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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the numerous congenital cardiac specialists who have authored the chapters in this book. The expert knowledge that they have imparted has made this a truly comprehensive text.
We would also like to thank Nicki Averill and Nicola Viola for providing the majority of the illustrations used in the book. As regards the individual chapters, we are appreciative of the numerous medical and surgical colleagues, whom we have acknowledged in the appropriate chapters, for providing some of the images and photographs. These are as follows:
Diane E. Spicer, Heart Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children’s
Hospital; Professor Robert H. Anderson, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle
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University; Mr. Nicola Viola, Dr. Tara Bharucha, Dr. Trevor Richens, Dr. Andrew
Ho, Mr. Antonio Ravaglioli, Dr. James Shambrook, Dr. Shankar Sadagopan, Dr. Charles Peebles, Dr. Kevin Roman, Dr. Lindsay Smith, Mr. Pietro Malvindi and Mr. Theo Velissaris — all from University Hospital Southampton; Dr. Dhaval Parekh, Texas Children’s Hospital;
Professor Gurleen Sharland, Evelina London Children’s Hospital;
Dr. Will Regan, Evelina London Children’s Hospital;
Dr. Soha Romeih, Aswan Heart Centre, Egypt;
Dr. Fahad Alhabshan and Ms. Norah Al-Otaibi, National Guard
Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Dr. Francisco Gonzales-Bartalay, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children;
Dr. Simon Bamforth, Newcastle University;
Professor Antoon F. M. Moorman and Dr. Aleksander Sizarov,
Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam; Dr. Tom Semple, Royal Brompton Hospital, London;
Professor John Lamberti, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital
Stanford, Palo Alto, California; Gemma Price, Gemma Price Designs, Cobham, Surrey;
Professor Anthony Hlavacek, Medical University of South Carolina.
Acknowledgements
We are also grateful to the following for granting permission to reprint
copyrighted images:
Abbott;
Berlin Heart Inc.;
BioIntegral Surgical;
Cambridge Unversity Press;
Edwards Lifesciences Corporation;
Elsevier;
Getinge;
Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research;
Medtronic;
Springer;
St. Jude Medical;
Steinkopff Verlag;
Texas Children’s Hospital;
Wessex Heartbeat 3D Heart Library.
In addition, we would like to thank Mr. Nick Small, Cardiac Physiology Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Professor Subhasis Chakraborty, Children’s Hospital, Oxford University Hospital NHS Trust and Mr. Nicola Viola, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, for providing the images and photograph on the front cover.
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Finally, we are deeply indebted to Nikki Bramhill from tfm publishing for her expert production of this congenital cardiac surgical text and ongoing enthusiasm for the ‘Key Question’ series of textbooks.
Contributors
Abdullah A. Alghamdi, MD MSc FRCSC Head, Cardiac Surgery Assistant Professor of Surgery King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
David R. Anderson, MA MB BChir FRCS FRCS Edinb Professor of Congenital Cardiac Surgery King’s College London, UK Consultant Cardiac Surgeon Evelina London Children’s Hospital, Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Robert H. Anderson, BSc MD PhD (Hon) FRCPath FRCS Ed (Hon)
xii
Visiting Professorial Fellow Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
Hiroko Asakai, MD Research Fellow The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
Conal B. Austin, FRCS Congenital Cardiac Surgeon St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
Carles Bautista, MD MSc PhD Paediatric Cardiology Consultant, Interventional Cardiology The Royal Brompton Hospital, part of Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Lale Begum, BSc MSc PgDip Lead Clinical Perfusion Scientist Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
Tara Bharucha, MA (Cantab) MBBChir FRCP FESC Consultant Paediatric and Fetal Cardiologist Congenital Cardiac Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
Contributors
Mark S. Bleiweis, MD Professor of Surgery and Pediatrics, University of Florida Congenital Heart Center, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
William J. Brawn, CBE FRCS Honorary Consultant in Congenital Heart Surgery Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
Harold M. Burkhart, MD Professor and Chief, Division of Cardiac, Thoracic & Vascular Surgery University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma, USA
Christopher A. Caldarone, MD Donovan Chair, Professor, and Chief of Congenital Heart Surgery Texas Children’s Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
