Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5769_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
.pdf
230 oracic ultrasound
ultrasound, a careful clinical and instrumental follow-up and probably the dosage of D-dimer
performed with sensitive method (ELISA or similar).
Introduction to venous Doppler ultrasound
e veins of the lower limbs show a normal spontaneous flow with Doppler interrogation.
is flow can be very slow during the respiratory cycle, so its color can appear only during
its spontaneous or provoked acceleration and with more sensitive settings of the device.
Physiologically it is a non-turbulent motion, with homogeneous color.
e flow is phasic with respiration and is easily accelerated with distal compression, the suspension of the Valsalva maneuver and the removal of proximal compression. All these technique
are useful for the inspective detection of the vascular patency. A qualitative inspection of the
vascular flow is implemented using Color Doppler mapping, whereas Pulsed Doppler interrogation is useful to assess quantitative flow data. An induced flow in a vein indicates distal
(if the flow is induced by distal pressure), or proximal (if the flow changes by the Valsalva
maneuver and by respiration) venous patency.
Concluding remarks on thromboembolic disease
To conclude, it is useful to reiterate some unanimous essential points:
• Venous compression ultrasound is a useful examination in emergency, even if limited to
the main venous trunks. It has high diagnostic accuracy for the evaluation of symptomatic
patients with suspected proximal DVT.
• Before conducting CUS, it is appropriate to define the probability of a thrombotic disease,
based on an appropriate risk score (Wells, Geneva, and similar).
• Among symptomatic patients, approximately 95% of those who show an abnormal CUS
actually has DVT. Conversely, among those who show no abnormalities on CUS, 98%
does not really have a proximal DVT.
• Ultrasound has a low accuracy in the diagnosis of thrombi in the deep veins distal to the
popliteal trifurcation. Among the subjects with negative symptoms and negative ultrasound
examination, approximately 5% risks a proximal extension of venous thrombosis of the
calf. About 2% of symptomatic patients with negative CUS can have small proximal
thrombi unidentified.
• Isolated distal thrombosis is relatively uncommon (about 15% of the symptomatic throm-
bosis), and it is rarely associated with embolic complications.
• CUS repetition in a short-term follow-up in all subjects with negative or not significant
initial instrumental test, but with intermediate pretest risk of ongoing disease, is useful.
Table 20 shows some recommendations for the diagnosis of DVT in different types of
patients
200
.
Table 20 – Recommendations for the diagnosis of DVT in different types of patients
The lack of compressibility of the common femoral or the
Symptomatic patients with
suspected DVT
popliteal vein confirms the diagnosis. If this sign is confined
to the superficial femoral vein, to the distal portion of the
popliteal vein or to the deep veins of the leg, the positive
predictive value of ultrasound is lower (80%)
Parenchymal lung patology 231
Table 20 – Recommendations for the diagnosis of DVT in different types of patients
Patients with suspected DVT,
but non-significant initial tests
Asymptomatic patients
Recurrent DVT
Patients with non-diagnostic
abnormalities in tests for
recurrent DVT
Pregnant patients
Over the following seven days, one or more ultrasound tests
can be used as a follow- up, trying to visualize the popliteal
vein with its trifurcation
The role of venous ultrasonography, however performed, is
uncertain
A new finding of non-compressibility of the common femoral
or popliteal vein, or an increase (compared to previous
examinations) in its diameter greater than 4 mm strongly
suggests the diagnosis of recurrent DVT
The absence of a recent increase in size greater than 1
mm of a common femoral or popliteal vein may exclude
recurrent DVT, but the finding should be checked after 1-3
days and after 1 week. However, in these cases it is necessary
to consider in a comprehensive way the results of clinical
examination, dimer test, venous serial ultrasound, lung scans
and any other tests
Pregnant patients have an increased incidence of isolated iliac
vein thrombosis, undiagnosed accurately with ultrasound.
In pregnant patients, the occurrence of non-thrombotic
causes of edema of the lower limbs is frequent. Ultrasound
findings should be interpreted as in non-pregnant subjects.
➤ Bibliography
1. Bessis L, Callard P, Gotheil C et al. High-Resolution CT of parenchymal lung disease: precise correlation
with histologic findings. Radiographics 1992; 12: 45-58.
2. Corcoran HL, Renner WR, Milstein MJ. Review of high resolution CT of the lung. Radiographics 1992;
12: 917-939.
3. Lichtenstein D, Mezière G, Biderman P et al. e comet-tail artifact: An ultrasound sign of alveolarinterstitial syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 1640-1646.
4. Soldati G, Copetti R, Sher S. Sonographic interstitial syndrome: the sound of lung water. J Ultrasound
Med 2009; 28: 163-174.
5. Soldati G, Copetti R, Sher S. Can lung comets be counted as “objects”? JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2011;
4: 438-439.
