Книга_5790_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана

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428

Index

Biliary tract and gall bladder (cont.)

CT/MRI , 253 ERCP/MRCP , 253 general ﬁ ndings , 245 malformations , 252 metabolic disease , 253 postoperative conditions , 253 scintigraphy , 253 sclerosing cholangitis , 249 thickened gall bladder wall , 251 trauma , 253 tumour-like conditions

cholangiocellular tumours granular cell tumour , 252 polyps , 251

US-guided biopsy , 253

Biologic effects, diagnostic US

mechanical effects , 17 risks

actual indices , 19 guidelines and recommendations , 18 mechanical index , 18 speciﬁ c risk , 17–18 thermal index , 18

thermal effects , 16

Bowel

acquired obstructive pathology

hernia , 307–308 intussusception , 308–309 meconium ileus , 306–307 sigma and midgut-volvulus , 307

tumours , 310 assessment of , 302 congenital anomalies

atresia , 301–302

duplication/diverticula , 304–305

Hirschsprung disease/neuronal

intestinal dysplasia , 304 malrotation , 302–303 Meckel diverticulum , 305–306 volvulus , 303–304

indications , 6 inﬂ ammatory

appendicitis , 313–315 colitis , 317–318 Crohn disease , 315–317 gastroenteritis , 312–313 maldigestion and malabsorption

syndrome , 318 NEC , 310–312 trauma , 319

patient preparation and position , 298–299 transducers , 298–299 ultrasound ﬁ ndings , 300

Brain ultrasound

additional imaging

catheter angiography , 124 CT , 123 fundoscopy , 124 MRI , 124

plain ﬁ lm , 123 cerebral calciﬁ cations , 122 cerebral cysts , 98–100 cerebral haemorrhage ( see Cerebral

haemorrhage) hydrocephalus ( see Hydrocephalus) inﬂ ammation

postnatal , 106–107 prenatal intrauterine infections and

residuals , 105–106 ischemic encephalopathy

in brain hypoxia , 104–105 focal hypoxemia and ischemia ,

102–104

global/diffuse brain oedema , 101–102 periventricular leukencephalomalacia

(PVL) , 100–101 migration and gyration alterations and

disturbances

colpocephaly , 94 holoprosencephaly , 96–97 hydranencephaly , 97 lissencephaly , 94–95 macro/polygyria , 94–95 megalencephaly , 94–95 pachygyria , 94–95 schizencephaly , 95–96

neural tube defects

anencephaly , 92 Arnold Chiari malformation , 92–93 corpus callosum malformations , 93 Dandy-Walker malformations , 93 lipoma , 94

normal ﬁ ndings

CDS ( see Colour Doppler sonography

(CDS))

cisterna magna , 89 mastoid access with sector transducer , 83 periventricular echogenicities ( see

Periventricular echogenicities)

transfontanellar access , 80 vascular variations , 89, 91 ventricular asymmetry , 87

ventriculomegaly , 89 phakomatoses , 98 requisites

indications for, brain US , 79

morphometry and documentation , 81–82

Index

429

patient positioning , 79 transfontanellar access , 80 transtemporal access , 78 transtemporal, transcranial, mastoid

access , 80

skull

fracture , 123 haematoma , 122 space-occupying lesions

and tumours , 123

tumours and space-occupying lesions ,

119–121

Budd-Chiari syndrome , 233

Cardiac tumours , 186 Cardiomyopathies , 184 Cartilaginous epiphysis , 408 Cavitation , 17 CCAM. See Congenital cystic adematoid

malformation (CCAM) CDS. See Colour Doppler sonography (CDS) Cellulitis , 418 Cerebral haemorrhage