Sian Chivers, MBChB MRCPCH Paediatric Cardiology Registrar The Royal Brompton Hospital, part of Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Melanie A. Connett, BN (Hons) MSc Paediatic Intensive Care Advanced Nurse Practitioner Southampton Children’s Hospital, Southampton, UK
Miriam Conway, MBBS BSc (Hons) MRCP Specialist Registrar in Cardiology Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
Antonio F. Corno, MD FRCS FACC FETCS Professor of Research in Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery University of Texas Health, Houston, Texas, USA
Jennifer Co-Vu, MD Attending Pediatric Cardiologist Congenital Heart Center, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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xiv
Key Questions in CONGENITAL CARDIAC SURGERY
Adrian Crucean, MD MS PhD Consultant in Cardiac Morphology Specialty Doctor in Congenital Heart Surgery Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
Barbara J. Deal, MD MSc Professor Emerita of Pediatrics Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Joseph A. Dearani, MD Professor of Surgery Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
Eric Devaney, MD Chief, Pediatric Cardiac Surgery University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Childrens Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Nigel E. Drury, BM (Hons) PhD FRCS (CTh) Hunterian Professor & Consultant in Paediatric Cardiac Surgery Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK
Saravanan Durairaj, MBBS DCH MRCPCH Consultant Paediatric Cardiologist East Midland Congenital Heart Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
Pirooz Eghtesady, MD PhD Professor of Surgery and Chief of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery St. Louis Children’s Hospital/Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Shakil Farid, MBBS FCPS MRCS Ed FRCS (CTh) MBA Consultant Cardiac and Aortic Surgeon Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Charles D. Fraser, Jr., MD Professor of Surgery and Perioperative Care, and Pediatrics Chief, Pediatric and Congenital Cardiothoracic Surgery Director, Texas Center for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease Dell Medical School at The University of Texas at Austin/Dell Children’s Medical Center, Austin, Texas, USA
Contributors
Simone Ghiselli, MD Research Fellow ASST Niguarda, Milan, Italy
Jorge M. Giroud, MD Retired Attending Pediatric Cardiologist All Children’s Hospital, Saint Petersburg, Florida, USA
Sarah Goring, MSc LCCP Clinical Perfusionist Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK
Michael J. Griksaitis, MBBS(Hons) MSc MRCPCH FFICM Consultant Paediatric Intensivist & Honorary Senior Clinical Lecturer Southampton Children’s Hospital, Southampton, UK Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
Kimberly A. Holst, MD Chief Cardiothoracic Surgery Resident Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
xv
Osami Honjo, MD PhD Cardiovascular Surgeon, Associate Professor The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Hatem Hosny, FRCS (CTh) FEBCTS (Cardiac) FEBCTS (Congenital) Consultant Cardiac Surgeon Aswan Heart Centre, Magdi Yacoub Foundation, Aswan, Egypt
Golnaz Houshmand, MD FSCMR Cardiac Imaging Fellow Royal Brompton Hospital, UK Cardiology Consultant Rajaie Cardiavascular, Medical and Research Center, Iran Unversity of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
Jeffrey P. Jacobs, MD FACS FACC FCCP Professor of Surgery and Pediatrics, University of Florida Congenital Heart Center, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
Sian Jaggar, MBBS BSc FRCA FFPMRCA CertMedEd MD Consultant in Anaesthesia & Critical Care Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
Key Questions in CONGENITAL CARDIAC SURGERY
Robert D. B. Jaquiss, MD Chief of Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery Pogue Distinguished Chair in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Research Professor of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery and Pediatrics Children’s Medical Center/UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, Texas, USA
Natasha E. Khan, FRCS (CTh) Consultant Cardiac Surgeon Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK
Ergin Kocyildirim, MD Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgeon Assistant Professor University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
xvi
Igor E. Konstantinov, MD PhD FRACS Professor, Department of Paediatrics University of Melbourne, Australia Senior Research Fellow Heart Research, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia Director, Melbourne Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Regenerative Medicine, Melbourne, Australia Consultant Cardiothoracic Surgeon The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
Timothy S. Lancaster, MD MS Fellow in Congenital Cardiac Surgery Mott Children’s Hospital/University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Michael Lavrsen, MD Consultant Paediatric & Adult Congenital Cardiac Surgeon University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
Andrew J. Lodge, MD Associate Professor of Surgery and Pediatrics Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina, USA
Spiros Loggos, MD MSc Senior Congenital Cardiac Fellow Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK
Contributors
Attilio A. Lotto, MD MCh FRCS (CTh) Consultant and Professor in Congenital Cardiac Surgery Alder Hey Children’s and Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
Stefano M. Marianeschi, MD Consultant Congenital Surgeon ASST Niguarda, Milan, Italy
Christopher E. Mascio, MD Professor and Chief, Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery Executive Director WVU Medicine Children’s Heart Center West Virginia University, West Virginia, USA
Constantine Mavroudis, MD Chief of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery Peyton Manning Children’s Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA Professor Emeritus of Surgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
xvii
Carlos M. Mery, MD MPH Surgical Director, Coronary Anomalies Program Associate Chief, Pediatric and Congenital Cardiothoracic Surgery Associate Professor, Surgery and Perioperative Care, and Pediatrics Texas Center for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease Dell Medical School at The University of Texas at Austin/Dell Children’s Medical Center, Austin, Texas, USA
Jacob R. Miller, MD Instructor of Surgery St. Louis Children’s Hospital/Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Branko Mimic, MD PhD Consultant Congenital Cardiac Surgeon University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
Saeed Mirsadraee, MD MRCS FRCR FRCPE PhD Consultant Radiologist Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, UK
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Key Questions in CONGENITAL CARDIAC SURGERY
Narain Moorjani, MB ChB MRCS MD FRCS (CTh) MA Consultant Cardiac Surgeon and Clinical Lead for Cardiac Surgery Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK Associate Lecturer, University of Cambridge, UK
Victor O. Morell, MD Eugene S. Weiner Endowed Professor and Chair of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery Surgeon-in-Chief Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Executive Director UPMC Heart and Vascular Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Michael O. Murphy, MA MD MRCP FRCS Congenital Cardiac Surgeon Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
Raghav Murthy, MD DABS FACS FACC Assistant Professor, Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, USA
Shafi Mussa, MA MD FRCS (CTh) Consultant Congenital Cardiac Surgeon Bristol Royal Hospital for Children and Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol, UK
Phillip Naimo, BSc MD PhD Research Fellow The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
Masakazu Nakao, MD FRCS (CTh) Consultant Cardiac Surgeon KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
Nitha Naqvi, BSc (Hons) MBBS (Hons) MSc FRCPCH FRCP Paediatric Cardiology Consultant with special interest in echocardiography The Royal Brompton Hospital, part of Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Thieu Nguyen, MD Attending Pediatric Cardiologist Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, Saint Petersburg, Florida, USA
Contributors
Giles J. Peek, MD Professor of Surgery and Pediatrics, University of Florida Congenital Heart Center, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
Susanna Price, MBBS BSc PhD FRCP EDICM FFICM FESC RCPathME Consultant Cardiologist & Intensivist Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
Eric Y. Pruitt, MD Cardiovascular Surgical Resident Congenital Heart Center, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
Michael Puntis, MB BChir MA MRCS FRCA FFICM FHEA Consultant Intensivist St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
xix
David N. Ranney, MD Fellow in Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
Antonio Ravaglioli, MD Congenital Cardiac Surgeon University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
Syed M. Rehman, MBBS BSc (Hons) MRCS FRCS (CTh) Cardiothoracic Surgeon Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
Vanessa J. C. Rogers, BSc (Hons) MBBS MRCS FRCS (CTh) Consultant Thoracic Surgeon Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
Kelly Rosso, MD MS FACS Consultant Breast Surgeon Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Sun City West, Arizona, USA
Kasra Shaikhrezai, MD MSc MRCS FETCS MD (Res) FRCS (CTh) Consultant Cardiac Surgeon Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, UK