6. Soldati G, Giunta V, Sher S et al. Synthetic comets: a new look at lung sonography. Ultrasound Med Biol
2011; 37: 1762-1770.
7. Mueller-Mang C, Grosse C, Schmid K et al. What every radiologist should know about idiopatic interstitial
pneumonia. Radiographics 2007; 27: 595-615.
8. Peddu P, Desai SR. Airspace disease. In: Grainger&Allison’s Diagnostic Radiology (Adam A, Dixon AK eds.).
Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, 2008.
232 oracic ultrasound
9. De Prost N, Tucci MR, Melo MF: Assessment of lung inflammation with 18F-FDG PET during acute
lung injury. AJR 2010; 195: 292-300.
10. Lichtenstein D, Mezière G. A lung ultrasound sign allowing bedside distinction between pulmonary
edema and COPD: the comet-tail artifact. Intensive Care Med 1998; 24(12): 1331-1334.
11. Jambrik Z, Monti S, Coppola V et al. Usefulness of ultrasound lung comets as non radiologic sign of
extravascular lung water. Am J Cardiol 2004; 93: 1265-1270.
12. Volpicelli G, Mussa A, Garofalo G et al. Bedside lung ultrasound in the assessment of alveolar interstitial
syndrome. Am J Em Med 2006; 24: 689-696.
13 Copetti R, Soldati G, Copetti P. Chest sonography: a useful tool to differentiate acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema from Acute respiratory distress syndrome. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2008; 6: 16.
14. Lichtenstein D, Meziere GA. Relevance of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute respiratory failure:
the BLUE protocol. Chest 2008; 134: 117-125.
15. Soldati G, Sher S, Testa A. Lung and ultrasound: time to reflect. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2011; 15:
223-227.
16. Agricola E, Bove T, Oppizzi M et al. “Ultrasound Comet-Tail images”: a marker of pulmonary edema.
A comparative study with wedge pressure and extravascular lung water. Chest 2005; 127; 1690-1695.
17. Picano E, Frassi F, Agricola E et al. Ultrasound lung comets: a clinical useful sign of extravascular lung
water. Am J Soc Echocardiogr 2006; 19: 356-363.
18. Gargani L, Frassi F, Soldati G et al. Ultrasound lung comets for the diff erential diagnosis of acute car-Ultrasound lung comets for the differential diagnosis of acute cardiogenic dispnea: a comparison with natriuretic peptides. Eur J Heart Fail 2008; 10: 70-77.
19. Frassi F, Gargani L, Tesorio P et al. Prognostic value of extravascular lung water assessed with ultrasound
lung comets by chest sonography in patients with dyspnea and/or chest pain. J Card Fail 2007; 13: 830-835.
20. Gargani L. Lung ultrasound: a new tool for the cardiologist. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2011; 9: 6.
21. Avruch L, Cooperberg PL. e comet tail artifact. J Ultrasound Med 1985; 41: 21-28.
22. Gargani L, Frassi F, Agrusta M et al. Furosemide comet stress test for differential diagnosis of cardiogenic
versus pneumogenic dyspnea. Eur Heart J 2006; 27(S1): 906.
23. Agricola E, Picano E, Oppizzi M et al. Assessment of stress induced pulmonary interstitial edema by
chest ultrasound during exercise echocardiography and its correlation with left ventricular function. J Am
Soc Echocardiogr 2006; 19: 457-463.
24. Agricola E, Bove T, Oppizzi M et al. Ultrasound comet tail images: a marker of pulmonary edema: a
comparative study with wedge pressure and extravascular lung water. Chest 2005; 127: 1690-1695.
25. Lichtenstein DA, Mezière GA, Lagoueyte JF et al. A Lines and B Lines: lung ultrasound as a bedside
tool for predicting pulmonary artery occlusion pressure in the critically ill. Chest 2009; 136: 1014-1020.
26. Pratali L, Cavana M, Sicari R, Picano E. Frequent subclinical high altitude pulmonary edema detected by
chest sonography as ultrasound lung comets in recreational climbers. Crit Care Med 2010; 38: 1818-1823.
27. Frassi F, Pingitore A, Cialoni D, Picano E. Chest sonography detects lung water accumulation in healty
elite apnea divers. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2008; 21: 1150-1155.
28. Reissig A, Kroegel C. Transthoracic sonography of diffuse parenchimal lung disease: the role of comet
tail artifacts. J Ultrasound Med 2003; 22: 173-180.
29. Lo Giudice V, Granieri S, Concioni B et al. Uno studio preliminare sulla applicabilità degli ultrasuoni
nella valutazione della patologia interstiziale polmonare. Giornale Italiano di Ecografia 2004; 7: 267-272.
30. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008: the Task Force
for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2008 of the European Society of
Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association of the ESC (HFA) and endorsed
by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM). Dickstein K, Cohen-Solal A, Filippatos G et
al.; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG). Eur Heart J 2008; 29(19): 2388-2442.
