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Chemical Characterization
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ofPhytoconstituents forLifestyle
Diseases
YvanAndersonT.Ngandjui, JosephTchamgoue,
DonaldUlrichK.Kagho, TitusAlfredM.Msagati,
BathelemyNgameni, andSimeonF.Kouam
Abstract
Medicinal plants have been largely used for the treatment of
several illnesses including lifestyle diseases. The observed
pharmacological properties of these plants are mainly attributed to the presence of secondary metabolites. Several of
these secondary metabolites have been isolated, characterized, and assessed for their biological potential against lifestyle diseases. Reports on the chemical investigation of
some medicinal plants involved in the management of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, respiratory chronic diseases,
cancer, and cardiovascular diseases have revealed that the
main classes of compounds involved are phenolic compounds, terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, etc. This chapter
provides an overview of these phytoconstituents frequently
involved in the management of lifestyle diseases and the
various chemical techniques used for their characterization.
Y. A. T. Ngandjui (*)
Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College,
University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of
Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa,
Florida Science Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa
Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
J. Tchamgoue
Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College,
University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
D. U. K. Kagho · S. F. Kouam
Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College,
University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
T. A. M. Msagati
Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of
Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa,
Florida Science Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa
B. Ngameni
Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of
Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Keywords
Lifestyle diseases · Medicinal plants · Phytoconstituents ·
Characterization techniques
1 Introduction
Lifestyle diseases are diseases that are not spread directly
from one person to another. There are well-known as noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and are caused by the way
people live. Lifestyle diseases regroup mainly and increasingly diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular illness. Worldwide, NCDs are one of the
important sources of death [1]. As said by WHO, NCD is
responsible to 41million deaths every year, which is corresponding to 74% of mortality globally. Among all NCD
deaths, countries with low- and middle-income are most
concerned by about 77% deaths. Diabetes accounts for less
NCD deaths (2.0million of deaths annually), followed by
chronic respiratory diseases (4.1million of deaths), cancers
(9.3million of deaths), and cardiovascular diseases (about
17.9million of deaths) [1]. Factors such as tobacco, physical
inactivity, unhealthy diets, and abusive use of alcohol
increase the risk of either developing or dying from NCD
which is linked to lifestyle choices.
Unfortunately, available medications usually used to ght
against NCD are very expensive and have side effects [2, 3].
Consequently, the search for less toxic and cost-effective
drugs is required [4]. In this regard, phytoconstituents from
plants have been considered as an appreciated reservoir of
lead compounds for drug development. The medicinal
plants’ potential is known since centuries and possess advantage to have minor secondary effects and low toxicity.
Medicinal plants have acquired wide medical acceptance due
to a more prominent information of how they make strides
well-being and quality of life [5]. Many plants were reported
to exhibit good therapeutics effects in the management of
lifestyle diseases [6, 7]. In this light, phytochemicals from
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023
A. K. Dhara, S. C. Mandal (eds.), Role of Herbal Medicines, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7703-1_4
59
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Y. A. T. Ngandjui et al.
plants could be an alternative and hopeful approach to prevent and treat lifestyle diseases [8]. This chapter delivers an
overview of phytoconstituents frequently involved in the
management of lifestyle diseases and the various chemical
techniques used for their characterization.
2 Phytoconstituents
fortheManagement ofLifestyle
Diseases
Medicinal plants have been largely used for the treatment of
numerous illnesses including lifestyle diseases. Research
into the chemical composition of these plants has shown that
secondary metabolites are the main sources of the observed
medicinal properties of plants. Reports on the chemical
investigation of some medicinal plants involved in the management of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, respiratory
chronic diseases, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases have
revealed that the main groups of phytoconstituents involved
are phenolic compounds, terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, etc.
2.1 Diabetes
Diabetes also called blood sugar is a chronic illness that
arises when your blood glucose is too high. Diabetes is a
multi-cause metabolic disease induced by hyperglycemia
resulting from defects in insulin action, insulin secretion, or
both. Insulin is a hormone formed in the pancreas that lets
glucose from food to go in the body’s cells where it is transformed into energy required by muscles and tissues to function. The patient suffering from diabetes does not absorb
glucose correctly, and glucose remains owing in the blood
which is destructive for body tissues over time. This damage
can lead to disabling and life-threatening health complications [9]. Medicinal plants and phytoconstituents have
always had a crucial part in the management of diabetes.
Among phytochemical groups, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, and steroids were reported to display
antidiabetic properties [10–12].
