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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5515_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
China: artifacts from, 18, 24; Banpo, 23; cannabis in, 8, 21, 33, 53, 213; hemp in, 25–26, 25; Hexi Corridor (Gansu
Corridor), 22; Jiayi Cemetery, 28; Jirzankal Cemetery, 28, 29; Liangzhu culture, 24; Liaoning, 42; Ningxia region, 85;
Tibetan Plateau, 19; Yangshao, 23; Yixian Formation, 42. See also Asia
Chlorophyta, 49–50
chloroplasts, 36, 39, 72
CHNOPS atoms, 128
choline, 251
Chopra, Ram Nath, 111–112
chromosomes, 173, 175, 183, 191, 198; autosomal, 181; of cannabis, 177–182
Civiletti, Benjamin, 232, 235
Clarke, Robert C., 19, 22, 23, 26, 27
Clement, Fiona, 249
clinical trials, 215–216, 216, 218; for cannabis therapies, 224, 225; for COVID-19 vaccine, 219–220; double-blind,
215, 216, 223; for Dravet syndrome, 216, 216; phases, 217–219; placebo, 215–216, 223; randomization, 215;
statistical testing, 216
Clinton, William “Bill,” 232
clonezepam, 231
cloning, 78
CMC (chemistry, manufacturing, and controls), 221
cnidaria, 9, 143–144
CNV (copy number variation), 179
Coats, Brandon, 243
Coats v. Dish Network , 243
coca (cocaine) leaves, 109–111
cocaine, 112, 247, 250, 252, 253; crack, 247
codeine, 231
Coen, Enrico, 92
Coiro, Mario, 84
Cole, James M., 234
Cole memorandum (second), 234
Collins, John, 239, 241
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act (1970), 231
COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase), 155
Conant v. Walters, 233
Coniferophyta, 50
coniferyl CoA, 136
Connor, Jason P., 254
Controlled Substances Act (CSA; 1970), 224, 231–232, 238
Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (1988), 241
convergence, 139–140, 145
Cooking on High (television show), 113, 275
copy number variation (CNV), 179
cordage, 24–27, 33
core slice sampling, 19–22
COVID-19, 269; vaccines, 219–220
Cretaceous period, 41, 42, 84
Crick, Francis, 156
CRISPR-Cas9, 209–210
Cronquist, Arthur, 60, 61, 62
Cronquist system, 60
Crosby, Trevor K., 8
crumble, 245
crystals, 246
CSA. See Controlled Substances Act (CSA; 1970)
ctenophores, 143–144
CUD (cannabis use disorder), 254–256
dabbing, 245–246
DAGLα, 166
DAGLβ, 166
Darwin, Charles, 2, 3, 5, 43, 76, 80–81, 82, 84, 87, 139, 145, 277
Darwin, Erasmus, 2
Dawkins, Richard, 2
DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration), 221, 229, 233, 260
decarboxylation, 101–103, 111, 114, 121, 132, 134
deoxyribonucleic acid. See DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), 233, 238
Department of Justice (DOJ), 229, 232, 233, 234–236, 235
Devane, William, 159
Devinsky, Orrin, 216, 223
Di Marzo, Vincenzo, 165
dihydroxy cannabinol (dihydroxy-CBN), 102
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): from ancient tissues, 18; of cannabis, 172–177; changes in, 82–83; decoding, 177;
human, 174; junk, 175; mapping, 139; mitochondrial, 3–4, 72; and plant reproduction, 72; plastid and mitochondrial
genomes, 72; positions on the strand, 188; reassembling, 176–177; repetitive, 185–186; sequence variations, 138;
sequencing, 171; structure of, 156; translation of, 189; transposable, 187. See also genomes
DOJ (Department of Justice), 229, 232, 233, 234–236, 235
dopamine, 152, 155, 168–169, 251, 253–254
double haploid (DH) technology, 210
Doudna, Jennifer, 209
Dowsett, Laura E., 249
Dravet syndrome, 216, 216, 223
dronabinol, 220, 256
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), 221, 229, 233, 260
drug testing, 121, 123, 243
drug trafficking, 240–241
drug use policies, 247–248
Drug War, 243
drunken monkey hypothesis, 6–7, 13, 15, 16
Dudley, Robert, 6–7, 15