Parenchymal lung patology 233
31. Badgett RG, Lucey CR, Mulrow CD. Can the clinical examination diagnose left-sided heart failure in
adults? JAMA 1997; 277: 1712-1719.
32. Badgett RG, Lucey CR, Mulrow CD. Can the clinical examination diagnose left-sided heart failure in
adults? JAMA 1997; 277: 1712-1719.
33.Takeda A, Okumura S, Miyamoto T et al. Comparison of extravascular lung water volume with radiographic findings in dogs with experimentally increased permeability pulmonary edema. J Vet Med Sci 1995;
57(3): 481-485.
34. Meek P, Schwatzstein R et al. Dyspnea. Mechanisms, assessment, and management: a consensus statement. American oracic Society. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 231.
35. Stone CK, Waters S. Dyspnea. In: e clinical practice of Emergency Medicine (Harwood Nuss A, Wolfson
AB eds.). Lippincott William & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2001, pp. 16-21.
36. Green SM, Martinez Rumayor A, Gregory SA et al. Clinical uncertainty, diagnostic accuracy and outcomes in emergency department patients presenting with dyspnea. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 741-749.
37. Collins S, Lindsell CJ, Storrow AB et al. Prevalence of negative chest radiography in he emergency
department patients with decompensated heart failure. Ann Emerg Med 2006; 47: 13.
38. Chait A, Cohen HE, Meltzer LE et al. e bedside chest radiograph in the evaluation of incipient heart
failure. Radiology 1972; 105: 563.
39. Knudsen CW, Omland T, Clopton P et al. Diagnostic value of B type natriuretic peptide and chest
radiographic findings in patients with acute dyspnea. Am J Med 2004; 166: 363.
40. Chakko S, Woska D, Marinez H et al. Clinical, radiographic and hemodynamic correlation in chronic
congestive heart failure: conflicting results may lead to inappropriate care. Am J Med 1991; 90: 353.
41. Kono T, Suwa M, Hanada H et al. Clinical significante of normal cardiac silouhuette in dilated cardiomiopaty: evaluation based upon echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging. Jpn Circ J 1992;
56: 359.
42. Ruskin JA, Gurney JW, orsen MK et al. Detection of pleural effusions on supine chest radiographs.
AJR 1987; 148: 681.
43. Gattinoni L, Caironi P, Pelosi P, Goodman LR. What has Computed Tomography taught us about the
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 1701-1711.
44. Vyshedskiy A, Ishikawa S, Murphy RL Jr. Crackle pitch and rate do not vary significantly during a single
automated-auscultation session in patients with pneumonia, congestive heart failure, or interstitial pulmonary
fibrosis. Respir Care 2011; 56: 806-817.
45. Soldati G, Testa A, Silva FR et al. Chest ultrasonography in lung contusion. Chest 2006; 130: 533-538.
46. Sibbald WJ, Warshawski FJ, Short AK et al. Clinical studies of measuring extravascular lung water by
the thermal dye technique in critically ill patients. Chest 1983; 83: 725-731.
47. Lange NR, Schuster DP. e measurement of lung water. Crit Care 1999; 3: R19-R24.
48. Snashall PD, Keyes SJ, Morgan BM et al. e radiographic detection of acute pulmonary oedema. A
comparison of radiographic appearances, densitometry and lung water in dogs. Br J Radiol 1981; 54: 277-288.
49. Hedlund LW, Vock P, Effmann EL et al. Hydrostatic pulmonary edema. An analysis of lung density
changes by computed tomography. Invest Radiol 1984, 19: 254-262.
50. Lancaster L, Bogdan AR, Kundel HL, McAffee B. Sodium MRI with coated magnetite: measurement
of extravascular lung water in rats. Magn Reson Med 1991; 19: 96-104.
51. Schuster DP, Calandrino FS. Single versus double indicator dilution measurements of extravascular lung
water. Crit Care Med 1991; 19: 84-88.
52. Adler A, Amyot R, Guardo R et al. Monitoring changes in lung air and liquid volumes with electrical
impedance tomography. J Appl Physiol 1997; 83: 1762-1767.
53. Jaeger JQ, Metha RL. Assessment of dry weight in hemodialysis: an overview. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999;
10: 392-403.
234 oracic ultrasound
54. Otto CM. e practice of clinical echocardiography, 2nd ed. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 2002, pp.739-760.
55. Cheriex EC, Leunissen KML, Janssen JHA et al. Echography of inferior vena cava is a simple and reliable tool for estimation of dry weight in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1989; 4: 563-568.
56. Noble VE, Murray AF, Capp R et al. Ultrasound assessment for extravascular lung water in patients
undergoing hemodialysis: time course for resolution. Chest 2009; 135: 1433-1439.
