
Laryngeal inlet, 46, 47
Laryngeal joints, 48, 48–49
Laryngeal keel, 114
Laryngeal massage, 216, 250–252
Laryngeal papilloma, 284
Laryngeal paralysis, 298
Laryngeal prominence, 43
Laryngeal resistance, 191–192
Laryngeal stroboscopy, 146–147, 156
Laryngeal vestibule, 46
Laryngeal web, 114–115
Laryngectomy
artificial larynx after, 325–327, 326
communication options after, 325
esophageal speech after
description of, 325, 327
inhalation method for, 327, 329–331
injection method for, 327–329
laryngeal cancer treated with, 318–321, 319–320
pharyngoesophageal segment, 336
preoperative counseling for, 324–325
speech rehabilitation after, 325
tracheoesophageal puncture after, 331–335, 332–334,
338
voice-related quality of life after, 325
Laryngitis
acute, 110
bacterial, 110
causes of, 34
chronic, 86–87, 110
definition of, 86, 110
functional, 87
traumatic, 86
Laryngogram, 185
Laryngomalacia, 100
Laryngopharyngeal reflux disease
in children, 284
diagnosis of, 103
gastroesophageal reflux disease versus, 102
organic voice disorders caused by, 100, 102
pediatric, 284
prevalence of, 102
treatment of, 103, 302
vocal nodules, 82, 85
Laryngoscope, 154
Laryngoscopy
direct, 171
indirect, 172
mirror. See Mirror laryngoscopy
Index 4 51
stroboscopic, 172, 174, 175, 315
in voice disorder diagnosis, 154, 156
Larynx
adjustments of, for speech, 61–62
age-related changes of, 58, 281
anatomy of, 40, 70
arterial circulation of, 55, 56
artificial, 325–327, 326
biological functions of, 3–4, 39
blood supply to, 55, 56
cartilages of, 41–44, 42–44
in children, 58, 283
circumference of, 40
congenital pathologies of, 12
direct laryngoscopy of, 171
emotional function of, 4–5
examination of, 156
exercise-induced obstruction of, 299, 301–302
fibroelastic membrane of, 49
framework of, 40, 45
functions of, 2–6, 39
hemangiomas of, 108–109
hyoid bone and, 40, 42, 45
hyperkeratosis of, 109
indirect examination of, 156
indirect laryngoscopy of, 172
induced/inducible obstruction of, 299, 301–302
inflammation of, 111
joints of, 48, 48–49
leukoplakia of, 109
lifespan changes in, 58
ligaments and membranes of
extrinsic, 45, 46
intrinsic, 49, 49–50
lymphatic drainage of, 55
manipulation–massage therapy of, 250, 252
mirror laryngoscopy of, 171–172
motor cortical pathway of, 56
muscles of, 40–41
extrinsic, 40
intrinsic, 50–52, 51
supplementary, 41
nervous system control of, 55–58, 57
obstruction of, 297, 301–303
pediatric, 58
phonoscopic examination of, 172, 173
presbyphonia-related findings, 279
strain on, 89
vegetative functions, 96
vertical movements of, 231
viral papilloma of, 13
visual inspection of, 154, 156
visualization of, 171–174, 173
Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
anatomy of, 50, 51
paralysis of, 128
Laughing, 260
LD. See Laryngeal dystonia
Lee Silverman Voice Treatment, 144
Legato, 221
Leggiero, 289
LEMG. See Laryngeal electromyography
Lenticular striata, 123
Leukoplakia, 109
Liquids, 255
Listening tube, 347, 363
LMN lesion. See Lower motor neuron lesion
Lombard effect, 252
Lombard test, 252
Loudness, of voice
changing of, 64–65, 216, 218–221, 361, 367
characteristics of, 22
Loudness variability, 180
Lower motor neuron lesion, 124, 146
Low-pressure prosthesis, 334, 334
LPRD. See Laryngopharyngeal reflux disease
LSVT/LOUD. See Lee Silverman Voice Treatment
Lumbar vertebrae, 24
Lung(s), 28
Lung capacities, 36, 36–37, 189–190
Lung volumes, 36, 36–37, 188, 189–190
Lymphatic drainage, of larynx, 55
M
MacKay-Kummer SNAP Test-R, 350
Males
lung volumes and capacities in, 37, 188
