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26. Hoshal SG, Solis RN, Bewley AF.Nerve grafts in head and neck reconstruction. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020;28:346–51.
27. Wax MK, Kaylie DM.Does a positive neural margin affect outcome in facial nerve grafting? Head Neck. 2007;29:546–9.
28. Darrouzet V, etal. Management of facial paralysis resulting from temporal bone fractures: our experience in 115 cases. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001;125:77–84.
29. Owusu JA, Truong L, Kim JC.Facial nerve reconstruction with concurrent masseteric nerve transfer and cable grafting. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2016;18:335–9.
30. Azizzadeh B, et al. Single-incision sural nerve harvest: technical considerations for cross­facial nerve grafting. Laryngoscope. 2019;129:2464–6.
31. Conley JJ.Facial nerve grafting in treatment of parotid gland tumors: new technique. AMA Arch Surg. 1955;70:359–66.
32. Robinson J, Fisher D.Facial nerve reconstruction using acellular nerve allograft. J Craniofac Surg. 2021;33:1–2.
33. Hu M, Xiao H, Niu Y, Liu H, Zhang L.Long-term follow-up of the repair of the multiple­branch facial nerve defect using acellular nerve allograft. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016;74(218):e1–218.e11.
34. Safa B, Buncke GA, Substitutes. Conduits and processed nerve allografts. Hand Clin. 2016;32:127–40.
35. Brooks DN, et al. Processed nerve allografts for peripheral nerve reconstruction: a multi­center study of utilization and outcomes in sensory, mixed, and motor nerve reconstructions. Microsurgery. 2011;32:1–14.
36. Moore AM, etal. Acellular nerve allografts in peripheral nerve regeneration: a comparative study. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44:221–34.
37. Gaudin R, etal. Approaches to peripheral nerve repair: generations of biomaterial conduits yielding to replacing autologous nerve grafts in craniomaxillofacial surgery. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:1.
38. Urban MJ, etal. Hypoglossal and masseteric nerve transfer for facial reanimation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med. 2021;24:1–8.
39. Yang SF, Kim JC.Reinnervation with selective nerve grafting from multiple donor nerves. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2021;29:389–96.
40. Bayrak SB, Kriet JD, Humphrey CD.Masseteric to buccal branch nerve transfer. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017;25:280–5.
41. Spira M.Anastomosis of masseteric nerve to lower division of facial nerve for correction of lower facial paralysis: preliminary report. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1978;61:330–4.
42. Cassoni A, etal. Masseter-facial neurorrhaphy for facial palsy reanimation: what happens after masseter denervation? Histomorphometric and stomatognathic functional analysis. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2020;48:680–4.
43. Hontanilla B, Olivas J, Cabello Á, Marré D.Cross-face nerve grafting versus masseteric-to­facial nerve transposition for reanimation of incomplete facial paralysis: a comparative study using the FACIAL CLIMA evaluating system. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2018;142:179E–91E.
44. Collar RM, Byrne PJ, Boahene KDO. The subzygomatic triangle: rapid, minimally inva­sive identication of the masseteric nerve for facial reanimation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013;132:183–8.
45. Murphey AW, Clinkscales WB, Oyer SL.Masseteric nerve transfer for facial nerve paralysis a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2018;20:104–10.
46. Nina Lu G, Han R, Lee E, Byrne P, Boahene K.Predicting resting oral commissure tone out­comes following masseter nerve transfer in facial reanimation. Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med. 2021;23:249–54.
47. Joseph AW, Kim JC.Management of accid facial paralysis of less than two years’ duration. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2018;51:1093–105.
48. Kochhar A, etal. Transposition of the intratemporal facial to hypoglossal nerve for reanima­tion of the paralyzed face: the VII to XII transposition technique. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2016;18:370–8.
J. T. Gu et al.
26 Motor Nerve Reconstruction oftheFacial Nerve
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49. Campero A, Socolovsky M.Facial reanimation by means of the hypoglossal nerve: anatomic comparison of different techniques. Neurosurgery. 2007;61:41–50.
