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Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2021;29:389–96.
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49. Campero A, Socolovsky M.Facial reanimation by means of the hypoglossal nerve: anatomic
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suture. Front Surg. 2020;7:1–9.
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52. Scaramella LF.Anastomosis between the two facial nerves. Laryngoscope. 1975;85:1359–66.
53. Jandali D, Revenaugh PC.Facial reanimation: an update on nerve transfers in facial paralysis.
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54. Chan JYK, Byrne PJ.Management of facial paralysis in the 21st century. Facial Plast Surg.
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56. Faris C, Lindsay R.Current thoughts and developments in facial nerve reanimation. Curr Opin
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;21:346–52.
57. Kim L, Byrne PJ.Controversies in contemporary facial reanimation. Facial Plast Surg Clin
North Am. 2016;24:275–97.
58. Daeschler SC, Zuker R, Borschel GH.Strategies to improve cross-face nerve grafting in facial
paralysis. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2021;29:423–30.
59. Harii K, Ohmori K, Torii S. Free gracilis muscle transplantation, with microneurovascular
anastomoses for the treatment of facial paralysis: a preliminary report. Plast Reconstr Surg.
1976;57:133–43.
60. Militsakh ON, Sanderson JA, Lin D, Wax MK.Rehabilitation of a parotidectomy patient-a
systematic approach. Head Neck. 2013;35:1349–61.
61. Hohman MH, Hadlock TA.Microneurovascular free gracilis transfer for smile reanimation.
Oper Tech Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;23:262–7.
62. Boonipat T, etal. Dual innervation of free gracilis muscle for facial reanimation: what we
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63. Klebuc MJ, Xue AS, Doval AF.Dual innervation of free functional muscle aps in facial
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64. Miller MQ, Hadlock TA.Lessons from gracilis free tissue transfer for facial paralysis: now
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65. Bhama PK, etal. Objective outcomes analysis following microvascular gracilis transfer for
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66. Azizzadeh B, Pettijohn KJ. The gracilis free ap. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am.
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67. Jowett N, Hadlock TA.Free gracilis transfer and static facial suspension for midfacial reanimation in long-standing accid facial palsy. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2018;51:1129–39.
68. Lindsay RW, Bhama P, Weinberg J, Hadlock TA.The success of free gracilis muscle transfer
to restore smile in patients with nonaccid facial paralysis. Ann Plast Surg. 2014;73:177–82.
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70. Lindsay RW, Robinson M, Hadlock TA.Comprehensive facial rehabilitation improves function in people with facial paralysis: a 5-year experience at the Massachusetts eye and ear
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71. Karp E, etal. Facial rehabilitation as noninvasive treatment for chronic facial nerve paralysis.
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Chapter 27
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Pearls andPitfalls inMicrovascular
Reconstructive Fellowships
MarkK.Wax, ArshadKaleem, DanielPetrisor, andSteveCannady
American Board ofFacial Plastic Reconstructive
Surgery Certication
The Department of Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery at OHSU began its foray
into microvascular reconstruction in the late 1990s. At that time, the department
utilized the services of the plastic surgery department to facilitate integration of free
tissue transfer into the reconstructive paradigm. It soon became apparent that timing, coordination, and an understanding of the particular reconstructive needs for
the head and neck patient required a more integrated service line. Thus, a dedicated
head and neck microvascular reconstructive surgeon was added to the oncologic
program. It was clear from the start that a high-volume microvascular reconstructive
service could expand the frontiers not just of the otolaryngologists but also other
various subspecialties whose needs required a dedicated service. Once the service
M. K. Wax (*)
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science
University, Portland, OR, USA
e-mail: waxm@ohsu.edu
A. Kaleem
Head and Neck Oncology/Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery, High Desert Oral and
Facial Surgery, El Paso, TX, USA
D. Petrisor
Head and Neck Oncologic and Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Oral
and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
e-mail: petrisor@ohsu.edu
S. Cannady
Division Chief for Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
e-mail: steven.cannady@pennmedicine.upenn.edu
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2023
J. C. Melville et al. (eds.), Advancements and Innovations in OMFS, ENT, and
Facial Plastic Surgery, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32099-6_27
461

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M. K. Wax et al.
was established, it became evident that the microvascular program could provide
adjunct subspecialty training in the eld of otolaryngology. The volume and multidisciplinary nature of the program was felt capable of providing the expertise for
advanced training. Simultaneously, the need for dedicated microvascular reconstructive surgeons across the nation was increasing.