Dunbar, Robin, 14
Dussy, Franz E., 101
Dylan, Bob, 267
Dzudzuana Cave, 20
earthenware, 28
East India Company, 213
E-BCP (beta-caryophyllene), 131–132, 131
Echinacea, 132
ecstasy, 247
Egypt, 18, 26, 240
Eisthen, Heather, 147–148
elms, 45
ElSohly, Mahmoud, 260
endocannabinoid system: evolution of, 163–167; function of, 167–170, 254; study of, 159–163, 266
endocannabinoids: clearing of, 155; function of, 156; and neural synapses, 167–170; regulation of, 162; similarity
between, 169; synthesis of, 161. See also anandamide (AEA); 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)
endocytosis, 155
endorphins, 152, 152, 159
endosymbiosis, 36
entourage effect, 138–139, 225–226
Epidiolex, 223
epigenetics, 189
epinephrine, 152, 155
EREBP transcription factors, 94
Eroom’s law, 218
ethanol, 14
eukaryotes/eukarya, 36–38, 39, 49, 76, 123, 165, 173, 175
Europe: cannabis in, 20–21, 21, 22, 53; cannabis potency in, 260; Italy, 240; tobacco in, 104
evolution: of animals, 15; of the brain, 146; Darwin and, 2; of endocannabinoid receptors, 163; of genomes, 164–165; of
phytochemicals, 128; of plants, 15, 34, 43–44, 145, 175
evolutionary biology, 18, 42, 145, 195
exons, 175
extinctions, 85–86
extreme phenotype GWAS (XP-GWAS), 200–201
eyes, 139–140
FAAH (fatty acid amide hydrolase), 155, 165, 166
Farm Act (2019), 171
farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), 136
Fast Times at Ridgemont High (film), 267
Fatimid empire, 31
fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), 155, 165, 166
Fauci, Anthony, 219
FD&C (Food, Drug and Cosmetic) Act, 222
FDA. See Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 235
Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN), 229, 230
Federal Narcotics Control Board, 229
federal regulation, 227–228, 243. See also legalization
feedback loops, 2, 253
fentanyl, 238
fermentation, 6, 15. See also alcohol
ferns, 39, 50
fertilization and fertilizers, 72–73, 76
fibers, 23–27, 24
Ficus pumila, 34
Figi, Charlotte, 277–278
Fike, John, 26
Finlay, David, 139
flavonoids, 128–129, 129, 135, 138, 189
flax, 19, 27, 28
Fleming, Michael P., 22
flowers: ABC model, 90, 91–93, 94; ABCDE model, 94; ABCE model, 94, 98; Amborella, 42; ancestral angiosperm,
42–43, 46–47; anthers, 66; archetypes, 88–89; calyx, 88, 96, 97, 97; of Cannabis, 51, 79, 80–81, 89; carpels, 89, 90,
91, 92, 95; decarboxylation, 101–103, 111, 114, 121, 132, 134; development of, 89–98; dicots, 40, 43, 44, 47, 51;
dioecious/monoecious, 65, 88, 95–96, 96; evolution of, 80–81, 84; filaments, 66; flowering time, 172, 193, 200; in
fossils, 40–43, 82–87; hermaphroditic, 66, 67, 96; hypocotyledons, 75; imbricate aestivation, 48–49, 50; ingestion of,
4; lilies, 95; monocots, 40, 43, 44, 95; mutations of, 90, 91–93; orchids, 81; ovules and ovum, 65, 69, 72, 94, 97, 173;
petals, 87–88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95; pistils, 87, 89, 90; processing of, 246; prophylls, 96, 97; reaction to heat, 101–103;
and reproduction, 69, 87–89; rosales, 45–46; sepals, 87–88, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 97; sexuality of, 64–68, 67 , 95;
snapdragons (Antirrhinum majus), 92; stamens, 65, 66, 87–89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95; staminate/pistillate, 95–97, 97;
structure of, 87–89, 88; superasterids, 44; superrosids, 44–45; tepals, 95; trichomes, 96–97; tulips, 95; weight per
total, 172; whorls, 42, 87–98, 88. See also pollen
Food, Drug and Cosmetic (FD&C) Act, 222
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 219–220; approval guidelines, 220–222; Bureau of Drug Abuse Control
(BDAC), 229; Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (BNDD), 229; cannabis-derived products approved by,
222–225; Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), 221, 222; clinical trial phases, 217–219; COVID-19
vaccine clinical trials, 220; Drug Master File (DMF), 221; options for rapid processing, 222
Ford, Gerald, 232
formic acid, 100
fossils, 18, 41–42, 82–87, 203; Lingyuananthus inexpectus, 41–42
FPP (farnesyl pyrophosphate), 136
frankincense, 30
Fu, Qiang, 41, 83
fungi, 76, 139; ancestor of, 165–166; endomycorrhizal, 76; Fusarium, 77; mushrooms, 247; Pythium, 77; symbiotic, 76
fungiform papillae, 117–118
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), 152, 152, 159, 168, 169, 253–254
gametes, 173
Garland, Merrick, 237
gas chromatography, 29, 30, 260
gateway hypothesis, 252
gay marriage, 258, 259
G-coupled protein receptors (GCPRs), 154, 159, 162
Gene Krupa Story, The (film), 271–272
gene regulatory network (GRN), 140
General Federation of Women’s Clubs, 230
genes: analysis of, 191; and cannabis use disorder, 255–256; families of, 94; MADS box, 94; mapping, 139, 192;
regulatory, 94, 140; sequencing of, 90; transcription factor, 94; variations, 89. See also DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid);
genomes
genetic code, 187–189
genetic engineering, 68, 208–209, 211
genomes: of animals, 164; annotation of, 182–183, 187–188; cannabis, 98, 171, 172, 173, 175–176, 178–183, 180, 182,
185, 186, 189, 190, 195, 198, 200, 207, 208, 208; chromosomal structure of, 176; cloud, 178, 178; copy number
variation (CNV), 179; core, 177, 178; data analysis, 208, 208; diploid, 69, 73, 173; DNA of, 187; double haploid
(DH), 210; duplications, 164–165; evolution of, 164; fundamentals of, 172–177; haploid, 69, 73, 173; hemp, 74;
human, 172, 174, 175, 192, 202, 255; information included in, 176; inheritance of, 36, 68–69, 153–155, 161, 163, 193;
mapping, 139, 192–193; markers in chromosomes, 191; mitochondrial, 3–4, 72; mutations to, 2, 38, 83, 90, 127;
pangenomes, 177–178, 178, 179; of plants, 69, 72, 74, 130, 144, 174, 177–178, 185, 186, 210; plastid, 72; reference,
178–179, 180; regions of, 198, 255; resequencing, 181, 206; SARSCoV-2, 219; sequencing, 165, 172, 179, 181, 187,
188, 195, 200, 203, 206, 207; shell, 178, 178; simple sequence repeats (SSRs), 206; size of, 174; synteny, 179;
tetraploid, 72; transcription products, 179. See also DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
genome-wide association study (GWAS), 172, 194, 195, 196, 197, 199–202, 255, 256
genomics: and cannabis cultivation, 172; crispr system, 209–210; fundamentals of, 172–177; as future of cannabis,
208–211; and genetic mapping, 139, 192; of grapes, 202; as history, 202–208; phylogenetic trees, 202–203, 206, 207,
208; principal components analysis (PCA), 203, 204, 208; SNPs, 179–181, 196–199, 197, 198, 206–207;
STRUCTURE analysis, 203, 204, 207–208, 208
geologic eras, 41, 42, 82, 83, 84, 85
germination, 73, 74, 75
Glass, Michelle, 165
glial cells, 155, 156
Global Cannabis Stock Index, 264–265, 264
glucose, 200
glucouronic acid, 200
glutamate, 144, 152, 152, 155, 159, 251, 254
glutamine, 155
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 87, 89, 95, 98
gonochorism, 66
Gould, Steven J., 82
gout, 212
Grassa, Christopher, 194
green bible, 60
Griner, Brittney, 239, 241
Grinspoon, Lester, 244, 248, 256, 277, 278
GRN (gene regulatory network), 140
gustatory system, 114–119, 121, 129
gymnosperms, 50
Hall, Wayne D., 254
Halpin-McCormick, Anna, 207
Harrison, Francis B., 229
Harrison Narcotics Tax Act, 229
Hasan-i-Sabah (Hasan al-Sabbah), 31
Hasheesh Candy, 112–113, 112
hashish, 31, 52, 112, 160–161, 246. See also cannabis
Hashishiyahs, 31
Hegman, William, 20
hemp: in ancient China, 23, 25–26, 25; Chinese, 205–206; cultivars, 74; cultivation of, 235; as fiber, 200; in interstate
commerce, 242; in Korea, Japan, and Taiwan, 26; medicinal uses of, 214; military uses for, 25; as name for cannabis,
52; reproduction of, 67–68; seeds, 28, 29–30; THC content, 75, 245; use in burial rites, 29
Henry, Philippe, 205
Herodotus, 29–30
heroin, 158, 231, 238, 247, 250, 252
heterotrophs, 4
HHS (Department of Health and Human Services), 233, 238
High School Confidential (film), 271–272
high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), 101
Hoch, Eva, 254
Hockings, Kimberley J., 14
Holder, Eric, 233
Homo sapiens. See humans
homology, 87
hookahs, 104. See also pipes
hops (Humulus): common ancestor of, 34, 175; cultivation of, 20; dioecious state of, 67; divergence of Cannabis from,
84, 86; evolution of, 43, 47; flowers, 50; Humulus lupulus, 61; Humulus lupus, 85; leaves, 47; morphological
characters, 49; perianth, 50; pollen, 21, 50; relationship to Cannabis, 15, 21, 46, 48, 61; relationship to marijuana, 61;
seeds, 20. See also Humulus
Howlett, Allyn, 158–159
HPLC (high-pressure liquid chromatography), 101
humans: alcoholic consumption in, 13; and cannabis, 19–20; and catnip, 12; genus Homo, 86, 86; Neolithic, 17. See
also primates
Humphrey, Aelys, 85
humulene, 131–132, 131
Humulus. See hops (Humulus)
Hunsdiecker reaction, 101
Hybrid, 56
hybridization, 61, 62, 72, 207
hydrolases, 254
hypanthium, 45
IAPT (International Association of Plant Taxonomists), 45
IBCN (International Botanical Code of Nomenclature), 45
Iceland, 269–270
ICNafp (International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants), 45, 60, 61
ICNCP (International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants), 63
IDCS (international drug control system), 239
immune response, 170
INCB (International Narcotics Control Board), 239–240
India: cannabis in, 8, 27, 33, 53; medicinal use of cannabis, 213–214; preparation of hashish (charas), 246; water pipes,
104
Indica, 56, 62, 138
inflammation reduction, 170
inheritance principles. See DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid); genomes
insects: ants, 100; butterflies, 2; on cannabis plants, 7–8, 9; flies, 8, 185, 277; fruit flies, 89, 191, 193; lacking
cannabinoid receptors, 8–9; role in pollination, 81
International Association of Plant Taxonomists (IAPT), 45
International Botanical Code of Nomenclature (IBCN), 45
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICNafp), 45, 60, 61
International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP), 63
international drug control system (IDCS), 239
International Narcotics Control Board (INCB), 239–240
interstate commerce, 227–228, 229, 242
intoxication: drive to, 5, 13, 14; of primates, 6–7; of spiders, 9–10, 10; of vertebrates; via smoke, 11
Intoxication (Siegel), 5
introns, 175
invertebrates: with cannabinoid receptors, 9; hydroids, 40; jellies, 40–41; placozoa, 40, 143, 149; sponges, 9, 16, 40–41,
143, 149; starfish, 16. See also animals
Italy, 240
Jackson, Basil, 12, 13
Janischewsky, Dmitrij Erastovich, 56
Japan: Boso Peninsula, 28; hemp in, 26–27; Jomon period, 19, 20; Matsugasaki, 20; Torihama, 20. See also Asia
Jenkins, Conor, 171
Jikomes, Nick, 200, 260
Jin, Dan, 206
Johnson, David, 147–148
Jurassic period, 41, 83, 85
Kakabouki, Ioanna, 77
Kamin, Sam, 242, 243
Kanehara, Masaaki, 20
Kant, Immanuel, 87
Karsten, Hermann, 68
karyotypes, 173
Kay, Kip, 271, 272
Keller, Evelyn Fox, 183
Kim, Eunsoo, 36
King, Mary Claire, 138
Kluge (Marcus), 142
Kobayashi, Makiko, 20
Kochi reaction, 101
Kolbe electrolysis, 101
Koltai, Hinanit, 226
Kovalchuk, Igor, 189, 201–202
Krapcho decarboxylation, 101
Krebs (citric acid) cycle, 136
lacquerware, 25
LaGuardia, Fiorello, 230
LaGuardia Report, 230–231, 252
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 56
Le Foll, Bernard, 254
League of Nations, 239
Leary, Timothy, 231
Leary v. United States, 231
Lebeuf, Jean-Paul, 104
legalization: attitudes toward, 257–259, 258; in California, 265; in Canada, 265; effect on research, 171, 244, 256;
hybrid laws, 236; by individual US states, 233–237, 236; of medicinal cannabis, 233–236; opposition to, 232–237; and
the stock market, 263–265
Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, 223
Lewontin, Richard, 82
Li, Hong-Tao, 84
lignins, 132, 133, 135, 138, 189, 200
Linnaeus, Carolus (Carl von Linné), 55–56
lipases, 254
liver function, 121–122, 123
Livingston, Samuel, 141
llijita, 110
Long, Tengwen, 20, 22
long terminal repeats (LTRs), 185–186, 186
LSD, 9, 231, 238, 245, 247, 248
LUCA, 34–35
lungs, 119–120, 120
Luria, Gilad, 261, 262
luteolin, 128, 129
lycophytes, 39
MacLean, Paul, 146–147
MADS box genes, 94, 98
MAGL (monoacylglycerol lipase), 155
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 251
Magnoliophyta, 50
malonyl CoA, 136, 137
“Manhattan Plot,” 198
mannose, 200
MAO (monoamine oxidase), 155
Marcus, Gary, 142
Marihuana Tax Act (1937), 230
Marihuana: The Forbidden Medicine (Grinspoon & Bakalar), 244
marijuana. See cannabis
Marinol, 223
mass spectrometry, 260
Matias, Isabel, 165
Matsuda, Lisa, 159
Matsui, Akira, 20
McCaffrey, Barry R., 233
McClintock, Barbara, 183–185, 184, 191–192
McKernan, Kevin J., 179
McPartland, John, 8–9, 20, 21, 22, 60, 61, 62, 63, 165
Mechoulam, Raphael, 160–161, 167, 226
Mediavilla, Vito, 69
medicinal cannabis: for attention deficit hyperactivity, 278; in Canada, 241; for cancer-related pain, 224, 225; cases
involving, 235–236; CBD, 212; Cesamet, 223; clinical trial phases, 217–219; clinical trials, 215–216, 223, 225; for
Dravet syndrome, 216, 216, 223; and drug testing, 243; entourage effects, 138–139, 225–226; Epidiolex, 223; FDA
approval process, 220–222; FDA-approved products, 222–225; global sales, 262–263; for gout, 212; in India, 213–
214; legalization of, 233–236, 236, 238–239; for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, 223; Marinol, 223; medicinal uses of,
212–226, 256; for mental disorders, 278; for obesity, 224, 225; for pain, 224, 225, 278; parasitage effect, 226; for
PTSD, 224, 225; research money allocation, 244, 265–266, 266; research on, 230; for schizophrenia, 224, 225; for
severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy (SMEI), 277–278; support for, 277; Syndros, 223; THC, 212; THC/THCA
concentrations, 220–221
Memedovich, K. Ally, 249, 251, 252
Mendel, Gregor, 68, 185
Meng Ren, 28–29
mental health: anxiety, 252; depression, 252, 267; mania, 249, 252; mood disorders, 278; psychosis/psychotic disorders,
249, 252, 267; schizophrenia, 252, 256; suicidal ideation, 252, 267
Merlin, Mark D., 19, 23, 26, 27
MERS, 219
Mesopotamia, 26
Messenger, P. S., 7
messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), 179, 220
metabolism, 121–123, 122
methadone, 231
methamphetamine, 238, 248
methylenedioxymethamphetamine, 247
Mexico, 85
Meyerowitz, Elliot, 90, 91, 92, 94
mice (Mus musculus), 12, 89, 249–250
microbes, 3. See also bacteria
Middle East: Arabia, 30–31; Arabian Peninsula, 53; cannabis in, 18, 30–31, 33; Iraq, 30–31; Judahite Shrine of Arad,
30; Persia, 30–31; water pipes, 104
mitochondria, 3–4, 36, 39, 72, 136
model organisms, 89
molecular analysis, 90
molecular biology, 156, 191
molecular clock, 82–84, 85
molecular markers, 192
money laundering, 242–243
monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), 155
monoamine oxidase (MAO), 155
monosaccharides, 200
monoterpene synthases, 130
Monte, Andrew, 256
Moore’s law, 218
Morgan, Thomas Hunt, 185
morphine, 158, 231
Morris, Jennifer, 83
mosses, 50
Mostafa, A. R., 7
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), 251
mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid), 179, 220
Muller, Hermann Joseph, 185
Munro, Sean, 159
Murder at the Vanities (film), 271
Muryama, Shinchiro, 36
mushrooms, 247. See also fungi
mutations, 90, 91–93, 185
nabilone, 220, 256
nabiximols, 256
Nahas, Gabriel, 31
Namdar, Dvora, 225
Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act (1922), 229
narcotics: CSA schedules, 231–232; schedule 1, 221, 223, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 238–239, 244, 242, 248
nasal mists, 111
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 9
National Capital Poison Control Center, 11
National Catholic Welfare Council, 230
National Firearms Act (1934), 230
National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), 221, 268
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 224
national marijuana day, 267
Native Americans, 103–104
natural selection, 2, 5, 37–38, 80–81, 82, 146, 147
Naudin, Charles, 67–68
nematodes, 89, 191
Nepeta cataria (catnip), 11–12, 12, 13
nepetalactone, 11
nerve cells, 149–151, 150
nervous system, 9, 144
neural function, 6, 15, 149, 253
neuropsychological decline, 267
neuropsychopharmacology, 247
neuroreceptors. See receptors
neuroscience, 146–147
neurotransmitters, 151, 159, 161, 254; adrenaline, 152, 152; catecholamines, 152, 155; endogenous, 152; epinephrine,
152, 155; GABA, 152, 152, 159, 168. 169, 253–254; glutamate, 144, 152, 152, 155, 159, 251, 254; noradrenaline,
152; serotonin, 123, 152, 152, 155, 159, 168; structures of, 152. See also anandamide (AEA); cannabinoids;
dopamine; synapses
New Zealand, 269
next generation sequencing (NGS), 172
nicotine, 109–110; nicotine abuse, 255
NIDA (National Institute of Drug Abuse), 221, 268
NIH (National Institutes of Health), 224
Nixon, Richard, 232
noladin ether, 161
noradrenaline, 152
norepinephrine, 155
North America, 53, 104, 269. See also Canada; United States
Noseworthy, Tom, 249
nucleotides, 94, 172, 173, 174, 176–177, 180 , 187–188, 189
Nutt, David, 247, 248
Obama, Barack, 223, 232, 233, 234, 259
OEA (oleoylethanolamide), 161
Office of National Drug Control Policy, 233
Ogden, David W., 233
Ogden memo, 233–234, 235
oleoylethanolamide (OEA), 161
olivetol synthase, 194
open reading frames (ORFs), 188, 189
opiates, 228
opioids, 158–159, 253
opium, 112, 171
Opium and Coca Leaves Trade Restrictions Act (1909), 229
oral tradition, 18
ORFs (open reading frames), 188, 189
organ systems, 158
Orsburn, Ben, 171
O’Shaughnessy, William Brooke (WB), 213–214
Owen, Richard, 87
paclitaxel (Taxol), 129
paleobotany, 42, 83–84
paleoecology, 20
paleontology, 41
palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), 161
pangenomics, 177–178
parasitage effect, 226
parasites, 38
Parsons, Jessica, 72
parthenogenesis, 67, 68
pathways, 135, 136, 138, 166; acetyl CoA, 135, 136; cannabinoid, 137; GPP, 136, 137; hexanoate, 137; MEP
(ethylerythritol 4-phosphate), 136, 137; phenylpropanoid, 136; polyketide, 136–138, 201; secondary, 137
Patton, David B., 229, 235, 237
Pauling, Linus, 83
PCA (principal components analysis), 203, 204, 208
PEA (palmitoylethanolamide), 161
Pen-ts’ao ching (Shennong), 32–33
Petersik, John T., 12
Petit, Jordi, 193, 199
Pfizer pharmaceutical company, 159
PGPM (plant growth-promoting microorganisms), 76–77