50. Volk GF, et al. Functional outcome and quality of life after hypoglossal-facial jump nerve suture. Front Surg. 2020;7:1–9.
51. Krane NA, etal. Early outcomes in an emerging facial nerve center: the Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU) experience. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2021;130:459–66.
52. Scaramella LF.Anastomosis between the two facial nerves. Laryngoscope. 1975;85:1359–66.
53. Jandali D, Revenaugh PC.Facial reanimation: an update on nerve transfers in facial paralysis. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;27:231–6.
54. Chan JYK, Byrne PJ.Management of facial paralysis in the 21st century. Facial Plast Surg. 2011;27:346–57.
55. Lee EI, Hurvitz KA, Evans GRD, Wirth GA.Cross-facial nerve graft: past and present. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2008;61:250–6.
56. Faris C, Lindsay R.Current thoughts and developments in facial nerve reanimation. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;21:346–52.
57. Kim L, Byrne PJ.Controversies in contemporary facial reanimation. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2016;24:275–97.
58. Daeschler SC, Zuker R, Borschel GH.Strategies to improve cross-face nerve grafting in facial paralysis. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2021;29:423–30.
59. Harii K, Ohmori K, Torii S. Free gracilis muscle transplantation, with microneurovascular anastomoses for the treatment of facial paralysis: a preliminary report. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1976;57:133–43.
60. Militsakh ON, Sanderson JA, Lin D, Wax MK.Rehabilitation of a parotidectomy patient-a systematic approach. Head Neck. 2013;35:1349–61.
61. Hohman MH, Hadlock TA.Microneurovascular free gracilis transfer for smile reanimation. Oper Tech Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;23:262–7.
62. Boonipat T, etal. Dual innervation of free gracilis muscle for facial reanimation: what we know so far. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2020;73:2196–209.
63. Klebuc MJ, Xue AS, Doval AF.Dual innervation of free functional muscle aps in facial paralysis. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2021;29:431–8.
64. Miller MQ, Hadlock TA.Lessons from gracilis free tissue transfer for facial paralysis: now versus 10 years ago. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2021;29:415–22.
65. Bhama PK, etal. Objective outcomes analysis following microvascular gracilis transfer for facial reanimation: a review of 10 years’ experience. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2014;16:85–92.
66. Azizzadeh B, Pettijohn KJ. The gracilis free ap. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2016;24:47–60.
67. Jowett N, Hadlock TA.Free gracilis transfer and static facial suspension for midfacial reani­mation in long-standing accid facial palsy. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2018;51:1129–39.
68. Lindsay RW, Bhama P, Weinberg J, Hadlock TA.The success of free gracilis muscle transfer to restore smile in patients with nonaccid facial paralysis. Ann Plast Surg. 2014;73:177–82.
69. Vila PM, Kallogjeri D, Yaeger LH, Chi JJ.Powering the gracilis for facial reanimation: a sys­tematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes based on donor nerve. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020;146:429–36.
70. Lindsay RW, Robinson M, Hadlock TA.Comprehensive facial rehabilitation improves func­tion in people with facial paralysis: a 5-year experience at the Massachusetts eye and ear inrmary. Phys Ther. 2010;90:391–7.
71. Karp E, etal. Facial rehabilitation as noninvasive treatment for chronic facial nerve paralysis. Otol Neurotol. 2019;40:241–5.
72. Negley KJ, Rasool A, Byrne PJ.Motor relearning after hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2021;100:E85–8.