A fellowship was established through the American Academy of Facial Plastic
Reconstructive Surgery (AAFPRS), which in turn enabled subspecialty certication
by the American Board of Facial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery (ABFPRS). At the
time the fellowship was established, there were two methods of providing reconstructive services to the otolaryngology patient. This was either by the head and
neck ablative team or by a dedicated reconstructive individual from the facial plastic
team. Our department was a recognized leader in the country for facial plastic and
reconstructive services. Thus, expansion into the microvascular eld was felt to be
best performed by afliation with the AAFPRS.This would lead to board specialty
certication by the ABFPRS.
The introduction of a fellow brings a tremendous amount of angst to any training
program. There is grave concern on behalf of the residents that cases will be “stolen” and/or the surgical and educational experience will be diluted. There is also
concern on behalf of other faculty that the fellow will not have the same technical
or academic skill set of other attendings. All of these issues need to be addressed in
a proactive fashion prior to bringing on the fellow. We accomplish this through
multiple meetings with the residents and the faculty. We had buy-in from all parties
concerned.
Perhaps most important was the continued attention paid to the interaction
between the fellow and the resident service. It is very easy to drift from a congenial
cooperative relationship to hidden anxiety, uncomfortableness, and resentment.
Fortunately, as program director, I was able to meet with the residents on a quarterly
basis and ascertain where the relationship with the fellow was sitting. Over the
years, the issue has become more not that the fellow infringes on their training but
more that occasionally we will take on a fellow whose technical and academic skill
set is not equivalent to the graduates of our program and that their contribution to
the residency education is not as great as what others have been in the past. A constant nger on the pulse allows one to navigate this.
As with most microvascular services, there is a perception that takes backs, failures, and complications come in batches. You can have a long period where everything is smooth and then a month where everything goes south. During one of these
episodes, I must’ve been grumbling about fellows when my fellow informed me that
“you should’ve known if you took a fellow that you would have more complications
and more issues”; this in fact has not proven to be true. We have recently undertaken
a multi-institutional review of programs that have fellows, and the “July affect”
does not exist. Morbidity and complications are spread evenly through the year.
They do not change on a year-to-year basis.
Taking on a fellow has had many upsides. Our institution has been able to attract
fellows of a diverse nature. They have lent an extra facet and perspective to the residency program. Their integration into the teaching environment has been a denite

27 Pearls andPitfalls inMicrovascular Reconstructive Fellowships
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plus to all concerned. Perhaps most stimulating has been the ability to interact with
someone who is totally interested in what goes on in the eld. The constant stimulation and conversation that happens during the case keeps everyone on their toes. An
additional benet is that the fellows allow “one point” of contact with multiple other
services such as neurosurgery, oculoplastic, orthopedics, and OMFS. It allows for
better integration into a seamless care paradigm.
The most stressful issue for the program director arises during the selection process for the next year. The facial plastics and reconstructive matching program is
predominantly geared for reconstructive and cosmetic surgery, not so much for
microvascular reconstruction. Being able to parse out the individuals whose true
interest lies in microvascular reconstructive surgery as a major component of the
fellowship can be the hardest part. Many applicants are attracted by the facial plastics experience. It does dramatically decrease the number of candidates in the pool.
But once you have parsed out of those individuals, the interest level is immensely
high. The ability to allow the fellow to seek expertise and knowledge in other areas
that interest them has been a very satisfying experience.