57. Mallamaci F, Benedetto FA, Tripepi R et al. Detection of pulmonary congestion by chest ultrasound in
dialisys patients. JACC Cardiovascular Imaging 2010; 3: 586-594.
58. Slama M, Maizel M. Assessment of fluid requirements. In: Hemodynamic Monitoring using echocardiography
in the critically ill (De Backer D, Cholley BP, Slama M et al. eds.) Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2011.
59. American oracic Society, European Respiratory Society. American oracic Society/European
Respiratory Society. International Multidisciplinary Consensus Classification of the Idiopathic Interstitial
Pneumonias. Am J Respir Crit Care 2002; 165: 277-304.
60. Wittram C, Mark EJ, McLoud TC. CT-Histologic correlation of the ATS/ERS 2002 classification of
idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Radiographics 2003; 23: 1057-1071.
61. Askin FB. Acute interstitial pneumonia: Hystopathologic pattern of acute lung injury and the Hamman
Rich Syndrome revisited. Radiology 1993; 188: 620-621.
62. Aziz ZA, Wells AU, Bateman ED et al. Interstitial lung disease: Effects of thin section CT on clinical
decision making. Radiology 2006; 238: 725-733.
63. Beigelman-Aubry C, Hill C, Guibal A et al. Multi–Detector row CT and postprocessing techniques in
the assessment of diffuse lung disease. Radiographics 2005; 25: 1639-1652.
64. Peros-Golubicic T, Sharma OP. Clinical atlas of interstitial lung disease. Springer-Verlag, London, 2006.
65. Maffessanti M, Dalpiaz G. Diffuse lung diseases. Springer Verlag, Milano, 2004.
66. Grenier P. Chronic diffuse infiltrative lung disease: determination of the diagnostic value of clinical data,
chest radiography, and CT and Bayesian analysis. Radiology 1994; 191: 383.
67. Rohatgi PK. Radiological evaluation of interstitial lung disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2011; 17: 337-345.
68. Leslie KO. Pathology of interstitial lung disease. Clin Chest Med 2004; 25: 657-703.
69. Remy-Jardin M. Subpleural micronodules in diffuse infiltrative lung diseases: evaluation with thin-section
CT scans. Radiology 1990, 177: 133.
70. Sperandeo M, Varriale A, Sperandeo G et al. Transthoracic ultrasound in the evaluation of pulmonary
fibrosis: our experience. Ultrasound Med Biol 2009; 35: 723-729.
71. Gargani L, Doveri M, D’Errico L et al. Ultrasound lung comets in systemic sclerosis: a chest sonography
hallmark of pulmonary interstitial fibrosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009; 48: 1382-1387.
72. Delle Sedie A, Doveri M, Frassi F et al. Ultrasound lung comets in systemic sclerosis: a useful tool to
detect lung interstitial fibrosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2010; 28: S54.
73. Webb WR. Radiology of obstructive pulmonary disease. AJR 1997; 169: 637-647.
74. Shevland JE, Hirleman MT, Hoang KA et al. Lobar collapse in the surgical intensive care unit. Br J
Radiol 1983; 56: 531-534.
75. Lichtenstein D, Lascols N, Prin S et al. e lung pulse: an early ultrasound sign of complete atelectasis.
Intensive Care Med 2003; 29: 2187-2192.
76. Chun R, Kirkpatrick AW, Sirois M et al. Where’s the tube? Evaluation of hand-held ultrasound in confirming endotracheal tube placement. Prehosp Disaster Med 2004; 19: 366-369.
77. Weimberg B, Diakoumakis EE, Kass EG et al. e air bronchogram: sonographic demonstration. AJR
1986; 147: 593-595.
78. Lichtenstein D, Mezière G, Seitz J. e dynamic air bronchogram. A lung ultrasound sign of alveolar
consolidation ruling out atelectasis. Chest 2009; 135: 1421-1425.
Parenchymal lung patology 235
79. Reissig A, Kroegel C. Sonographic diagnosis and follow-up of pneumonia: a prospective study. Respiration
2007; 74: 537-547.
80. Mathis G. Chest sonography. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 2008.
81. Görg C. Transcutaneous contrast-enhanced sonography of pleural-based pulmonary lesions. Eur J Radiol
2007; 64: 213-221.
82. Gharib AM, Stern EJ. Radiology of pneumonia. Med Clin North Am 2001; 85: 1461-1491.
83. Targhetta R, Chavagneux R, Burgeois JM et al. Sonographic approach to diagnosing pulmonary consolidation. J Ultrasound Med 1992; 11: 667.
84. Beasley MB. Acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia: a histological pattern of lung injury and possible variant of diffuse alveolar damage. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2002, 126: 1064.