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Chapter 27
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Pearls andPitfalls inMicrovascular Reconstructive Fellowships
MarkK.Wax, ArshadKaleem, DanielPetrisor, andSteveCannady
American Board ofFacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Certication
The Department of Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery at OHSU began its foray into microvascular reconstruction in the late 1990s. At that time, the department utilized the services of the plastic surgery department to facilitate integration of free tissue transfer into the reconstructive paradigm. It soon became apparent that tim­ing, coordination, and an understanding of the particular reconstructive needs for the head and neck patient required a more integrated service line. Thus, a dedicated head and neck microvascular reconstructive surgeon was added to the oncologic program. It was clear from the start that a high-volume microvascular reconstructive service could expand the frontiers not just of the otolaryngologists but also other various subspecialties whose needs required a dedicated service. Once the service
M. K. Wax (*) Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA e-mail: waxm@ohsu.edu
A. Kaleem Head and Neck Oncology/Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery, High Desert Oral and Facial Surgery, El Paso, TX, USA
D. Petrisor Head and Neck Oncologic and Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA e-mail: petrisor@ohsu.edu
S. Cannady Division Chief for Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA e-mail: steven.cannady@pennmedicine.upenn.edu
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 J. C. Melville et al. (eds.), Advancements and Innovations in OMFS, ENT, and Facial Plastic Surgery, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32099-6_27
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was established, it became evident that the microvascular program could provide adjunct subspecialty training in the eld of otolaryngology. The volume and multi­disciplinary nature of the program was felt capable of providing the expertise for advanced training. Simultaneously, the need for dedicated microvascular recon­structive surgeons across the nation was increasing.
A fellowship was established through the American Academy of Facial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery (AAFPRS), which in turn enabled subspecialty certication by the American Board of Facial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery (ABFPRS). At the time the fellowship was established, there were two methods of providing recon­structive services to the otolaryngology patient. This was either by the head and neck ablative team or by a dedicated reconstructive individual from the facial plastic team. Our department was a recognized leader in the country for facial plastic and reconstructive services. Thus, expansion into the microvascular eld was felt to be best performed by afliation with the AAFPRS.This would lead to board specialty certication by the ABFPRS.
The introduction of a fellow brings a tremendous amount of angst to any training program. There is grave concern on behalf of the residents that cases will be “sto­len” and/or the surgical and educational experience will be diluted. There is also concern on behalf of other faculty that the fellow will not have the same technical or academic skill set of other attendings. All of these issues need to be addressed in a proactive fashion prior to bringing on the fellow. We accomplish this through multiple meetings with the residents and the faculty. We had buy-in from all parties concerned.
Perhaps most important was the continued attention paid to the interaction between the fellow and the resident service. It is very easy to drift from a congenial cooperative relationship to hidden anxiety, uncomfortableness, and resentment. Fortunately, as program director, I was able to meet with the residents on a quarterly basis and ascertain where the relationship with the fellow was sitting. Over the years, the issue has become more not that the fellow infringes on their training but more that occasionally we will take on a fellow whose technical and academic skill set is not equivalent to the graduates of our program and that their contribution to the residency education is not as great as what others have been in the past. A con­stant nger on the pulse allows one to navigate this.
As with most microvascular services, there is a perception that takes backs, fail­ures, and complications come in batches. You can have a long period where every­thing is smooth and then a month where everything goes south. During one of these episodes, I must’ve been grumbling about fellows when my fellow informed me that “you should’ve known if you took a fellow that you would have more complications and more issues”; this in fact has not proven to be true. We have recently undertaken a multi-institutional review of programs that have fellows, and the “July affect” does not exist. Morbidity and complications are spread evenly through the year. They do not change on a year-to-year basis.
Taking on a fellow has had many upsides. Our institution has been able to attract fellows of a diverse nature. They have lent an extra facet and perspective to the resi­dency program. Their integration into the teaching environment has been a denite
27 Pearls andPitfalls inMicrovascular Reconstructive Fellowships
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plus to all concerned. Perhaps most stimulating has been the ability to interact with someone who is totally interested in what goes on in the eld. The constant stimula­tion and conversation that happens during the case keeps everyone on their toes. An additional benet is that the fellows allow “one point” of contact with multiple other services such as neurosurgery, oculoplastic, orthopedics, and OMFS. It allows for better integration into a seamless care paradigm.