CDS role , 118 in infants and older children ,

118–119

in preterm babies , 114–116

in term infants , 116–118 Cervical cyst , 146, 147 Cervical ectopic thymus , 148 Chest ultrasound

breast

mammography , 198 normal ﬁ ndings , 191

pathology , 197 CDS, normal ﬁ ndings of , 195 chest wall

aplasia, variations of ribs , 195

congential malformations , 195

ﬁ broma/neuroﬁ broma , 196

lipoma , 196

lymphangioma , 196

normal ﬁ ndings , 191

plain ﬁ lm, CT/MRI , 198

rhabdomyosarcoma/Ewing sarcoma ,

196, 197

traumatic changes , 195–196 diaphragm

diaphragmatic hernia , 201–202

diaphragmatic motion disturbance , 202

imaging role and value , 200–201

normal ﬁ ndings , 191–195

indications , 190–191 lung

additional imaging , 211, 212 atelectasis , 204–205 congenital cystic adenomatoid

malformation , 207 cysts , 208 infarction , 208–209 lung abscess , 203, 204 normal ﬁ ndings , 191–195 pneumonia , 203 respiratory distress syndrome/hyaline

membrane syndrome , 205 sequestration , 206–207 tumours and space-occupying

lesions , 200

mediastinum

anterior mediastinum/thymus , 193 middle mediastinum , 193–195 plain ﬁ lm, CT , 198 posterior mediastinum , 195

patient positioning , 190 performance , 191 pleural space

empyema , 198, 199 imaging role and value , 200–201 normal ﬁ ndings , 192 pleural effusion , 198, 199 pleural thickening , 199 tumours , 200

US transducers , 190 Choledochal cyst , 247–248 Chronic pancreatitis , 272 Cirrhotic liver , 227–228 Cisterna magna , 89 Colour Doppler sonography (CDS)

application and restriction , 31

artefacts

aliasing , 34, 35 angle correction , 35 ﬁ ltering artefacts , 35 gain-induced errors , 35 motion artefact , 35 sample volume artefact , 34 scaling problem , 35 spectral broadening , 34

twinkling artefact , 36 arterial ﬂ ow velocities , 85–86 equipment setting and transducer

handling , 37 in neonates , 86 older neonates and infants , 86 in preterms , 87 principle , 30–31

430

Index

Colour Doppler sonography (CDS) (cont.)

transfontanellar , 84, 85 transtemporal , 84, 86 venous system , 84–86

Congenital cystic adematoid malformation

(CCAM) , 206, 207

Congenital heart defect

atrial septal defect , 173–174 atrioventricular septal defects , 173–175 cor triatriatum , 184 double outlet right ventricle , 183 Ebstein anomaly , 183–184 patent ductus arteriosus of Botalli ,

176–177 persistent truncus arteriosus , 177 total anomalous pulmonary venous

return , 181–182 transposition of great arteries ,

181–182 univentricular heart , 183 ventricular septal defect , 174–175

Congenital hiatal hernia , 292 Congential malformations , 195 Contrast-enhanced US

approach , 43–44 basics , 42–43 contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography

basics , 44–45 restriction , 46

technique , 44–45 future development , 51 intravenous ce-US , 47–50 sono-genitography , 46–47 sonographic pyelography , 46–47

Contrast enhanced voiding urosonography

(ce-VUS) , 44–47 beneﬁ ts and limitations , 66–67 bladder and ureter , 66 diagnosis , 66 indications , 64 male urethra , 67 renal appearance , 67

Contusion , 236 Corpus callosum malformations , 93 Crohn disease , 315–317 Cross-beam imaging. See Sono-CT Cystic dysplasia , 380–381 Cystic ﬁ brosis , 229 Cystic hygroma , 156 Cystic kidneys

acquired cystic kidney disease , 334 complicated cyst(s) , 332 inherited/congenital cystic disease ,

332–334

multicystic dysplastic kidney , 333 multiple cysts , 332 simple cyst , 332

Cysts, lung , 208

Dandy-Walker malformations , 93 Dermoid cyst , 146 Developmental hip dysplasia (DDH)

Graf classiﬁ cation

decentered hip , 405, 406 immaturity , 405 luxated hip , 406 normal hip , 404–405

Harcke classiﬁ cation , 407 Diaphragmatic hernia , 201, 202 Diaphragmatic motion disturbance , 202 Dilating (congestive) cardiomyopathy , 184 Doppler sonography , 11

amplitude-coded colour Doppler

sonography , 31–32

colour-coded/colour Doppler sonography

( see Colour Doppler sonography)

continuous wave Doppler (CW) ,

28, 29 Doppler phenomenon , 27–28 duplex-Doppler sonography , 29–30 ﬂ ow-sensitive US technique , 32–33 interpretation , 37–38 limitations , 37 parameters and measurements , 33–34 pulsed wave Doppler (PW) , 28–29