2.1.1 Alkaloids
Alkaloids are frequently found in the plant kingdom; they
are a group of naturally occurring organic nitrogencontaining compounds. Many alkaloids were obtained from
numerous medicinal plants and are sorted into three main
bunches counting true, pseudo-, and proto-alkaloids. For
instance, berberine (1) [13], tecomine (2) [14], boschniakine
(3), 5β-hydroxyskitanthine (4), casuarine 6-O-α-glucoside
(5) [15], catharantine (6), vindoline (7), vindolinine (8) [16],
cryptolepine (9) [17], harmane (10), jatrorrhizine (11), magnoorine (12), palmatine (13) [18, 19], javaberine A (14),
javaberine B (15) [20, 21], lepidine (16), semilepidine (17)
[22], mahanimbine (18) [23], piperumbellactam A (19),
piperumbellactam B (20), piperumbellactam C (21) [24],
radicamines A (22) and B (23) [25], tecomine (24), and
tecostanine (25) [26, 27] obtained from different plants were
described to exhibit antidiabetic activities. The structures of
some alkaloids which displayed signicant antidiabetic
properties are shown in Fig.1.
2.1.2 Phenolic Compounds
They are molecules that are characterized by their structures
having at least one phenol unit. Phenols are also a huge family
of 10,000 plant compounds classied into several subclasses
including avonoids, catechins, anthocyanins, isoavones,
chalcones, curcuminoids, and phenolic acids [28–31]. Some
phenolic compounds (Fig.2) were reported to exhibit antidiabetic properties, viz. cyanidin-3-galactoside (26) [32], (-) epicatechin (27) [33], epigallocatechin-3- gallate (28) [34],
(-)-3-O-galloylepicatechin (29), (-)-3-O-galloylcatechin (30)
[35], hesperidin (31), naringin (32) [36], dorsamin F (33),
6-prenyl-3′-methoxyeriodictyol (34) [37], naringenin 7-O-β-
D-glucoside (35) [38], kaempferitrin (36), kaempferol 3-O-β-
D-(2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl) galactopyranoside (37),
kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1 → 2)-O-[α-Lrhamno- pyranosyl(1 → 6)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (38),
kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1 → 2)-O-[α-Lrhamnopyranosyl(1 → 6)]-β-D-galactopyranoside (39),
kaempferol 3-O-β-D-(2,6-di-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl) galactopyranoside (40) [39], marsupsin (41), and pterostilbene (42)
[40], vitexin (43), isovitexin (44), isorhamnetin 3-O-β-Drutinoside (45) [41], ferulic acid (46) [42], and bellidifolin
(47) [43].
2.1.3 Terpenoids andSteroids
Terpenoids are bioactive compounds present naturally in
several plants. They are precursors of steroids in both animals and plants, and are known to display potent antidiabetic
activities [44]. Indeed, α-amyrin acetate (48) [45, 46],
andrographolide (49) [47, 48], forskolin (50) [49],
3β-acetoxy-16β-hydroxybetulinic acid (51) [50], bassic acid
(52) [51], corosolic acid (53) [52–54], elatosides E (54), G
(55), H (56), and I (57) [55], escins-Ia, Ib, IIa, and IIb (58–
61) [56], lactucain A (62), lactucaside (63) [57], pycnanthu-
quinone A (64), pycnanthuquinone B (65) [58],
betavulgarosides II (66), III (67), and IV (68) [59] were
reported to display antidiabetic activity (Fig.3).
2.1.4 Miscellaneous
There are also secondary metabolites that do not belong to
any of the aforementioned classes that have shown promising antidiabetic effects and that are worth to be listed, namely
allicin (69) [60], chebulagic acid (70) [61],
4- hydroxyisoleucine (71) [62] (Fig.4).
Chemical Characterization ofPhytoconstituents forLifestyle Diseases
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Fig. 1 Some alkaloids with
potent antidiabetic property
61
2.2 Cardiovascular Diseases
According to World Health Organization, “Cardiovascular
diseases” is an expression generally used to describe disorders that affect the heart and blood vessels. CVDs comprise coronary artery diseases (CADs) such as myocardial
infarction and angina. Other CVDs include aortic aneu-
rysms, abnormal heart rhythms, congenital heart disease,
carditis, cardiomyopathy, hypertensive heart disease, heart
failure, peripheral artery disease, rheumatic heart disease,
stroke, thromboembolic disease, venous thrombosis, and
valvular heart disease. These diseases can touch one or
many parts of your blood vessels and/or heart. A person
may be asymptomatic (not feeling anything at all) or
symptomatic (physically experiencing the disease). You
may make lifestyle changes to manage cardiovascular diseases generally with the advices of your healthcare supplier because the sooner you detect cardiovascular diseases,
the easier it is to treat [63]. Regarding the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, phytochemicals have long shown
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Fig. 2 Some phenolic
compounds with antidiabetic
property
Y. A. T. Ngandjui et al.
Chemical Characterization ofPhytoconstituents forLifestyle Diseases
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63
Fig. 3 Some terpenoids with antidiabetic property
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