The most stressful issue for the program director arises during the selection pro­cess for the next year. The facial plastics and reconstructive matching program is predominantly geared for reconstructive and cosmetic surgery, not so much for microvascular reconstruction. Being able to parse out the individuals whose true interest lies in microvascular reconstructive surgery as a major component of the fellowship can be the hardest part. Many applicants are attracted by the facial plas­tics experience. It does dramatically decrease the number of candidates in the pool. But once you have parsed out of those individuals, the interest level is immensely high. The ability to allow the fellow to seek expertise and knowledge in other areas that interest them has been a very satisfying experience.
Overall, the addition of a fellowship program run through the facial plastic and reconstructive program required a fair amount of work upfront to ensure integration into the academic milieu of a residency program. The added benets are immense.
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Microvascular Training: TheOral Maxillofacial Experience
Free tissue transfer utilizing microvascular anastomosis started in the early to mid- 70s and has evolved into a very reliable and dependable method of reconstruc­tion, with the development of centers for training across different specialties. In the United States, most of these centers of advanced training in microvascular recon­struction have been limited to otolaryngology-head and neck surgery and plastic surgery. In the United Kingdom and most European Oral Maxillofacial Surgery (OMFS) programs, microvascular reconstruction has been an integral component of OMFS training for a long time. In the United States, it was not until the 1990s that there was a dedicated push to integrate microvascular reconstruction fellowships into OMFS.
The impetus for free tissue transfer and primary reconstruction of major maxil­lofacial defects arose from expanded scope OMFS practitioners who subspecialized head and neck oncology. By 1990, a renaissance of interest in oral/head and neck oncologic surgery in OMFS was underway at several sites within the US Dr. Robert Ord, who was trained in the United Kingdom, joined the OMFS faculty of the University of Maryland in 1989 and began treating oral cancer patients along with his OMFS residents. At about the same time, Bryce Potter and Eric Dierks jointly formed Head and Neck Surgical Associates and began an active head and neck can­cer service at Emanuel and Providence Hospitals in Portland, Oregon, that more extensively involved the OHSU OMFS residents. Joseph Helman joined the faculty at the University of Michigan in 1994 and began an oral cancer service. In Miami,
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Robert Marx was well along in his evolution to integrate oral/head and neck cancer in his program.
Major primary reconstruction of the head and neck requiring free tissue transfer was done in collaboration with plastics and ENT services. In OMFS, the rst two­surgeon team in which one of the surgeons was also a microvascular reconstructive surgeon was developed at the University of Maryland in 1998 when Remy Blanchaert returned to Baltimore from his microvascular training in Portland and Seattle to join his mentor, Robert Ord. This created the model for many to follow. There are approximately 12 fellowship programs that provide oral/head and neck oncologic and microvascular training. Most of the (OMFS) fellowships are a 2-year program with rst year of fellowship dedicated to ablative surgery and the second year of the fellowship to microvascular reconstructive surgery. Fellows are selected through a match process conducted by the American Academy of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery (AACMFS).
At the University of Miami, Robert Marx DDS established a very vigorous fel­lowship training in ablative maxillofacial surgery but then expanded the program as he felt the need for a dedicated OMFS microvascular surgeon. As a result, he hired one of his fellows, Ramzey Tursun DDS, who did his microvascular fellowship training under a plastic surgeon, Jaime Flores MD.In 2013, microvascular training became part of the 2-year fellowship at the University of Miami. Maxillofacial reconstruction became a major part of the fellowship, and over 4years, another microvascular surgeon was added to the faculty.
The fellowship program at the University of Miami has certainly helped the resi­dency program as it is considered a training program with the broadest scope in the country. This attracts candidates from a variety of backgrounds and interests and in particular those residents who are interested in advanced training in microvascular surgery. The fellows bring their own experiences with them that is an added advan­tage for the fellowship program. The key for a successful fellowship year is nding fellows who want to learn and then inspire others and teach others. Our most suc­cessful graduates have gone on to join academic programs where they are involved in active practice of microvascular reconstruction and teaching residents and fellows.