Double outlet right ventricle (DORV) , 183 Duplication cyst , 146–147

Embryonal cell sarcoma , 244 Empyema , 198–199 Epiphysiolysis , 408–409 Extended ﬁ eld of view US , 39–40 Eye and orbit ultrasound

normal ﬁ ndings , 124–125 pathology

foreign bodies , 125 papilla congestion , 124 retinal displacement , 125 tumours , 126

Fasciitis , 418, 419 Fatty liver/steatosis , 225–226

Index

431

Female genital ultrasound

congenital malformations

cystic change , 390 ovarian malformations , 391 uterine duplication , 389, 391 vaginal aplasia , 390 vaginal atresia , 389 vaginal ﬁ stula , 389–390 vaginal septum and duplications , 388

genital tumours and space-occupying

lesions cysts , 392–393 ovarian childhood tumours , 393 rhabdomyosarcoma , 393 teratoma , 392–393

indications , 385 inﬂ ammatory conditions , 391–392 investigation procedures , 386 normal ﬁ ndings

developmental stages , 386, 387 neonatal cystic ovary , 387, 388 sonogenitography , 388

ovarian torsion , 394–395 pregnancy , 395 requisites , 386 transducers , 386

traumatic changes , 394 Fibroma/neuroﬁ broma , 196 Focal foveolar hyperplasia , 5 Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) , 241–242 Four-dimensional US (4DUS). See also

Three-dimensional US (3DUS) beneﬁ ts , 55, 56 physics and technique , 50–51 restriction , 56

Fracture

calciﬁ cation , 412 in reparative phases , 412 skull , 122 subperiosteal haematoma , 413

Gastritis , 4 Gastroenteritis , 13 Gastrointestinal (GI) tract

bowel ( see Bowel) stomach ( see Stomach)

Gastro-oesophageal reﬂ ux (GOER) , 292–294 Glomerulonephritis , 347–348 Glycogen storage disease , 229 GOER. See Gastro-oesophageal reﬂ ux

(GOER)

Granulomatous disease , 146, 147, 225

Haemangioma , 148–149, 239–241 Haematoma , 151–152 Haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) , 354 Haemorrhagic pancreatitis ,

271–272 Haemosiderosis , 229–230 Harmonic imaging (HI) , 39, 40 Hepatic adenoma , 242 Hepatic leiomyosarcoma , 244 Hepatic sarcomas , 244 Hepatoblastoma , 242–243 Hepatocellular carcinoma , 243 Hernia , 10–11 High-resolution US (HR-US) , 39 Hip joint

arthritis and inﬂ ammation , 407 ephysiolysis , 408–409 normal ﬁ ndings , 411, 412 Perthes disease , 409 US requisites and technique ,

410, 411 Hip ultrasound

bones, joints, tendons

arthritis , 407 cysts , 417 foreign bodies , 422, 424 fracture , 410 indications , 410–411 inﬂ ammation , 417–420 joint effusion , 413–414 neoplasia ( see Neoplasia) normal ﬁ ndings , 411, 412 peripheral nerves , 422–424 transducers , 410

trauma , 415–417 DDH ( see Developmental hip dysplasia) device presets , 398 epiphysiolysis , 408 Graf technique

coronal selection, lateral assessment , 399

documentation , 400

dynamic assessment , 399

normal anatomy , 402–404

pathology , 404–407 guidelines , 424–425 Harcke technique , 400, 401 indications , 398 Morin-Terjesen technique

anatomy , 402

degree of lateralisation assessment , 401

pathology , 404–407 in older children , 403–404 patient positioning , 398

432

Index

Hip ultrasound (cont.)