85. Genereux GP, Stillwell GA. Bacterial infections of the lung. Semin Roentgenol 1980; 15: 9-16.
86. Kim EA, Lee KS, Primack SL et al. Viral pneumonias in adults: radiologic and pathologic findings.
Radiographics 2002; 22: S137-S149.
87. Reittner P, Muller LN, Heyneman L et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia: radiographic and high
resolution CT features in 28 patients. AJR 2000; 174: 37-41.
88. Yang PC, Luh KT, Chang DB et al. Ultrasonographic evaluation of pulmonary consolidations. Am Rev
Respir Dis 1992; 146: 756-762.
89. Dorne HL. Differentation of pulmonary parenchymal consolidation from pleural disease using the
sonographic fluid bronchogram. Radiology 1986; 158: 41-42.
90. Gehmacher O, Mathis G, Kopf A, Scheier M. Ultrasound imaging of pneumonia. Ultrasound Med Biol
1995; 21: 1119.
91. Gorg C, Seifart U, Gorg K et al. Color doppler sonographic mapping of pulmonary lesions. J Ultrasound
Med 2003; 22: 1033-1039.
92. Franquet T. Imaging of pulmonary viral pneumonia. Radiology 2011; 260: 18-39.
93. Watkins RR, Lemonovich TL. Diagnosis and management of community acquired pneumonia in adults.
Am Fam Physician 2011; 83: 1299-1306.
94 Jamshed N, Woods C, Desai S et al. Pneumonia in the long term resident. Clin Geratr Med 2011; 27:
117-133.
95. British oracic Society. BTS Guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in
adults: update 2009. orax 2009; 64(Suppl III): 1-55.
96. Volpicelli G, Francisco MF. Sonographic detection of radio-occult interstitial lung involvement in measles
pneumonitis. Am J Emerg Med 2009; 27(1): 128.e1-3.
97. Parlamento S, Copetti R, Di Bartolomeo S. Evaluation of lung ultrasound for the diagnosis of pneumonia
in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 2009; 27: 379-384.
98. Cortellaro F, Colombo S, Coen D, Duca PG. Lung ultrasound is an accurate diagnostic tool for the
diagnosis of pneumonia in the emergency department. Emerg Med J 2012; 29: 19-23. Epub 2010.
99. Acunas B, Celik L, Acunas A. Chest sonography: differentiation of pulmonary consolidations from
pleural disease. Acta Radiol 1989; 30: 273-275.
100. Lichtenstein D. Whole body ultrasonography in the critically ill. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 2010.
101. Yang PC, Luh KT, Lee YC et al. Lung abscesses: US examination and US-guided transthoracic aspira-Lung abscesses: US examination and US-guided transthoracic aspiration. Radiology 1991; 180: 171-175.
102. Tomashefsky JF, Cagle PT, Farver CF, Fraire AE. Dail ad Hammar’s Pulmonary Pathology. Nonneoplastic
lung disease. Springer, New York, 2008.
103. Görg C, Bert T. Transcutaneous colour Doppler sonography of lung consolidations. Ultraschall Med
2004: 25: 221-226.
236 oracic ultrasound
104. Hsu WH, Chiang CD, Chen CY et al. Color Doppler ultrasound pulsatile flow signals of thoracic
lesions: comparison of lung cancers and benign lesions. Ultrasound Med Biol 1998; 24: 1087-1095.
105. Görg C, Bert T. Transcutaneous contrast enhanced sonography of peripheral lung lesions: review and
pictorial essay. AJR 2006; 187: 420-429.
106. Görg C, Bert T, Görg K. Contrast enhanced sonography for differential diagnosis of pleurisy and focal
pleural lesions of unknown cause. Chest 2005; 128: 3894-3899.
107. Lefcoe MS, Fox GA, Lesa DJ et al. Accuracy of portable chest radiography in the critical care setting.
Chest 1994; 105: 885-887.
108 Ware LB, Matthay MA. e acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1334-1349.
109. Ashbaugh DG, Bigelow DB, Petty TL, Levine BE. Acute respiratory distress in adults. Lancet 1967;
2: 319-323.
110. Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL et al. e American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS:
Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med
1994; 49: 818-824.
111. Henschke CI, Pasternack GS, Schroeder S et al. Bedside chest radiography: diagnostic efficacy. Radiology
1983; 149: 23-26.
112. Peruzzi W, Garner W, Bools J et al. Portable chest roentgenography and CT in critically ill patients.
Chest 1998; 93: 722-726.
113. Duane PG, Colice GL. Impact of noninvasive studies to distinguish volume overload from ARDS
in acutely ill patients with pulmonary edema: analysis of the medical literature from 1966 to 1998. Chest
2000; 118: 1709-1717.
114. Marini JJ. Advances in the understanding of acute respiratory distress syndrome: summarizing a decade
of progress. Curr Opin Crit Care 2004, 10: 265-271.