Bringing a new fellow each year with a different training background can be a challenge to integrate in the program. This becomes an issue when training some­one who has never been under the microscope or has never done a major head and neck reconstructive surgery as part of their residency training. However, most of the fellows who match into the fellowship quickly learn the skills needed for microvas­cular surgery. OMFS trained fellows do well in head and neck reconstruction because of their knowledge of head and neck anatomy and relationship of the jaws and occlusion. I believe that most OMFS programs should hire fellowship trained microvascular faculty to ensure that all residents have exposure to microvascular techniques and major maxillofacial reconstruction. Furthermore, I have found that high-volume free ap programs benet from having two microvascular trained sur­geons on staff. This supports faculty in better handling the stress of a heavy fellow­ship training, and the fellows benet by learning from two different mentors.
27 Pearls andPitfalls inMicrovascular Reconstructive Fellowships
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One of the challenges of having a fellowship program in a residency is that it could be seen as a “very busy” program by applicants who are not interested in major head and neck oncologic and reconstructive surgery. Having a fellowship program can also be seen as a “diluting” factor in residency training as it takes away the operating opportunities from the residents. This is a delicate matter for every fellowship director to manage. At our program, we address this by setting up clear expectations and responsibilities. We make sure that the fellow is seen as a senior partner by the residents whose primary focus is to learn microvascular surgery. The residents help in ap checks, but the fellows are ultimately responsible for the care of free ap patients.
Having strong relationships with other services is benecial for the training of fellows and residents. At the University of Miami, plastic surgery residents rotate through our service to get exposure to head and neck reconstruction. In addition, we have a collaborative relationship with the head and neck service and are working to further strengthen this collaboration by doing two team surgeries with them. I believe there should be opportunities for the fellows for cross specialty training among OMFS and ENT. There are areas that ENT can provide experience from their training, and similarly we can provide training and services that are not com­mon to head neck service such as jaw in day or any reconstruction involving major dental rehabilitation. Such cross-specialty training will diversify the training of the fellows of both specialties. This collaboration can be benecial not just in training the fellows but also in providing multidisciplinary care.
Overall, having a microvascular fellowship has a positive impact on the resi­dency training, and OMFS-based microvascular fellowships provide a pathway for OMFS residents to pursue microvascular training that builds on their expertise and training especially as it relates to the maxillofacial region.
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American Head andNeck Surgery Fellowship Experience
Over the past 15–20years, the number of otolaryngology fellowship programs in microvascular surgery has expanded from less than 10 to well over 50. There have been multiple routes taken to establishing a strong training experience for fellows, while some programs expanding their head and neck programs have started fellow­ship programs de novo, and others have wrestled with how to incorporate this aspect of training into an existing fellowship program. The expansion of training programs has ultimately led to many options for trainees wishing to acquire this training and, therefore, practice.
Over this same time period, otolaryngology has increasingly taken over more of the reconstructive aspects of head and neck cases volume as opposed to other service lines (i.e., plastic surgery) performing this portion. In a recent study, single institu­tion, plastics fellowship program surveys, and national quality improvement project (NSQIP) data all showed increases of otolaryngology head and neck surgery (OHNS) case share, while increasing numbers of microvascular cases were observed. The
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single institution was in fact our institution and observed the period of time after microvascular surgeon number in OHNS increased from one to ve surgeons; this led to increasing case numbers from 59 to 227, while increasing case share from 81.4 to 94% (effectively increasing OHNS performed micro cases from 48 to 213). Over the same study period (2011–2016), survey data indicated that OHNS programs per­forming over 100 microvascular surgeries increased from 40 to 73%. Lastly, NSQIP data over the same period indicate a 134% increase in OHNS performed head and neck microvascular cases [1]. Currently, our colleagues in oral maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) are increasingly entering into the oral oncology eld and similarly perform­ing reconstructions. In our current eld, we are now seeing growth in a multidisci­plinary head and neck reconstructionist paradigm. I will describe below our experience as we grew our team, brought our fellows an expanded microvascular experience, and welcomed our OMFS team as major contributor to head and neck surgery and education in microvascular head and neck surgery.