Rosendahl modiﬁ cation

anatomy , 402, 403

objective , 400 transducers , 398 US-guided interventions , 424–426

Hirschsprung disease , 9 HPS. See Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) Hyaline membrane syndrome , 205 Hydrocele , 378–379 Hydrocephalus

causes of , 108 CDS role , 110–111 Doppler in , 111 epidural/subdural differentiation , 109–110 extracranial partition , 112 shunt , 112 task of US , 108 US appearance

aqueductal stenosis , 109, 110

dilated extra-axial CSF space , 108

fourth ventricle obstruction , 109, 110

Hydronephrosis (HN) , 335 Hyperplastic gastric mucosa , 4 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy , 184 Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy , 185 Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) , 3–4 Hypodysplastic kidney , 331

Image compounding , 39 Image documentation , 25–26 Infarction, lung , 208–210 Intracardiac thrombi , 186 Intrahepatic gas , 238–239

Kawasaki disease , 185 Kidney ultrasound

adrenal glands ( see Adrenal glands) biopsy

after VUR treatment , 361

balloon dilatation , 363

drainage/nephrostomy , 360–361

extracorporeal lithotripsy (ESWL) , 363

ﬁ ndings after pyeloplasty , 362–363

post-biopsy , 360

pre-interventional , 359

prone position , 360 inﬂ ammatory renal parenchyma

acute pyelonephritis (aPN)/interstitial

nephritis , 345

glomerulonephritis/nephrotic

syndrome , 347–348

necrosis and abscess formation ,

345, 346 pyelitis , 344, 345 scarring , 346 tuberculosis , 346 xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis , 347

normal ﬁ ndings , 324–330 normal variants

bladder anomalies , 330 cross-fused dystopia , 330 duplex , 328, 329 ectopic , 328, 329 horseshoe kidney , 330 renal agenesis , 329 retro-aortal left renal vein , 328

parenchymal appearance , 325–327 parenchymal disease

HUS , 354 nephrotic syndrome , 354 scars, cirrhotic kidney , 354–355

pathology

cystic renal disease ( see Cystic

kidneys) dysplasia/hypoplasia , 330–331 hydronephrosis (HN) , 335 posterior urethral valve (PUV) ,

339–340 secondary obstruction , 343–344 UPJO , 335–338 uretero-vesical junction obstruction

(UVJO)/obstructive megaureter

(POM/MU) , 338–339 vesico-ureteric reﬂ ux (VUR) ,

339, 341

renal failure , 375 renal/urinary tract trauma , 355–357 transplantation

normal ﬁ ndings , 363, 364 pathologic ﬁ ndings , 364–365

tumours

benign , 357 malignant , 357–359 pre/semimalignant , 357

urinary bladder ( see Urinary bladder

ultrasound)

vascular conditions

AVF , 350 infarction , 350–351 neprocalcinosis , 352–353 renal artery stenosis , 348–350 renal vein thrombosis , 351–352 urolithiasis , 353–354

Index

433

Laceration , 234 Lipoma , 196 Liver abscess , 223–225 Liver calciﬁ cations , 238 Liver congestion , 226–227 Liver ﬁ brosis , 227 Liver haematoma , 235 Liver ultrasound

Abernethy malformation , 233 biliary tract and gall bladder ( see Biliary

tract and gall bladder)

congenital changes and normal variance

butterﬂ y/midline liver , 222 hypoplasia/atrophy , 222 situs inversus , 222

Doppler ﬁ ndings

hepatic artery (HA) , 219–220 hepatic veins (HV) , 219, 220 portal vein (PV) , 219, 221

hepatic vein thrombosis/occlusion/

stenosis , 233

inﬂ ammatory conditions

granulomatous disease , 225 hepatitis , 223 liver abscess , 223–225

normal ﬁ ndings , 216–222

gall bladder , 218, 219 hepatic artery (HA) , 218 hepatic veins (HV) , 217 hepato-choledochal duct , 218–219 intrahepatic bile ducts , 219 ligaments , 217 portal vein (PV) , 217–218 size , 216

parenchymal liver disease

cirrhotic liver , 227–228 hepatopathy , 225–227 liver ﬁ brosis , 227

in systemic disease , 229–230 portal hypertension , 230–231 portal vein and hepatic artery stenosis , 232 portosystemic shunts , 234 requisites and investigation

course of investigation , 215

fasting , 214

standard liver measurements , 216

supine position , 214

transducers , 214–215 space occupying liver lesions , 237–245

angiomyolipoma , 242

complicated cysts , 237–238

focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) ,

241–242

haemangioma , 239–241 hepatic adenoma , 242 hepatic sarcomas , 244 hepatoblastoma , 242–243 hepatocellular carcinoma , 243 intrahepatic gas , 238–239 liver calciﬁ cations , 238 mesenchymal hamartoma , 241 metastasis , 244 proliferative disorders , 244

simple cysts , 237, 238 standard liver measurements , 215, 216 transplantation

complications , 255

donor US , 254

intraoperative , 254

postoperative assessment , 254

recipient evaluation , 254 trauma ( see Trauma) ultrasound transplantation , 254–255 vascular malformations , 232

Lung abscess , 203, 204 Lung sequestration , 206–207 Lymphangioma , 196 Lymphatic malformation , 148–149, 281–282

Male genital ultrasound

normal ﬁ ndings , 378 orchitis/ependymitis , 381–383 pathologic ﬁ ndings

cystic dysplasia , 380–381

ependidymal cysts , 381

hydrocele , 378, 380

microlithiasis , 381, 382

spermatocele , 381

testicular and paratesticular cysts , 381

undescended testes , 379

varicocele , 379–380 penile , 378 prostate/seminal vesicle , 377 scintigraphy and MRI , 385 scortum/testis , 377 scrotal trauma , 383 testicular tumours , 384–385 torsion

inguinal hernia , 384

testicular and hydatid torsion , 384

torsion of appendages , 384

Malrotation , 302 Meconium ileus , 306–307 Menetrier disease , 296 Mesenchymal hamartoma , 241

434

Index

Mesenchymal tumours , 149 Mesenteric cystic formation , 281 Mesenteric lymph nodes , 282, 284 Microgastria , 292 Micturition urosonography , 44 Mid-aortic syndrome , 279 (T) M-mode (time-motion-mode) , 9–10 Myositis , 418

NEC. See Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) Neck ultrasound

cervical soft tissues

abscess formation , 150, 151 malformations , 146 normal ﬁ ndings , 144 traumatic changes , 151–152 tumours , 148–150

cervical vessels

arteriosclerosis , 158 dissection , 158 examination , 139–140 normal ﬁ ndings , 144–145 stenosis , 158–159 thrombosis and occlusion , 161 vascular anomalies , 159–160

glands

examination , 138 salivary gland (parotid, submandibular

and sublingual glands) ( see Salivary gland)

thyroid gland ( see Thyroid gland) intervention , 140 lymph nodes

enlarged nodes , 146

examination , 138

inﬂ ammation , 146

normal ﬁ ndings , 140–141 patient positioning and handling , 138 transducer , 138

Necrosis , 345, 347 Necrotising pancreatitis. See Haemorrhagic

pancreatitis Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) , 310–311 Neoplasia

bone tumours , 420 cartilaginous tumours , 421 echogenic foreign body , 424 haemangioma/vascular malformation , 422 lymphoma/metastasis , 422 osteosarcoma , 422 ultrasound appearance , 421

Nephrotic syndrome. See Glomerulonephritis Neprocalcinosis , 352–353 Neuroblastoma, neuroma, neuroﬁ broma and

nerve sheath tumours , 150 Neuronal intestinal dysplasia , 304 Nutcracker syndrome , 280

Oedematous pancreatitis , 271, 272 Osteomyelitis , 420

Paediatric echocardiography

acquired paediatric heart disease

acute (infective) endocarditis , 184 acute myocarditis , 184 cardiac tumours , 186 cardiomyopathies , 184 intracardiac thrombi , 186 Kawasaki disease , 185

pericarditis/pericardial effusion , 185 apical views , 167–169 catherisation and angiography , 186–187 clinical queries , 187 congenital heart defect ( see Congenital

heart defect)

functional parameter

LV systolic function , 171

systolic function , 171

TAPSE , 171 left ventricular outﬂ ow obstruction

aortic coarctation , 178, 179

aortic valve stenosis , 177, 178

interrupted aortic arch , 178

subaortic stenosis , 177

supravalvular aortic stenosis , 178 MRI and CT , 187 normal values , 172–173 orientating examination , 187 parasternal views

parasternal long axis view , 166–167

parasternal short axis view , 167 patient positioning , 165 right ventricular outﬂ ow obstruction

isolated pulmonary valve stenosis , 179

subvalvular pulmonary stenosis , 179

supravalvular pulmonary stenosis , 179

TOF and pulmonary atresia ,

180–181 sedation , 165 standardised examination , 166

Index

435

standard planes , 165–166 standard US technique , 165 subcostal views

sagittal subcostal view , 169 subcostal four-chamber view ,

169, 170 suprasternal view , 169–170 techniques

contrast enhanced US , 172 Doppler sonography , 171 M (motion)-mode echocardiography ,

170–171

three-dimensional (3D)

echocardiography , 172

tissue Doppler imaging , 172

transesophageal echocardiography , 172 transducers , 165 trauma and emergency , 188

Paediatric ultrasound. See also Paediatric

echocardiography device handling , 21–22 measurement

organ size , 24–25 remarks , 23–24

transducer handling , 23 patient positioning , 20–21 requisites

environmental requisites , 19

indications , 19

speciﬁ c needs , 20 three-dimensional US ( see Three-

dimensional US (3DUS))

transducer

abdominal US , 23

chest US , 22–23

neurosonography , 22

small part US , 22

Pancreas divisum , 270 Pancreas ultrasound

indication , 268 investigation course , 268–269 normal ﬁ ndings , 269–270 pancreatitis

chronic , 272

haemorrhagic/necrotising , 271

oedematous/reactive pancreatitis , 271 requisites , 268 space-occupying lesions

CT , 275

cysts/pseudocysts , 274

ERCP , 275

scintigraphy/PET , 275

tumours , 274–275

trauma , 272–274 variations and malformations

annular pancreas , 270

pancreas divisum , 270 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) , 176–177 Pelvic congestion syndrome , 278–279 Pericarditis/pericardial effusion , 185, 186 Periventricular echogenicities

embryologic cavities , 87, 90

in preterm infants , 87, 89 Persistent truncus arteriosus , 177 Perthes disease , 409 Pleural effusion , 198, 199 Pleural thickening , 199 Pneumonia , 203 Polysplenia syndrome , 261 Pulmonary atresia (PA) , 180–181 Pulsed wave Doppler (PW) imaging , 28–29 Pyelitis , 344, 345 Pyloric atresia , 292

RDS. See Respiratory distress syndrome

(RDS)

Reactive pancreatitis. See Oedematous

pancreatitis Renal artery stenosis , 348–349 Renal infarction , 350–351 Renal vein thrombosis , 351–352 Report

diagnosis , 26 issue , 26 nomenclature , 27 predeﬁ ned reports , 27

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) ,

205–206 Restrictive cardiomyopathy , 184 Retroperitoneal tumours , 287 Retroperitoneum ultrasound

abdominal vessels

investigation , 276 patient positioning , 276 transducers , 276 US ﬁ ndings , 276, 278

variants and malformations , 277–278 abdominal wall , 288 free intraperitoneal air , 283, 284 free intraperitoneal ﬂ uid, ascites , 283–284 mesentery

abscesses , 282–283

cyst , 281–282

lymphatic malformation , 282

436

Index

Retroperitoneum ultrasound (cont.)

lymph nodes , 283, 284 mesenteric (peritoneal) masses ,

281–282

twisted appendices epiploica , 283

soft tissues

lymph nodes , 287 tumours , 287–288

vascular pathology

arteriosclerotic changes and aneurysms ,

280 complementing imaging , 281 embolic thrombus , 280–281 mid-aortic syndrome , 279 nutcracker/SMA syndrome , 280 pelvic congestion syndrome , 278–279 thrombosis/occlusion , 278 US role , 281

Rhabdomyosarcoma , 150, 196, 197, 244, 393

Salivary gland

calciﬁ cations/sialolithiasis , 156 cysts , 156 inﬂ ammation , 155–156 normal ﬁ ndings , 143, 144

tumours , 156 SMA syndrome. See Nutcracker syndrome Sono-CT , 39 Sonoelastography , 41–42 Spinal canal ultrasound

additional imaging , 135–136

disc pathology , 135

indications , 127

inﬂ ammatory changes , 135

normal ﬁ ndings , 128–130

osteomyelitis , 135

paravertebral structures , 135

pathologic ﬁ ndings

dermal sinus tract , 133 diastematomyelia , 133 dural lipoma , 131, 132 dysraphism , 130–132 ﬁ lum termiale , 132, 134

hydromyelia , 132 periosteal/subperiosteal changes , 135 requisites , 127 transducers and technique , 127 trauma , 134 tumours , 134–135

Spleen ultrasound

indications , 258 investigation course , 258–259

malformations , 260–261 normal anatomy , 259–260 normal variants , 260 patient positioning , 258 requisites , 258 space-occupying lesions

abscess , 266–267 cysts , 265–266

tumours , 267 splenic infarction , 264–265 splenomegaly , 261, 262 trauma , 261–264

Splenic infarction , 264–265 Splenic lobulations , 260 Splenomegaly , 261, 262 Splenunculus (accessory spleen) , 260 Stomach

assessment of , 293 bezoars and foreign bodies , 296 bowel, functional assessment ,

290–291 duplication cysts , 296–297 eosinophilic gastr(oenter)itis , 296 focal foveolar hyperplasia , 297 gastric perforation , 296 gastritis/ulcers , 295 GOER , 292–293 granulomatous disease , 296 HPS , 293–295 hyperplastic gastric mucosa , 296 indications , 289 inﬂ ammatory pseudotumour , 297 malformation , 292 malignant masses , 297 Menetrier disease , 296 myoﬁ broma and polyps , 297 patient preparation and position , 289 teratoma , 297 transducers , 290 ultrasound appearance of , 291, 297

Synovitis. See Tendinitis-tendovaginitis

Tendinitis-tendovaginitis , 419–420 Teratoma , 5, 150 Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) , 180–181 Three-dimensional US (3DUS)

beneﬁ ts , 55, 56 paediatric 3DUS

cardiac US , 54, 55 female genitalia , 54 future development , 57 kidney , 51–53

Index

437

musculoskeleton , 54 neonatal neurosonography , 51 small part imaging , 54–55

urinary bladder , 53–54 physics and technique , 50–51 restriction , 56

Thrombosis and occlusion , 161, 278 Thymic cyst , 148 Thyroid gland

adenoma/carcinoma , 155 amyloid goitre , 155 cystic changes , 152 hypothyroidism , 153 inﬂ ammation , 155–156 malformation , 152, 153 nodular goitre , 154–155 normal ﬁ ndings , 140–143

Tissue heating , 16 Total anomalous pulmonary venous return

(TAPVR) , 181–182

Transposition of great arteries (TGA) ,

181, 182

Trauma

cervical soft tissues , 151–152 chest wall , 196 female genitals , 393 kidney ultrasound , 355–357 liver

contusion , 236

haematoma , 235

haemobilia , 236

herniation , 236

injury grading system , 234

laceration , 234

liver infarction , 236 pancreatic injury

grading , 273

laceration , 274 scrotal , 383 spleen injury

grading system , 234

haematoma , 263

posttraumatic AVF , 264 urinary bladder , 376 urinary tract , 356, 357

Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion

(TAPSE) , 171 Tuberculosis , 347 Tumours

adrenal adenoma , 367 adrenal cysts , 367 bladder tumours , 372–373 carcinoma , 200, 369 cardiac tumours , 186

cholangiocellular tumours , 251–252 cysts , 392 ganglioneuroma , 366, 369 granular cell tumour , 252 lung , 210 neuroblastoma , 368–369 ovarian childhood tumours ,

392, 393 phaeochromocytoma , 369 pleural space , 200 polyps , 251 retroperitoneum , 287–288 rhabdomyosarcoma , 393 salivary gland , 156 spinal canal , 134 teratoma , 392–393 testicular tumours , 384–385

Twisted appendices epiploica , 283 Tyrosinaemia , 229

Ulcers , 295 Ultrasound (US) device

ampliﬁ cation , 4 cooling device with ﬁ lters , 9 emission , 4 gel bottle warming device and transducer

stands , 9 input/output options , 9 keypad and monitor , 9 printer/CD player , 9 reception , 4 signal processing

frame rate/persistence , 6 gain , 6 post-processing , 5 preprocessing , 5 sound energy , 5–6 time gain compensation (TGC) , 5

transducer

curved linear array , 8 intracavitary probes , 9 linear array transducers , 8 matrix 1.5-/2-dimensional array , 8–9 sector transducers , 7–8

transmission , 4

Ultrasound guided interventions

biopsy

after procedure , 70 liver , 69 procedure , 69–71 renal , 69, 71 splenic , 70

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