115. Desai SR. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: imaging of the injured lung. Clinical Radiology 2002;
57: 8-17.
116. Gattinoni L, Bombino M, Pelosi P et al. Lung structure and function in different stages of severe adult
respiratory distress syndrome. JAMA 1994; 271: 1772-1779.
117. Pelosi P, D’Andrea L, Vitale G et al. Vertical gradient of regional lung inflation in adult respiratory
distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149: 8-13.
118. Lichtenstein D, Lascols N, Meziere G et al. Ultrasound diagnosis of alveolar consolidation in the criti-Ultrasound diagnosis of alveolar consolidation in the critically ill. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30: 276-281.
119. Zilberber MD, Shorr AF. Ventilator associated pneumonia as a model for approaching cost effectiveness
and infection prevention in ICU. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2011; 24: 385-389.
120. Guillon A, Montharu J, Cormier B et al. New insights into the pathophysiology of aspiration pneumonia. Br J Anaesth 2011; 106: 608-609.
121. Chen HJ, Yu YH, Tu CY et al. Ultrasound in peripheral pulmonary air fluid lesions: Color Doppler
imaging as an aid in differentiating empyema and abscess. Chest 2009; 135: 1426-1432.
122. de Lassence A, Timsit JF, Tafflet M et al. Pneumothorx in the intensive care unit: incidence, risk factors,
and outcome. Anesthesiology 2006; 104: 5-13.
123. Piantadosi CA, Schwartz DA. e acute respiratory distress sindrome. Ann Intern Med 2004; 141:
460-470.
124. Rocco PRM, Zinb WA. Pulmonary and extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome: are they
different? Curr Opin Crit Care 2005; 11: 10-17.
125. Goodman LR, Fumagalli R, Tagliabue P et al. Adult respiratory distress syndrome due to pulmonary
and extrapulmonary causes: CT, clinical and functional correlations. Radiology 1999; 213: 545-552.
126. Perez A, Coxon HO, Hogg JC et al. Use of CT morphology to detect changes in lung weight and gas
volume. Chest 2005; 128: 2471-2477.
Parenchymal lung patology 237
127. Arbelot C, Ferrari F, Bouhemad B, Rouby JJ. Lung ultrasound in acute respiratory distress syndrome
and acute lung injury. Curr Opin Crit Care 2008; 14: 70-74.
128. Gargani L, Lionetti V, Di Cristofano C et al. Early detection of acute lung injury uncoupled to hypox-Early detection of acute lung injury uncoupled to hypoxemia in pigs using ultrasound lung comets. Crit Care Med 2007; 35: 2769-2774.
129. Jambrik Z, Gargani L, Adamicza A et al. B-Lines quantify the lung water content: a lung ultrasound
versus lung gravimetry study in acute lung injury. Ultrasound Med Biol 2010; 36: 2004-2010.
130. Milne EN, Pistolesi M, Miniati M, Giuntini C. e radiologic distinction of cardiogenic and non
cardiogenic edema. Radiology 1984; 153: 25-31.
131. Owens CM, Evans TW, Keogh BF, Hansell DM. Computed tomography in established adult respiratory distress syndrome. Correlation with lung injury score. Chest 1994; 106: 1815-1821.
132. Galderisi M. Diastolic dysfunction and diastolic heart failure. Diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic
aspects. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2005; 3: 9.
133. Gonzalez Vilchez F, Ares M, Ayuela J, Alonso L. Combined use of pulsed and color M-Mode Doppler
echocardiography for the estimation of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure: an empirical approach based
on an analytical relation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 34: 515-523.
134. Dao Q, Kryshnaswami P, Kazanegra R et al. Utility of B type natriuretic peptide in the diagnosis of
congestive heart failure in an urgent care setting. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37: 379-385.
135. Zapol W, Snider M. Pulmonary hypertension in severe acute respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 1977;
296: 476-480.
136. Jardin F, Gueret P, Dubourg O et al. Two-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of right ventricular
size and contractility in acute respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 1985; 13: 952-956.
137. Vieillard-Baron A. Is right ventricular function the one that matters in ARDS patients? Definitely yes.
Intensive Care Med 2009; 35: 4-6.
138. Vieillard-Baron A, Prin S, Chergui K et al. Echo-Doppler demonstration of acute cor pulmonale at the
bedside in the medical intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 1310-1319.
139. Jardin F, Vieillard-Baron A. Is there a safe plateau pressure in ARDS? e right heart only knows.
Intensive Care Med 2007; 33: 444-447.
140. Richard JC, Girault C, Leteurtre S, Leclerc F, for the experts group of the SRLF. Ventilatory management of acute respiratory distress syndrome in adult patients and children (new-born excepted). Société de
réanimation de langue française experts recommendations. Reanimation 2005; 14: 313-322.