M. K. Wax et al.
Expanding theMicrovascular Team
Prior to 2013, our institution had a large plastic surgery (PS) microvascular team of which several performed some head and neck reconstruction. We also had an estab­lished AHNS surgeon that performed microvascular surgery. Given the direction of national trends, the decision was made to expand microvascular surgery capacity within our department, ultimately going from one to ve micro trained surgeons. This had the impact of expanding our overall microsurgery numbers from 19 to 240 cases. This demonstrates that expanding a team can lead to overall growth and that no surgeon’s volume decreased over this time. On average, even the busiest recon­struction surgeons stayed busy or increased volume.
The growth of our team had a direct impact on microvascular training at our institution. Prior to 2013, our fellowship was attracting candidates primarily inter­ested in ablative surgery. In addition, the PS fellowship attracted surgeons interested in head and neck microvascular experiences. After the expansion of OHNS offered microvascular experience, we began to attract microvascular candidates. Admittedly, this trend may not all be attributable to our capacity and volume change, as general interest in becoming a microvascular surgeon has risen among OHNS as well as has general head and neck cancer surgery interest. However, at least in part, I would suggest that busier programs do attract interest of candidates.
OMFS Collaborative Expansion
Given the interest, expertise, and talents of OMFS trained colleagues, it is not sur­prising that fellowship training programs in head and neck surgery (HNS) have also expanded for this specialty. Traditionally, our specialties have overlapped on benign
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and malignant disease treatment in the head and neck. Thus, our approach was col­laborative from the onset of the shared space and disease line that is head and neck cancer. We brought a fellowship trained OMFS microvascular surgeon onto our disease service line several years ago. He is involved in resident and fellow training for both OMFS and OHNS and clinically operates within our head and neck disease team. As more training programs for OMFS emerge, more collaboration between our specialties are eminent. We have seen the skills sets of both services compliment each other and enhance the care of head and neck cancer. Furthermore, the differ­ences in training lead to shared teaching benets for fellows trained by programs that integrate OMFS and OHNS expertise. In essence, the more we have grown our team and welcomed capable interested individuals into the clinical program and training program, the busier and more successful our team has become. I often dis­cuss with fellows that “good is good,” and we want good and interested talent on our teams. So it matters less the training discipline or background than it does the skills of the individuals. The transition from PS to OHNS- or OMFS-based reconstruction likely represented a surge in interest from our elds rather than a change needed based on skill. And, I believe that as we move toward a shared future, I would expect both OHNS and OMFS to thrive together to continue to improve the quality and capacity of head and neck reconstruction.
References
1. Kozak GM, Katzel EB, Rose JF, Nathan SL, Wu LC.An analysis of specialty-specic micro-
surgical head and neck reconstruction: a look at a single institution and national trends over a
decade. Ann Plast Surg. 2020;84(4):413–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000002082.
Chapter 28
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Advancements inPlastic Surgery: Face Transplant
RicardoRodriguezColon, DanielBoczar, HilliardT.Brydges, andEduardoD.Rodriguez
Facial transplantation (FT), rst performed in 2005, is indicated in patients living with functional and aesthetic decits unamenable to conventional reconstructive techniques. Mechanisms of injury for the 48 FTs performed to date have included burns, and ballistic injury, among others [1]. The extent of tissue transplanted varies and can include full or partial facial soft tissue, along with varying portions of the craniofacial skeleton. Currently, no widely accepted criteria exist, with recipient selection being largely patient and transplant team specic. Our FT patient cohort outcomes are displayed in Fig.28.1.
R. R. Colon · D. Boczar · H. T. Brydges · E. D. Rodriguez (*) Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA e-mail: Ricardo.Rodriguezcolon@nyulangone.org; Daniel.Boczar@nyulangone.org;
Hilliard.Brydges@nyulangone.org; Eduardo.Rodriguez@nyulangone.org
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 J. C. Melville et al. (eds.), Advancements and Innovations in OMFS, ENT, and Facial Plastic Surgery, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32099-6_28
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