pubertal changes in, 106
speaking fundamental frequency in, 280
transmasculine, gender-affirming voice therapy for,
296–297
Mandible, 68
Mandibular restriction, 171
Manometers, 349
Masking, 216, 252–254
452 The Voice and Voice Therapy
Maximal expiratory pressure, 269
Maximum phonational frequency range, 181, 280, 281
Maximum phonation time, 193, 194
Medical history, 155
Medulla, nucleus ambiguus of, 56, 57, 125
Menopause, 106
MEP. See Maximal expiratory pressure
Metronome, 217
Microlaryngoscopic carbon dioxide laser excision, 109
Middle pharyngeal constrictors, 68
MII-pH. See Multichannel intraluminal impedance–pH
monitoring
Minimally invasive surgery. See also Surgery
esophageal atresia treated with, 101
tracheoesophageal fistula treated with, 101
Mirror laryngoscopy
description of, 154, 156
larynx visualization using, 171–172
Mixed dysarthria, 129, 147
Mixed resonance, 343
Modal register, 63, 241
Mode of vibration, 63
Motivational interviewing, 160, 213
MPFR. See Maximum phonational frequency range
MPT. See Maximum phonation time
MTD. See Muscle tension dysphonia
MTVD. See Muscle tension voice disorder
Mucus retention cysts, 105
Multichannel intraluminal impedance–pH monitoring,
103
Muscle tension
on bony thorax, 24
excessive. See Excessive muscle tension disorders
Muscle tension dysphonia
adductor spasmodic dysphonia versus, 77–78
auditory-perceptual features of, 77, 138
case study of, 199–201
categorization of, 76
cervical muscles and, 245
contributing factors for, 77
definition of, 76
description of, 12–13
differential diagnosis of, 77
essential tremor versus, 138t, 143
in older adults, 199–201
phonation breaks caused by, 88
primary, 76
secondary, 76–77
spasmodic dystonia versus, 138t, 143
strap muscles and, 245
treatment for, 78
voice severity in, 78
voice therapy for, 17, 213
Muscle tension voice disorder, 12
Musculoskeletal tension, 251
Musical note-to-frequency chart, 181, 182
Mutational falsetto, 17
Myectomy, thyroarytenoid muscle, 141
Mylohyoid muscle, 41
Myoelastic aerodynamic theory of phonation, 40
N
Narrowband filtering, 175–176, 176–177
Nasal airflow competence, 362
Nasalance, 281, 349–350
Nasal cavity, 68
Nasal cavity cancer, 310
Nasal consonants, 346
Nasal-glide stimulation, 216, 254–256, 363, 368
Nasality Severity Index, 351
Nasal resonance. See also Resonance
assessment of
aerodynamic instruments for, 349–351, 350
articulation testing in, 348–349
audiological, 344
case history in, 343–344
endoscopy, 351–353, 352–353
imaging studies in, 351
instrumental, 347
nasalance, 349–350
nasometry, 349–351, 350
oral mechanism examination, 344–345
overview of, 343
perceptual analysis of speech, 345–346
spectrography, 351
stimulability testing in, 347–348
voice assessments, 346–347
assimilative nasality, 343, 349, 363–364
description of, 292
disorders of, 342–343
hypernasality. See Hypernasality
hyponasality, 292, 342, 346, 362–363
Nasals, 254–255
NasalView, 350
Nasoendoscopy, 353, 354
Index 453
Nasometer II, 271, 360, 363
Nasometer Model 6500, 350, 350
Nasometry, 349–351, 350
Nasopharynx
anatomy of, 68
cancer of, 310
National Association of Teachers of Singing (NATS), 16,
95
Neck positioning, 245
Neoglottis, 336, 338
Neurogenic dysphonia, 120, 128, 147
Neurogenic voice disorders
description of, 12, 14
forms of, 16
Neurotransmitters, 123–124
Nodules, vocal. See Vocal fold nodules
Noise-induced hearing loss, 159
Noncommunicative phonation, 259
Noncompensatory ventricular dysphonia, 78
Norepinephrine, 123
NSI. See Nasality Severity Index
Nucleus ambiguus, of medulla, 56, 57, 125
Nutritional support
in esophageal atresia, 101
in tracheoesophageal fistula, 101
O
Obturators, 358
OCPs. See Oral contraceptives
Octave, 181
Older adults. See also Aging
dysphonia in, 278
hearing loss in, 158–159
nasalance in, 281
population of, 278
presbyphonia in, 278
speech breathing in, 279–280
voice disorders in, 9, 278
voice in, 278–282, 280
Omohyoid muscle, 41
Open glottal chink, 81
Open-mouth approach, 216, 256–258, 361, 366–367
Open-throat relaxation, 264
Oral cancer, 310, 312
Oral cavity, 71
Oral contraceptives, 108
Oral-peripheral mechanism examination, 170–171
Oral-pharyngeal resonance disorders, 364–368
Organic voice disorders
acid reflux disease as cause of, 102–103, 104
congenital abnormalities that cause, 100–103
description of, 11–14, 16
in diabetes mellitus, 107–108
endocrine disorders as cause of, 106–108
esophageal atresia as cause of, 101
functional voice disorders versus, 100
gastroesophageal reflux disease as cause of, 102–103
hoarseness associated with, 100
hyperkeratosis as cause of, 109
laryngeal hemangioma as cause of, 108–109
laryngeal web, 114–115
laryngomalacia as cause of, 100
laryngopharyngeal reflux disease as cause of,
102–103
leukoplakia as cause of, 109
recurrent respiratory papillomatosis as cause of,
111–113
in singers, 289
subglottic stenosis as cause of, 101
sulcus vocalis, 113–114
tracheoesophageal fistula as cause of, 101
vocal fold cysts, 105–106, 284
vocal fold granulomas, 103–105
Organ preservation protocols, 324
OroNasal System, 350
Oropharynx
anatomy of, 68
cancer of, 310, 312
Otolaryngologist
hoarseness evaluations by, 100
voice clinician and, 14
voice disorder medical evaluation by, 157
P
Palatal lift, 357, 359
Papilloma, 16
Paradoxical vocal fold movement, 206, 301
Paranasal sinus cancer, 310
Parkinson’s disease
deep-brain stimulation for, 145
description of, 14
hypokinetic dysarthria in, 124, 143
hypophonia associated with, 218
medical approaches to, 145–146
454 The Voice and Voice Therapy
Parkinson’s disease (continued)
phonation in, 143
speech programs for, 144
vocal loudness in, 65
Parkinson Voice Project’s SPEAK OUT!, 144
PAS. See Phonatory Aerodynamic System
Passavant’s pad, 68, 71
Peak airflow, 191
Peak intraoral pressure, 191
Pectoral girdle, 25
Pediatric Voice Handicap Index, 283
Pelvic girdle, 25
PENTAX software, 272
Perceptual analysis, of speech, 345–346
Perichondrium, 44
Peripheral nervous system
cranial nerves, 125–128, 126
description of, 120, 125
Pharyngeal cancer, 310, 312
Pharyngeal flap, 357, 362
Pharyngeal plexus, 57, 126
Pharyngoesophageal segment, 336
Phonation
anatomy of, 39–58
breaks in, 88
inhalation, 216, 248–250, 262, 315, 365
myoelastic aerodynamic theory of, 40
noncommunicative, 259
normal, 39
in Parkinson’s disease, 143
redirected, 216, 259–262
respiration in, 23
squeezed, 224
suprasegmental, 5
sustained, 62, 266
termination of, 62
ventricular, 242, 269
Phonation threshold pressure, 59
Phonatory Aerodynamic System, 192, 192, 349
Phonatory behaviors, 260–261
Phonatory system, 39
Phonetograms, 183, 184
Phonoscopic examination, 172, 173
Phonosurgery, 293
Phonotrauma
traumatic laryngitis caused by, 86
vocal fold lesions caused by, 113
vocal nodules caused by, 83
Pitch. See also Vocal pitch
breaks in, 89
changing of, 63–64
in cisgender females, 294
in cisgender males, 294
digital pressure for lowering of, 230–231
in hearing loss, 291
hormone therapy effects on, 296
new, establishing a, 216, 235–237, 361, 366–367
in transwomen, 294
Pitch inflections, 216, 258–259
Pleasantness, of voice, 22
Plosive consonants, 328
PMR. See Progressive muscle relaxation
Pneumotachometers, 34, 35, 349
PNS. See Peripheral nervous system
Point prevalence, of dysphonia, 7
Polyps, vocal fold, 84–85
Polyvagal theory, 3
Pons, 124
Pontocerebellar axonal injuries, 147
Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, 50, 51
Posterior pharyngeal wall augmentation, 357
Posture
respiration training and, 267
voice production and, 24, 243–244
PPI. See Proton pump inhibitors
Preamplifier, 177
Preferred Practice Patterns for Speech-Language Pathology,
158
Presbycusis, 159
Presbylarynx, 37, 278
Presbyphonia
definition of, 278
description of, 37, 58, 106, 159
hoarseness associated with, 279
management of, 282
Pressure consonants, 349
Pressure transducers, 349
Prevalence, 6
Primary muscle tension dysphonia, 76
Professional voice users, 287–290
Progressive muscle relaxation, 263
Prosthodontists, 357
Proton pump inhibitors, 103, 113
Psychogenic aphonia, 13
Index 455
Psychogenic dysphonia, 13, 250
Psychogenic voice disorders
definition of, 90
description of, 12–13
functional aphonia, 92–94
functional dysphonia. See Functional dysphonia
psychological counseling for, 90
puberphonia, 17, 91–92
voice clinician’s role in, 17
Psychological counseling, 90
Psychological upset, 90
PTP. See Phonation threshold pressure
Puberphonia, 17, 91–92, 242
Puberty
estrogen increases during, 106
pitch breaks caused by, 89
testosterone increases during, 106
Pulse register, 63
Pure-tone audiometry, 344
PVD. See Psychogenic voice disorders
PVFM. See Paradoxical vocal fold movement
Pyramidal tract, 121, 121–122
Q
Quadrangular membrane, 49, 49
Quick Screen for Voice, 153
Quiet breathing, 31, 38
R
Radiation therapy, for laryngeal cancer, 313
Radiosensitization, 313
Real-time amplification, 217
Reciprocal inhibition, 246
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
anatomy of, 57, 125, 126, 127–128
sectioning of, 141
vocal fold paralysis caused by damage to, 131
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, 111–113
Redirected phonation, 216, 259–262
Registers, voice, 62–63, 241
Reinke’s edema, 85–86, 161, 172
Relaxation, 216, 262–265, 366–368
Relaxation pressure, 32–33, 33
Representation, of voice, 22
Residual volume, 36, 36
Resonance. See also Nasal resonance
age-related changes in, 281
cul-de-sac, 342–343, 367
definition of, 342
description of, 4, 23, 66–67
forward focus, 237
hypernasal, 355
improving of, 366–368
mechanism of, 70–71
mixed, 343
nasal, 292
quality of, 364
thin type of, 366
voice facilitating approaches for improving, 367
Resonance disorders
assessment of
articulation testing in, 348–349
audiological, 344
case history in, 343–344
instrumental, 347
oral mechanism examination, 344–345
overview of, 343
perceptual analysis of speech, 345–346
stimulability testing in, 347–348
voice assessments, 346–347
assimilative nasality, 343, 349, 363–364
hypernasality. See Hypernasality
hyponasality, 292, 342, 346, 362–363
oral-pharyngeal, 364–368
Respiration. See also Expiration; Inspiration
active forces of, 33–34, 35
bony thorax in, 23–25
emotional status and, 4
expiratory phase of, 22–23
muscles of
anatomy of, 27
diaphragm, 25–27, 28
expiratory, 30
external intercostals, 27–28, 29
inspiratory, 25–30, 26–29
passive forces of, 32, 33
in phonation, 23
tracheobronchial tree in, 31
voluntary control of, 31
Respiration training, 216, 265–269, 301, 361, 367
Respiratory bronchioles, 31
Respiratory capacities, 36, 36–37, 189–190