141. Stein PD, Henry JW. Prevalence of acute pulmonary embolism among patients in a general hospital
and at autopsy. Chest 1995; 108: 978-981.
142. Dismuke SE, Wagner EH. Polmonary embolism as a cause of death. e changing mortalità in hospitalized patients. JAMA 1986; 255: 2039.
143. Anderson FA, Wheeler HB, Goldberg RJ. A population based perspective of the hospital incidence
and case fatality rates of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: the Worchester DVT Study.
Arch Intern Med 1991; 151: 933-938.
144. Rosendaal FR. Venous thrombosis: a multicausal disease. Lancet 1999; 353: 1167-1739.
145. Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger M et al. Derivation of a simple clinical model to categorize patients
probability of pulmonary embolism: increasing the model’s utility with the SimpliRED D-dimer. romb
Haemost 2000; 83: 416-420.
146. Manganelli D, Palla A, Donnamaria V et al. Clinical features of pulmonary embolism. Chest 1995;
107: 25S-32S.
147. Ullman E, Brady WJ, Perron AD et al. Electrocardiographic manifestations of pulmonary embolism.
Am J Em Med 2001; 19: 514-519.
148. Stein PD, Goldhaber SZ, Henry JW et al. Arterial blood gas analisys in the assessment of suspected
acute pulmonary embolism. Chest 1996; 109: 78-81.
238 oracic ultrasound
149. van Belle A, Buller HR, Huisman MV et al. Effectiveness of managing suspected pulmonary embolism
using an algorithm combining clinical probability, D dimer testing and computed tomography. JAMA 2006;
295: 172-179.
150. Brown MD, Rowe BH, Reeves MJ et al. e accuracy of the ELISA D-Dimer test in the diagnosis of
pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med 2002; 40: 133-144.
151. Sostman HD, Stein PD, Gottschalk A et al. Acute pulmonary embolism: sensitivity and specificity of
ventilation perfusion scintigraphy in PIOPED II study. Radiology 2008; 246: 941-946.
152. Anderson DR, Kahn SR, Rodger MA et al. Compute tomographic pulmonary angiography vs. venti-Compute tomographic pulmonary angiography vs. ventilation perfusion lung scanning in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism: a randomized controlled
trial. JAMA 2007; 298: 2743-2753.
153. PIOPED Investigators. Value of the ventilation/perfusion scan in acute pulmonary embolism: results
of the prospective investigation of pulmonary embolism diagnosis (PIOPED). JAMA 1990; 263: 2753.
154. Sanchez O, Trinquart L, Colombet I et al. Prognostic value of right ventricular dysfunction in patients
with haemodinamically stable pulmonary embolism: a systematic review. Eur Heart J 2008; 29: 1569-1577.
155. Klok FA, Mos ICM, Huisman MV. Brain type natriuretic peptide levels in prediction of adverse outcome in patients with pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care
J 2008; 178: 425-430.
156. Becattini C, Vedovati MC, Agnelli G. Prognostic value of troponins in acute pulmonary embolism: a
meta-analysis. Circulation 2007; 116: 427-433.
157. Agnelli G, Becattini C. Acute pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 266-274.
158. Miller LD, Joyner CR, Dudrick SJ et al. Clinical use of ultrasound in the early diagnosis of pulmonary
embolism. Ann Surg 1967; 166: 381-392.
159. Joyner CR, Miller LD, Dudrick SJ, Eksin DJ. Reflected ultrasound in the detection of pulmonary
embolism. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1966; 79: 262-277.
160. Mathis G, Dirschmid K. Pulmonary infarction: sonographic appearance with pathologic correlation.
Eur J Radiol 1993; 17: 170-174.
161. Mathis G, Blank W, Reissig A et al. oracic ultrasound for diagnosing pulmonary embolism: a prospective multicenter study of 352 patients. Chest 2005; 128: 1531-1538.
162. Mathis G, Metzler J, Fussenegger D et al. Sonographic observation of pulmonary infarction and early
infarctions by pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J 1993; 14: 804-808.
163. Mathis G. oraxsonography: part II; Peripheral pulmonary consolidation. Ultrasound Med Biol 1997;
23: 1141-1153.
164. Perrier A, Roy PM, Sanchez O et al. Multidetector row computed tomography in suspected pulmonary
embolism. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1760-1768.
165. Reissig A, Heyne JP, Kroegel C. Sonography of lung and pleura in pulmonary embolism: sonomorphologic characterization and comparison with spiral CT scanning. Chest 2001; 120: 1977-1983.
166. Reissig A, Kroegel C. Transthoracic ultrasound of lung and pleura in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: a novel non-invasive bedside approach. Respiration 2003; 70: 441-452.
167. Reissig A, Heyne JP, Kroegel C. Ancillary lung parenchymal findings at spiral CT scanning in pulmonary
embolism. Relationship to chest sonography. Eur J Radiol 2004; 49: 250-259.