Overall, the addition of a fellowship program run through the facial plastic and
reconstructive program required a fair amount of work upfront to ensure integration
into the academic milieu of a residency program. The added benets are immense.
463
Microvascular Training: TheOral Maxillofacial Experience
Free tissue transfer utilizing microvascular anastomosis started in the early to
mid- 70s and has evolved into a very reliable and dependable method of reconstruction, with the development of centers for training across different specialties. In the
United States, most of these centers of advanced training in microvascular reconstruction have been limited to otolaryngology-head and neck surgery and plastic
surgery. In the United Kingdom and most European Oral Maxillofacial Surgery
(OMFS) programs, microvascular reconstruction has been an integral component of
OMFS training for a long time. In the United States, it was not until the 1990s that
there was a dedicated push to integrate microvascular reconstruction fellowships
into OMFS.
The impetus for free tissue transfer and primary reconstruction of major maxillofacial defects arose from expanded scope OMFS practitioners who subspecialized
head and neck oncology. By 1990, a renaissance of interest in oral/head and neck
oncologic surgery in OMFS was underway at several sites within the US Dr. Robert
Ord, who was trained in the United Kingdom, joined the OMFS faculty of the
University of Maryland in 1989 and began treating oral cancer patients along with
his OMFS residents. At about the same time, Bryce Potter and Eric Dierks jointly
formed Head and Neck Surgical Associates and began an active head and neck cancer service at Emanuel and Providence Hospitals in Portland, Oregon, that more
extensively involved the OHSU OMFS residents. Joseph Helman joined the faculty
at the University of Michigan in 1994 and began an oral cancer service. In Miami,

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M. K. Wax et al.
Robert Marx was well along in his evolution to integrate oral/head and neck cancer
in his program.
Major primary reconstruction of the head and neck requiring free tissue transfer
was done in collaboration with plastics and ENT services. In OMFS, the rst twosurgeon team in which one of the surgeons was also a microvascular reconstructive
surgeon was developed at the University of Maryland in 1998 when Remy Blanchaert
returned to Baltimore from his microvascular training in Portland and Seattle to join
his mentor, Robert Ord. This created the model for many to follow. There are
approximately 12 fellowship programs that provide oral/head and neck oncologic
and microvascular training. Most of the (OMFS) fellowships are a 2-year program
with rst year of fellowship dedicated to ablative surgery and the second year of the
fellowship to microvascular reconstructive surgery. Fellows are selected through a
match process conducted by the American Academy of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery
(AACMFS).
At the University of Miami, Robert Marx DDS established a very vigorous fellowship training in ablative maxillofacial surgery but then expanded the program as
he felt the need for a dedicated OMFS microvascular surgeon. As a result, he hired
one of his fellows, Ramzey Tursun DDS, who did his microvascular fellowship
training under a plastic surgeon, Jaime Flores MD.In 2013, microvascular training
became part of the 2-year fellowship at the University of Miami. Maxillofacial
reconstruction became a major part of the fellowship, and over 4years, another
microvascular surgeon was added to the faculty.
The fellowship program at the University of Miami has certainly helped the residency program as it is considered a training program with the broadest scope in the
country. This attracts candidates from a variety of backgrounds and interests and in
particular those residents who are interested in advanced training in microvascular
surgery. The fellows bring their own experiences with them that is an added advantage for the fellowship program. The key for a successful fellowship year is nding
fellows who want to learn and then inspire others and teach others. Our most successful graduates have gone on to join academic programs where they are involved
in active practice of microvascular reconstruction and teaching residents and
fellows.
Bringing a new fellow each year with a different training background can be a
challenge to integrate in the program. This becomes an issue when training someone who has never been under the microscope or has never done a major head and
neck reconstructive surgery as part of their residency training. However, most of the
fellows who match into the fellowship quickly learn the skills needed for microvascular surgery. OMFS trained fellows do well in head and neck reconstruction
because of their knowledge of head and neck anatomy and relationship of the jaws
and occlusion. I believe that most OMFS programs should hire fellowship trained
microvascular faculty to ensure that all residents have exposure to microvascular
techniques and major maxillofacial reconstruction. Furthermore, I have found that
high-volume free ap programs benet from having two microvascular trained surgeons on staff. This supports faculty in better handling the stress of a heavy fellowship training, and the fellows benet by learning from two different mentors.

27 Pearls andPitfalls inMicrovascular Reconstructive Fellowships
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One of the challenges of having a fellowship program in a residency is that it
could be seen as a “very busy” program by applicants who are not interested in
major head and neck oncologic and reconstructive surgery. Having a fellowship
program can also be seen as a “diluting” factor in residency training as it takes away
the operating opportunities from the residents. This is a delicate matter for every
fellowship director to manage. At our program, we address this by setting up clear
expectations and responsibilities. We make sure that the fellow is seen as a senior
partner by the residents whose primary focus is to learn microvascular surgery. The
residents help in ap checks, but the fellows are ultimately responsible for the care
of free ap patients.
Having strong relationships with other services is benecial for the training of
fellows and residents. At the University of Miami, plastic surgery residents rotate
through our service to get exposure to head and neck reconstruction. In addition, we
have a collaborative relationship with the head and neck service and are working to
further strengthen this collaboration by doing two team surgeries with them. I
believe there should be opportunities for the fellows for cross specialty training
among OMFS and ENT. There are areas that ENT can provide experience from
their training, and similarly we can provide training and services that are not common to head neck service such as jaw in day or any reconstruction involving major
dental rehabilitation. Such cross-specialty training will diversify the training of the
fellows of both specialties. This collaboration can be benecial not just in training
the fellows but also in providing multidisciplinary care.
Overall, having a microvascular fellowship has a positive impact on the residency training, and OMFS-based microvascular fellowships provide a pathway for
OMFS residents to pursue microvascular training that builds on their expertise and
training especially as it relates to the maxillofacial region.
465
American Head andNeck Surgery Fellowship Experience
Over the past 15–20years, the number of otolaryngology fellowship programs in
microvascular surgery has expanded from less than 10 to well over 50. There have
been multiple routes taken to establishing a strong training experience for fellows,
while some programs expanding their head and neck programs have started fellowship programs de novo, and others have wrestled with how to incorporate this aspect
of training into an existing fellowship program. The expansion of training programs
has ultimately led to many options for trainees wishing to acquire this training and,
therefore, practice.
Over this same time period, otolaryngology has increasingly taken over more of
the reconstructive aspects of head and neck cases volume as opposed to other service
lines (i.e., plastic surgery) performing this portion. In a recent study, single institution, plastics fellowship program surveys, and national quality improvement project
(NSQIP) data all showed increases of otolaryngology head and neck surgery (OHNS)
case share, while increasing numbers of microvascular cases were observed. The

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single institution was in fact our institution and observed the period of time after
microvascular surgeon number in OHNS increased from one to ve surgeons; this
led to increasing case numbers from 59 to 227, while increasing case share from 81.4
to 94% (effectively increasing OHNS performed micro cases from 48 to 213). Over
the same study period (2011–2016), survey data indicated that OHNS programs performing over 100 microvascular surgeries increased from 40 to 73%. Lastly, NSQIP
data over the same period indicate a 134% increase in OHNS performed head and
neck microvascular cases [1]. Currently, our colleagues in oral maxillofacial surgery
(OMFS) are increasingly entering into the oral oncology eld and similarly performing reconstructions. In our current eld, we are now seeing growth in a multidisciplinary head and neck reconstructionist paradigm. I will describe below our
experience as we grew our team, brought our fellows an expanded microvascular
experience, and welcomed our OMFS team as major contributor to head and neck
surgery and education in microvascular head and neck surgery.
M. K. Wax et al.
Expanding theMicrovascular Team
Prior to 2013, our institution had a large plastic surgery (PS) microvascular team of
which several performed some head and neck reconstruction. We also had an established AHNS surgeon that performed microvascular surgery. Given the direction of
national trends, the decision was made to expand microvascular surgery capacity
within our department, ultimately going from one to ve micro trained surgeons.
This had the impact of expanding our overall microsurgery numbers from 19 to 240
cases. This demonstrates that expanding a team can lead to overall growth and that
no surgeon’s volume decreased over this time. On average, even the busiest reconstruction surgeons stayed busy or increased volume.
The growth of our team had a direct impact on microvascular training at our
institution. Prior to 2013, our fellowship was attracting candidates primarily interested in ablative surgery. In addition, the PS fellowship attracted surgeons interested
in head and neck microvascular experiences. After the expansion of OHNS offered
microvascular experience, we began to attract microvascular candidates. Admittedly,
this trend may not all be attributable to our capacity and volume change, as general
interest in becoming a microvascular surgeon has risen among OHNS as well as has
general head and neck cancer surgery interest. However, at least in part, I would
suggest that busier programs do attract interest of candidates.
OMFS Collaborative Expansion
Given the interest, expertise, and talents of OMFS trained colleagues, it is not surprising that fellowship training programs in head and neck surgery (HNS) have also
expanded for this specialty. Traditionally, our specialties have overlapped on benign

27 Pearls andPitfalls inMicrovascular Reconstructive Fellowships
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467
and malignant disease treatment in the head and neck. Thus, our approach was collaborative from the onset of the shared space and disease line that is head and neck
cancer. We brought a fellowship trained OMFS microvascular surgeon onto our
disease service line several years ago. He is involved in resident and fellow training
for both OMFS and OHNS and clinically operates within our head and neck disease
team. As more training programs for OMFS emerge, more collaboration between
our specialties are eminent. We have seen the skills sets of both services compliment
each other and enhance the care of head and neck cancer. Furthermore, the differences in training lead to shared teaching benets for fellows trained by programs
that integrate OMFS and OHNS expertise. In essence, the more we have grown our
team and welcomed capable interested individuals into the clinical program and
training program, the busier and more successful our team has become. I often discuss with fellows that “good is good,” and we want good and interested talent on our
teams. So it matters less the training discipline or background than it does the skills
of the individuals. The transition from PS to OHNS- or OMFS-based reconstruction
likely represented a surge in interest from our elds rather than a change needed
based on skill. And, I believe that as we move toward a shared future, I would expect
both OHNS and OMFS to thrive together to continue to improve the quality and
capacity of head and neck reconstruction.
References
1. Kozak GM, Katzel EB, Rose JF, Nathan SL, Wu LC.An analysis of specialty-specic micro-
surgical head and neck reconstruction: a look at a single institution and national trends over a
decade. Ann Plast Surg. 2020;84(4):413–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000002082.

Chapter 28
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Advancements inPlastic Surgery: Face
Transplant
RicardoRodriguezColon, DanielBoczar, HilliardT.Brydges,
andEduardoD.Rodriguez
Facial transplantation (FT), rst performed in 2005, is indicated in patients living
with functional and aesthetic decits unamenable to conventional reconstructive
techniques. Mechanisms of injury for the 48 FTs performed to date have included
burns, and ballistic injury, among others [1]. The extent of tissue transplanted varies
and can include full or partial facial soft tissue, along with varying portions of the
craniofacial skeleton. Currently, no widely accepted criteria exist, with recipient
selection being largely patient and transplant team specic. Our FT patient cohort
outcomes are displayed in Fig.28.1.
R. R. Colon · D. Boczar · H. T. Brydges · E. D. Rodriguez (*)
Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, New York University Langone Health,
New York, NY, USA
e-mail: Ricardo.Rodriguezcolon@nyulangone.org; Daniel.Boczar@nyulangone.org;
Hilliard.Brydges@nyulangone.org; Eduardo.Rodriguez@nyulangone.org
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2023
J. C. Melville et al. (eds.), Advancements and Innovations in OMFS, ENT, and
Facial Plastic Surgery, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32099-6_28
469
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