168. Görg C, Bert T. Transcutaneous contrast enhanced sonography of peripheral lung lesions: review and
pictorial essay. AJR 2006; 187: 420-429.
169. Pfeil A, Reissig A, Heyne JP et al. Transthoracic sonography in comparison to multislice computed
tomography in detection of peripheral pulmonary embolism. Lung 2010; 188: 43-50.
170. Mohn K, Quiot JJ, Nonent M et al. Transthoracic sonography of the lung and pleura in view of a
suspected pulmonary embolism. J Ultrasound Med 2003; 22: 673-678.
Parenchymal lung patology 239
171. Vieillard-Baron A, Prin S, Chergui K et al. Echo-Doppler demonstration of acute cor pulmonale at the
bedside in the medical Intensive Care Unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 1310-1319.
172. Feigenbaum H. e echocardiographic examination. In: Echocardiography (Feigenbaum H). Lea & Febiger,
Philadelphia, 1994, pp. 68-133.
173. Goldhaber SZ, Elliot GC. Acute pulmonary embolism: Part I. Circulation 2003; 108: 2726-2729.
174. Jardin F, Dubourg O, Gueret P et al. Quantitative two-dimensional echocardiography in massive pul-Quantitative two-dimensional echocardiography in massive pulmonary embolism: emphasis on ventricular interdependence and leftward septal displacement. J Am Coll
Cardiol 1987; 10: 1201-1206.
175. McConnel MV, Solomon SD, Rayan ME et al. Regional right ventricular dysfunction detected by
echocardiography in acute pulmonary embolism. Am J Cardiol 1996; 78: 469-473.
176. Kearon C. Epidemiology of venous thromboembolism. Semin Vasc Med 2001; 1: 7-26.
177. Geerts WH, Pineo GF, Heit JA et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: the Seventh ACCP
conference on antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy. Chest 2004; 126(3 Suppl): 338S–400S.
178. Kakkar VV, Howe CT, Flanc C et al. Natural history of postoperative deep-vein thrombosis. Lancet
1969; 2: 230-232.
179. Lensing AWA, Hirsh J, Buller HR. Diagnosis of venous thrombosis. In: Hemostasis and thrombosis: basic
principles and clinical practice, 3rd ed. (Colman RW, Hirsh J, Marder VJ, Salzman EW, eds.). JB Lippincott,
Philadelphia, 1994, pp.1297-321.
180. White RH. e epidemiology of venous thromboembolism. Circulation 2003; 107(Suppl I): I4-I8.
181. Heit JA. Venous thromboembolism: disease burden, outcomes and risk factors. J romb Haemost
2005; 3: 1611-1617.
182. Wells PS, Anderson DR, Bormanis J et al. Value of assessment of pretest probability of deep-vein
thrombosis in clinical management. Lancet 1997; 350: 1795-1798.
183. Vinson DR, Patel JP, Irving CS. Pretest probability estimation in the evaluation of patients with possible
deep vein thrombosis. Am J Emerg Med 2011; 29: 594-600.
184. McRae S, Ginsberg JS. Update in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.
Curr Opin Anesthesiol 2006; 19: 44-51.
185. Bounameaux H, Perrier A, Righini M. Diagnosis of venous thromboembolism: an update. Vasc Med
2010; 15: 399-406.
186. Stein PD, Hull RD, Patel KC et al. D-dimer for the exclusion of acute venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140: 589-602.
187. Schellong SM. Complete compression ultrasound for the diagnosis of venous thromboembolism. Curr
Opin Pulm Med 2004; 10: 350-355.
188. Kearon C, Julian JA, Newman TE, Ginsberg JS. Noninvasive diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis.
McMaster Diagnostic Imaging Practice Guidelines Initiative. Ann Intern Med 1998; 128: 663-677.
189. Poppiti R, Papanicolaou G, Perese S et al. Limited B Mode venous imaging versus complete color flow
duplex venous scanning for detection of proximal deep venous thrombosis. J Vasc Surg 1995; 22: 553-557.
190. Birdwell RG, Raskob GE, Whitsett TL et al. e clinical validity of normal compression ultrasonography
in outpatients suspected of having deep vein thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 1998; 128: 1-7.
191. Kory PD, Pellecchia CM, Shiloh AL et al. Accuracy of ultrasonography performed by critical care
physicians for the diagnosis of DVT. Chest 2011; 139: 538-542.
192. Crisp JG, Lovato LM, Jang TB. Compression ultrasonography of the lower extremity with portable
vascular ultrasonography can accurately detect deep venous thrombosis in the emergency department. Ann
Emerg Med 2010; 56: 601-610.
193. Baker WF. Diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Med Clin North Am 1998;
82: 459-476.
Соседние файлы в папке Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана