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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5510_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
Page numbers ending in ‘b’, ‘f ’ and ‘t’ refer to Boxes, Figures and Tables respectively.
Notes
To save space in the index, the following
abbreviations have been used:
CT – computed tomography
MRI – magnetic resonance imaging
RCTs – randomised controlled trials
TMJ – temporomandibular joint
A
ABCDE approach, medical emergencies, 35b
Abscesses, acute alveolar see Acute alveolar
abscess
Access
intramuscular see Intramuscular access
intravascular see Intravenous access
intravenous see Intravenous access
Acetaminophen (paracetamol), 45
Achieve haemostasis, excessive bleeding, 89
Acinic-cell carcinoma, salivary glands, 230
Acrylic dentures, Candida albicans infection,
176–177
Acrylic splints, mandible fracture
management, 133
Actinomycosis, 75–76
Activated partial thromboplastin time
(APTT), 26
Acute alveolar abscess, 72
clinical features, 72
management, 73
pathology, 72
radiology, 72
Acute asthma, 33
Acute maxillary sinusitis, 114–115, 115f
Acute osteomyelitis, 76, 76f
Acute pain, 44
Acute periapical inflammation, 67–70, 68f
Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis
(thrush), 177t
Acute pulpitis, 66
Acute sialadenitis, 224
bacterial sialadenitis, 224
viral sialadenitis (mumps), 224
Adenocarcinoma, polymorphous
low-grade, 228b
Adenoid cystic carcinoma
questions and answers, 236, 240
salivary glands, 228b, 230, 231f, 231t
Adrenaline (epinephrine)
defibrillation, 38–39
medical emergencies, 38–39
questions and answers, 61
as vasoconstrictor drug, 48
Adrenal insufficiency, 32–33
Advanced life support, cardiac arrest, 37
Advanced Trauma Life Support
(ATLS), 124
gunshot wound management, 135
AED (automated external defibrillator),
30, 38
Age
benzodiazepine side effects, 53
general anaesthesia assessment, 57, 59
trigeminal neuralgia, 242–243
AIDS see HIV infection
Airway (A), 124–125, 125f
medical emergencies, 35
Airway management, 36–39, 37f
compromised in general anaesthesia,
58, 58f
monitoring, 61
orthognathic surgery, 145
Airway obstruction, 124
surgery, 125
Albright’s syndrome, 107
Alcohol consumption
general anaesthesia assessment, 57–58
squamous cell carcinomas, 197–198
Allergies, 30
conscious sedation contraindications, 50
local anaesthesia, see also Anaphylaxis
Allografts, dental implant surgery, 99
Alloplastic materials, dental implant
surgery, 99
Alveolar abscess, acute see Acute alveolar
abscess
Alveolar bone grafting, cleft lip/palate surgery,
145–146
Alveolar bone loss, dental implant surgery, 97
Alveolar nerve block, inferior, 48
Alveolar osteitis (dry socket), dental extraction
complications, 89–90
Alveolar ridge augmentation, preprosthetic
surgery, 95
Amalgam tattoos, 180, 180f
Ameloblastoma, 161, 162, 162f
surgery, 164
American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA),
classification of physical status, 22, 23t
Amino-amides, 47
Amino-esters, 47
Amnesia, intravenous conscious sedation, 53,
55–56
Anaemia, 26
questions and answers, 41, 42
Anaesthesia
depth of monitoring, 61
general see General anaesthesia
local see Local anaesthesia
Analgesia, 44
administration route, 46
dental pain, 45–46, 45t
dosing schedules, 46
migraine, 244–245
orthognathic surgery, 145
pain, 46
patient-controlled, 46
pre-emptive, 46
preoperative preparation, 46
questions and answers, 61, 62–64
systemic, 44 see also Conscious sedation
Analgesic mouthwash, lichen planus
management, 179
Anaphylaxis, 33–34, 33f
questions and answers, 41 see also
Allergies
Aneurysmal bone cysts, 159
clinical features, 153t
surgery, 161
Angina, 25, 34
questions and answers, 41, 42
Angina bullosa haemorrhagica, 181–182
Angle fractures, mandible, 132f
Angular cheilitis, 177, 177t
Index
Ankylosis, TMJ disorders, 259
Antibacterial drugs, benzodiazepine
interactions, 51t
Antibiotics
chronic osteomyelitis, 78
cysts, 159
facial soft tissue injuries, 129
questions and answers, 39, 43
Anticoagulant therapy, 26–27
Antihistamines, benzodiazepine interactions, 51t
Antihypertensives, benzodiazepine
interactions, 51t
Antiplatelet therapy, 27
Antipsychotics, benzodiazepine interactions, 51t
Antrum
cysts, questions and answers, 164–165, 167
inflammation, 117
mucosal cysts, 115, 115f
Apicectomy, 70b, 71f
questions and answers, 79, 81–82
Appraisal questions, scientific papers, 6, 7b
APTT (activated partial thromboplastin time), 26
Arch bars, mandible fracture management, 134
Arrhythmias, 24
Arthrography, TMJ, 254, 263
Arthroscopy, TMJ, 254–255
Articaine, 47, 49
ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists),
classification of physical status, 22, 23t
Aspiration biopsy, patient assessment, 15–16
Aspiration, cyst surgery, 159
Aspirin
medical emergencies, 30
sensitivity to, 45–46
Asthma, 25
acute, 33
Asymmetry
craniofacial anomalies, 143
salivary gland disease, 231t
ATLS see Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS)
Atrophic mucosa, 170
Atypical facial pain, questions and answers, 251
Atypical odontalgia, 247
Augmentation, collagen, 147
Auscultation, TMJ examination, 254
Autoantibodies, Sjögren’s syndrome diagnosis,
226–228
Autogenous bone grafts, 99
Automated external defibrillator (AED),
30, 38
AVPU method, 126
Avulsion, 127, 128f
B
Bacterial infections
enlarged neck nodes, 212
patient assessment, 15
sialadenitis, 224 see also specific infections
Barbiturates, 51–52, 58
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC), 210, 211f
questions and answers, 215, 217–218
subtypes of, 211t
Basic airway management, 36–39, 37f
Basic life support, 36
Basilic vein, 39f
BDD (body dysmorphic disorder), 142
273
274
Index
Behavioural indications, conscious sedation, 50
Bell’s palsy, 12, 12f
Benign migratory glossitis, 183
Benign tumours
odontogenic tumours, 161b
salivary glands, 228–230
Benzodiazepine(s), 52–53
drug interactions, 51t
in elderly patients, 53
mechanism of action, 52–53
overdose, 34
respiratory depressants, 53
side effects, 53
Benzydamine hydrochloride, lichen planus
management, 179
Benzylpenicillin, acute osteomyelitis, 76
Bias, RCTs, 4
Biceps muscle, 40f
Biochemical investigations, patient
assessment, 16
Biodegradable plates, mandible/maxilla
fracture management, 135
Biodegradable screws, mandible/maxilla
fracture management, 135
Biopsies
excisional, 16
incisional, 16
Bispectral index (BIS), 61
Bisphosphonate-associated necrosis of the jaw
(BONJ), 98
Bisphosphonate(s), dental implant
surgery, 98
Bitewing radiographs, radiation
protection, 266
Black hairy tongue, 179–180
Bleeding disorders, 26
Blepharoplasty, 147
Blinding, RCTs, 3
Blisters
intraepithelial, 181
subepithelial, 180–181
Blood glucose, general anaesthesia, 59
Blood pressure, conscious sedation
monitoring, 57
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), 142
Body fractures, mandible, 132f
Body temperature
conscious sedation monitoring, 57
general anaesthesia monitoring, 61
Bonded brackets, mandible fracture
management, 134
Bone cysts
aneurysmal see Aneurysmal bone cysts
questions and answers, 164–165, 167
Bone diseases, 28, 106–113
alveolar loss, 97
benign fibro-osseous lesions, 106–108
cysts see Bone cysts
fractures see Facial fractures
genetic disorders, 112–113
questions and answers, 119–120, 122
tumours see Bone tumours
Bone grafts
alveolar, 145–146
autogenous, 99
dental implant surgery, 99
maxillary orthognathic surgery, 144
techniques, 99
Bone, healing, 106
Bone invasion, 200
Bone mineral density (BMD),
osteoporosis, 111
Bone regeneration, stimulation, 99–101
Bone screws, mandible/maxilla fracture
management, 135
Bone tumours, 113, 113b
benign tumours, 115
malignancy, 116
odontogenic cysts, 115–116
osteoma, 115
questions and answers, 119–120, 122
squamous cell carcinomas, 197
Botryoid cyst, 156–157
Brachial artery, 39f
intravenous access, 39
Branchial (cleft) cyst, 214
Breathing (B), 125–126, 125f
medical emergencies, 35
British Dental Journal, 7
British Medical Journal (BMJ), 7
Brow lifts, 147
Buccal advancement, oroantral
communication, 117–119, 118f
Buccal space, 73, 73f, 74f
Buccinator muscle, 73f, 74f
Bullous pemphigoid, 181
Bupivacaine, 47, 49
Burning mouth syndrome (BMS), 247–248
Burns, surgery, 129
C
Calcifying odontogenic cyst, 158
Calculi
questions and answers, 234, 237
salivary gland radiology, 224, 234
Caldwell-Luc surgical procedure, 118f
Cancers see Malignancies
Candida albicans infection see Candidiasis
Candida hyphae, 192
Candidal leukoplakia, 192–193
Candidiasis, 176, 176f, 177t
acute pseudomembranous candidiasis
(thrush), 177t
chronic hyperplastic, 177, 177t
denture-induced, 177t
erythematous candidiasis, 176
leukoplakia, 192–193
mucocutaneous, 177t
questions and answers, 184, 187
Canines, maxilla see Maxillary canines
Capsule, TMJ, 253, 258t
Cardiac arrest, 35f, 37
Cardiac failure, 24
Cardiorespiratory arrest, 35
Cardiovascular disease, general anaesthesia
risk assessment, 59
Cardiovascular system
disease relevance, 23 see also specific diseases/
disorders
general anaesthesia monitoring, 59
physical examination, 22
Case-control studies, 5
Case reports, 5
Cavernous sinus thrombosis, 74
CBCT see Cone beam computed tomography
(CBCT)
CBT (cognitive behavioural therapy), 49
Cellular pleomorphism, squamous cell
carcinomas, 198–200, 205
Cellulitis, 74
Cementoblastoma, 163
Cemento-osseous dysplasias, 110
Cemento-ossifying fibroma, 108
Central giant-cell granuloma see Giant-cell
granuloma (GCG)
Cephalic vein, 39f
intravenous access, 39
Cephalometric analysis, 142–143, 143f
Ceramics, implant surgery, 99
Cervical lymphadenopathy, 72
Cervical nerve, 12f
Cervical spine x-ray, general anaesthesia, 59
Chairside laboratory investigations, patient
assessment, 15–19
Chemotherapy, squamous cell carcinomas, 203
Chest compression, 36, 36f
Chest x-ray, 59
Child abuse, 127
Children, craniofacial anomalies, 142
Choking and aspiration, 31–32
Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis, 177, 177t
Chronic hyperplastic candidosis, 192–193
Chronic infections, 75
Chronic maxillary sinusitis, 114, 114f
Chronic obstructive airway disease (COPD),
25, 25f
Chronic osteomyelitis, 76–77, 77f, 79
Chronic pain, 44–45
Chronic periapical inflammation (periapical
granuloma), 68–69, 69f
Chronic pulpitis, 66–67, 67f
Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis, 225
Chronic sialadenitis, 224–226, 225f
bacterial sialadenitis, 224–225
chronic sclerosing sialadenitis, 225
radiation sialadenitis, 225
relapsing parotitis, 225
sarcoidosis, 225–226
sialosis, 226
Cigarette smoking, squamous cell
carcinomas, 197
Circulation (C), 125f, 126
medical emergencies, 36
Circumandibular wiring, mandible fracture
management, 134
Classical trigeminal neuralgia, 242–243
Cleft lip/palate, 141
incidence, 141, 142b
questions and answers, 147, 148–149
surgery, 145–146, 146t
Clindamycin, acute osteomyelitis, 76
Clinical decision-making, 1
Clinical expertise, evidence-based medicine, 1
Clinical practice guidelines, 8–9, 9t
availability of, 8
implementation of, 8
problems, 8–9
Closed reduction, facial fracture management,
133–134
Clotting dysfunction, hepatic disease, 27
Clotting studies, general anaesthesia, 59
Cluster headaches, 245–246
Coagulation factor replacement, 26
Cochrane Collaboration, 6, 6b, 6f
Cochrane Library, 1
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), 49
Cohort studies, 5
Cold sores (herpes labials), 175
Collagen augmentation, 147
Collimation, radiation protection, 264,
266f, 267
Complaint, history taking, 10
Compromised airways, general anaesthesia,
58, 58f
Computed tomography (CT), 17–18, 17f
bone squamous cell carcinomas, 200
dental implant surgery imaging, 98–99
glossopharyngeal neuralgia, 244
maxillary sinus diseases, 113–119, 114f
salivary gland masses, 239
trauma, 126
Concussion, 127, 128f
Condylar hyperplasia, questions and answers,
259, 261
Index
275
Condyle fractures, mandible, 132f
Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT),
18, 18f
dental extractions, 85–90
impacted teeth, 91
maxillary sinus diseases, 113–119, 114f
oroantral communication, 117–119
radiation protection, 266t
Confidence intervals, 4
Congenital heart disease, 23–24
Connective tissue neoplasms, 171, 172f
Conscious sedation, 49–57
administration routes, 49
assessment, 50–51
associated methods, 49
contraindications, 50
pregnancy, 39
drugs, 51 see also specific drugs
indications, 50
Indicator of Sedation Need, 51, 51t
inhalation, 54 see also Nitrous oxide
intranasal, 56
intravenous see Intravenous conscious
sedation
monitoring, 56–57
oral, 53–54
risk avoidance, 49–50
techniques, 53–56
CONSORT, scientific papers, 6–7, 7t, 8f
Contraceptive pill, 29
Controls, RCTs, 3–4
COPD (chronic obstructive airway disease),
25, 25f
Coronoid fractures, mandible, 132f
Cosmetic facial surgery, 147
blepharoplasty, 147
collagen augmentation, 147
dermabrasion, 147
laser ablation, 147
laser resurfacing, 147
liposuction, 147
rhytidectomy, 147
scar revision, 147
Coupland’s elevators, 87, 87f
Coxsackie virus infection, 175
Cranial defects, 97
Cranial/temporal arteritis
(giant-cell arteritis), 246
Craniofacial anomalies, 141–150
aetiology, 141–143
clinical examination, 142, 142f
clinical management, 141
congenital anomalies, 141–145
diagnosis, 143
history, 142
imaging, 142
intraoral examination, 142
investigations, 142
treatment, 143, see also Orthognathic
surgery
Craniofacial surgery, osteodistraction, 146
C-reactive protein (CRP), 246
Crohn’s disease
granulomatous disorders, 182, 182f
recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 173–174
Cross-infections
hepatic disease, 28
HIV infection, 28
Cross-over randomised controlled trials, 4
Cross-sectional surveys, 5
Cross-sectional tomography, dental implant
surgery imaging, 98
CRP (C-reactive protein), 246
Cryer’s elevators, 87, 87f
Cryosurgery, minor salivary glands, 232
CT see Computed tomography (CT)
Cubital fossa, anatomy, 39f
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, 210
Cystic fibrosis, 25
Cysts, 151
antibiotics, 159
classification, 151, 152b
clinical features, 152, 153t, 154f
examination, 152
growth of, 151
infection, 152
questions and answers, 164–168
radiology, 152, 154f
surgery, 159–161
aspiration, 159
enucleation, 159–160
marsupialisation, 160, 160f see also
specific types
D
DBIs (dense bone islands), questions and
answers, 79, 80
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), anticoagulant
therapy, 26
Defibrillation, 38, 38f
strategy, 38
Degenerative joint disease, 257
Delayed immediate implants, 100
Deltoid muscle, 40f
Dense bone islands (DBIs), questions and
answers, 79, 80
Dental contraindications, conscious
sedation, 50
Dental extractions, 85–90
assessment, 85–86
clinical examination, 85
complications, 88–90
dry socket (alveolar osteitis), 89–90
excessive bleeding, 89
jaw fracture, 90
mandible dislocation, 90
maxillary sinus opening, 90
maxillary tuberosity fracture, 90
nerve damage, 90
osteomyelitis, 90
postoperative infections, 90
questions and answers, 101–102, 104
soft tissue damage, 90
surgical emphysema, 90
tooth airway displacement, 90
tooth fracture, 89
tooth fragment loss, 90
tooth loss, 90
trismus, 89
eye protection, 87
history taking, 85
indications, 85
instrumental extraction, 86–87
patient instructions, 89f
postoperative pain, 88
postoperative swelling, 89
questions and answers, 101, 102–103
radiological examination, 85–86, 86b
techniques, 86 see also specific techniques
third molars, 91
treatment planning, 86 see also Surgical
extraction
Dental implant surgery, 96–101
assessment, 97–99
bone augmentation, 99
bone grafting techniques, 99
clinical examination, 98
delayed placement, 100
guided bone regeneration, 99
Dental implant surgery (Continued)
imaging, 98–99
immediate placement, 100
implant exposure, 100
implant loading, 100
implant placement, 100
indications, 85
postoperative care, 100
presurgical investigations, 98
questions and answers, 102, 104
soft tissue surgery, 100
techniques, 99
timing, 100–101
Dental indications, conscious sedation, 50
Dental injuries, 127, 128f
complications, 136
management, 127, 128–129t
Dental pain, analgesia, 45–46, 45t
Dental panoramic tomography (DPT), 91
Dentigerous cysts, 155, 156f
clinical features, 153t
questions and answers, 164, 166
Dentist, role of, 203–204
Dento-alveolar fractures
management, 131
mandible, 132f
trauma, radiology, 131
Dentofacial anomalies, 141–150
diagnosis, 143b
questions and answers, 147–149 see also
Craniofacial anomalies
Denture-induced candidiasis, 177t
Denture intolerance, 97
Denture irritation hyperplasia, 171, 171f
preprosthetic surgery, 94–96
Dentures, acrylic, 176
Depth of anaesthesia, general anaesthesia
monitoring, 61
Dermabrasion, 147
Dermatitis herpetiformis, 181
Dermoid cysts, 214
Developmental anomalies, dental implant
surgery, 97
Diabetes mellitus, 27
Diastase periodic acid-Schiff ’s base
(DPAS), 192
Diazepam (Valium), 53
Diet, squamous cell carcinoma, 198
Diffuse oral melanosis, 180
Digastric muscle, 73f
Dihydrocodeine, 46
Diplopia, facial fractures, 130
Direct interdental wiring, mandible fracture
management, 134
Disability (D), 125f, 126
medical emergencies, 36
Disc displacement without reduction,
256–257, 256f
Disc displacement with reduction,
256, 256f
Discrete melanin-pigmented lesions, 180
Dislocation, TMJ disorders, 258–259
Distant metastasis, 200
Distraction osteogenesis, 99–100
questions and answers, 148, 150
DNA, ionising radiation effects, 264
Domestic violence, 127
Donor bone blocks, 99
Dopaminergic drugs, benzodiazepine
interactions, 51t
Dose limitation, radiation protection, 267
Double-blinding, 3
DPAS (diastase periodic acid-Schiff ’s base),
192
DPT (dental panoramic tomography), 91
276
Index
Drainage, facial infection management, 75
Drug abuse, general anaesthesia assessment, 58
Drug delivery, 39–40
Drug interactions, conscious sedation
contraindications, 51, 51t
Drug-related ulceration, 172
Drugs, 27–28 see also Medications
Dry mouth
questions and answers, 234, 237
salivary gland disease, 221, 225f,
227–228
Dry socket (alveolar osteitis), dental extraction
complications, 89–90
Duct obstruction, salivary gland radiology, 222
Duct wall thickening, salivary gland disease,
223–224
Duration, trigeminal neuralgia, 242
Dysaesthesia, 251
Dysphagia, sideropenic, 193
E
Early diagnosis, malignancies, 204
ECG see Electrocardiography (ECG)
Effusion, TMJ disorders, 258
Electrocardiography (ECG)
conscious sedation monitoring, 57
general anaesthesia, 59
Elevators, 87, 87f
Emergency management of bleeding patient, 26
Emergency surgery, general anaesthesia, 60
Employer (legal person), radiation protection
responsibilities, 269
Endocrine disease, relevance, 27 see also specific
diseases/disorders
Enucleation
cyst surgery, 159–160
nasopalatine cysts, 158
radicular cysts, 161f
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, 181
Epilepsy, 28–29
seizures, 32
Epinephrine see Adrenaline (epinephrine)
Epithelial cysts, 152b
Epithelial dysplasia, 193–195, 194f, 194t
grading, 195
questions and answers, 204, 207–208
Epithelial odontogenic tumours,
161–162, 162f
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, 175
Epulides, mucosal disorders, 183–184, 183f
Equipment, medical emergencies, 30–35
Eruption cysts, 155–156
clinical features, 153t
pathology, 156
questions and answers, 165, 167
radiology, 155
surgery, 161
Erythema migrans, 183
Erythema multiforme, 181
Erythematous candidiasis, 176
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), giant-cell
arteritis (cranial/temporal arteritis), 246
Erythroplakia, 191
Evidence-based laboratory medicine, patient
assessment, 15
Evidence-based medicine, 1–9
benefits, 2
best research evidence, 1, 2f
clinical expertise, 1
limitations, 2
patient values, 2
Examination
extraoral see Extraoral examination
intraoral see Intraoral examination
Excessive bleeding, dental extraction
complications, 89
Excisional biopsy, patient assessment, 16
Exclusion criteria, RCTs, 3
Exophytic verrucous hyperplasia, 193
Exposure (E), 125f, 126
medical emergencies, 36
External resorption, associated pathologies, 70
Extractions see Dental extractions; Surgical
extraction
Extraductal obstruction, salivary gland
disease, 223
Extraoral craniomandibular fixation, 135
Extraoral examination, 11–12
anaesthesia, 12
lymph nodes, 11, 11f
motor disturbances, 12, 12f
paraesthesia, 12
paralysis, 12
problem-specific examination, 12
salivary glands, 12
swellings/lumps, 12
TMJ, 11
Eyelet wiring, mandible fracture
management, 134
Eye protection, dental extractions, 87
F
Facial fractures, 130–135
aetiology, 130
clinical presentation, 130–131, 130f
complications, 136
management, 131–133
closed reduction, 133–134
direct fixation, 135
indirect fixation, 133–134
open reduction, 135
questions and answers, 136–140
radiology, 131
Facial infections, 73
fracture complications, 136
lymphatic spread, 73
management, 75
mandibular infections, 74
maxillary infections, 74
tissue spaces, 73, 73f
types, 74
Facial pain, 241–252
assessment, 241–242
atypical, questions and answers, 248, 251
differential diagnosis, 242
extraoral examination, 242
history, 241–242
intraoral examination, 242
neuralgias, 242 see also specific neuralgias
primary and secondary heaches,
244–246
questions and answers, 248, 250–251
Facial skin
lesions, 210–211
and neck, 210–219
Facial soft tissue injuries, 129
aetiology, 129
clinical presentation, 129
complications, 136
radiology, 129
surgery, 129
Fainting see Syncope (fainting)
Familial adenomatous polyposis (Gardner’s
syndrome), 112–113
Family history, history taking, 10
Fanconi’s anaemia, 193
Felypressin (octapressin), 48
Fibroepithelial polyps, 171–172, 171f, 172f
Fibroma, cemento-ossifying, 108
Fibrosis, submucous see Submucous fibrosis
Fibrous dysplasia, 106–108
Albright’s syndrome, 107
clinical features, 107, 108f
management, 108
pathology, 107
polyostotic form, 106–108
questions and answers, 119, 122
radiology, 107–108
Fibrous epulis, 183
Fibrous hyperplasia, mucosal diseases, 171
Fibrous neoplasia, mucosal diseases, 171
Filtration, radiation protection, 265f, 267
Fine needle aspiration biopsy cytology (FNAC),
15–16
Firearms see Gunshot wounds
Fixation
indirect, 133–134
intermaxillary see Intermaxillary
fixation (IMF)
pins, 132–133
Flaps
lingual, 93b
mucoperiosteal flap, 88
squamous cell carcinoma treatment, 203
surgical design, 88
three-sided, 88
two-sided, 88
Floor-of mouth tissue spaces, facial infections,
73, 73f
Flumenazil, 53
FNAB (fine needle aspiration biopsy), 15–16
Forceps, 87, 89
design, 87
Fordyce granules, 170
Forearm, anatomy, 39f
Foreign bodies, granulomatous disorders, 182
Fractures
dento-alveolar see Dento-alveolar fractures
facial see Facial fractures
Fraenectomy, 95, 96f
Fraenoplasty, 95, 95f
Frictional keratosis, 170–171, 171f
Fungal infections
lymph nodes, 213
mucosa, 176–177
patient assessment, see also specific infections
G
Gabapentin, persistent idiopathic facial pain
(atypical facial pain), 246–248
Gardner’s syndrome (familial adenomatous
polyposis), 112–113
Garré’s osteomyelitis, 77
Gastrointestinal disease, 28
GBR (guided bone regeneration), 99
GCG see Giant-cell granuloma (GCG)
Gender, trigeminal neuralgia, 242–243
General anaesthesia, 57–61
compromised airways, 58, 58f
contraindications, pregnancy, 42
induction, 60
investigations, 58–59
maintenance, 60–61
monitoring, 61
patient assessment, 57–58
physical examination, 58
preoperative medication, 60
preoperative starvation, 60, 60f
preoperative therapy, 59–60
recovery, 61
risk assessment, 59
techniques, 60–61
Index
277
General Dental Council, conscious sedation
drugs, 52
Genetic mucosal lesions, 193
Genioplasty, 144, 145f
Geographic tongue, 183
Giant-cell arteritis (cranial/temporal arteritis),
246
Giant-cell epulis (peripheral giant-cell
Giant-cell granuloma (GCG), 110–111
clinical features, 110
management, 111
pathology, 110
radiology, 110–111, 111f
Giant-cell lesions, questions and answers,
119, 122
Gingival capillaries, achieve haemostasis, 89
Gingival cysts, 157
questions and answers, 164, 167
Gingival enlargement, questions and answers,
184, 187
Gingival erythematous lesions, questions and
answers, 185, 188
Gingivostomatitis, primary herpetic,
174–175, 175f
Glandular odontogenic cyst, 157–158
Glossitis, benign migratory, 183
Glossodynia, 247
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia, 244
clinical presentation, 244
Glossopyrosis, 247
Glucagon, 30
Glucose, 30
Gluteus maximus, 40f
Gluteus medius, 40f
Glyceryl trinitrate, 25, 43
GNAS1 gene, fibrous dysplasia, 106
Good practice guidelines, staff radiation
protection, 269
Graft versus host disease (GVHD), 192
Granulomatous disorders, 182 see also
Mucosal diseases/disorders
Granulomatous inflammation, 213
Greater palatine artery, 88
Greater palatine nerve, 88
Guided bone regeneration (GBR), 99
Gunning-type splints, mandible fracture
management, 134, 134f
Gunshot wounds, 135
management, 135
weapon types, 135
H
Haematological disorders relevance, 26 see also
specific diseases/disorders
Haematological malignancy, 213
Haematology, patient assessment, 16, 16t
Haemoglobin concentration, general
anaesthesia, 58
Haemorrhage, retrobulbar, 136
Haemostasis, excessive bleeding, 89
Hairy leukoplakia, 176
Hard palate area, 73
Hard tissue(s), gunshot wound
management, 135
Headaches, cluster, 245
Head and neck, sensory innervation, 12f
Hemimandibular hyperplasia, questions and
answers, 148, 149
Hepatic disease, 27–28
Hepatitis C, lichen planus, 178–179
Hereditary diseases/disorders, general
anaesthesia assessment, 58
Herpes labials (cold sores), 175
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, 174, 175f
Herpes virus infections, questions and
answers, 184, 187
Herpes zoster virus infections, 175
Herpetic gingivostomatitis, primary,
174–175, 175f
Herpetiform recurrent aphthous stomatitis,
173, 173f
HHV-4 (human herpes virus, 4) infection, 175
Histological grading, squamous cell
carcinomas, 200
History taking, 10–11
HIV infection, 28
mucosa, 175–176
mucous retention mucocoele, 226, 231–232
questions and answers, 184, 187
HIV-related gingivitis, 176
HIV-related periodontitis, 176
Hodgkin’s lymphomas, 26
Homogeneous leukoplakia, 190
Hospital setting, physical examination, 23
Hospital transfer, 39
HPV infections see Human papillomavirus
(HPV) infections
HSV (herpes simplex virus) infection, 174, 175f
Human herpes virus, 4 (HHV-4) infection, 175
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections
mucosa, 175
squamous cell carcinomas, 198
Hyoid bone, 73f
Hypercementosis, periapical inflammation,
70, 71f
Hyperparathyroidism, 27
bone disease, 111–112, 112f
Hyperplasia
fibrous, 171
maxillary sinus diseases, 113
Hyperplastic candidosis, chronic, 192–193
Hyperpyrexia, malignant, 58
Hypersalivation, 221
Hypertension, 24
Hyperthyroidism, 27
Hyperventilation, 31
Hypnosis, 49
Hypoglycaemia, 32
Hypoparathyroidism, 27
Hypoplasia
craniofacial anomalies, 143
maxillary sinus diseases, 113
Hypotension
general anaesthesia risk assessment, 59
postural, 31
Hypothyroidism, 27
I
IASP (International Association for the Study
of Pain), 44
Idiopathic osteosclerosis, questions and
answers, 79, 80
Image receptor speeds, radiation protection, 267
Imaging
craniofacial anomalies, 142
gunshot wound management, 135
patient assessment, 16–17
squamous cell carcinomas, 201 see also
specific methods
IMF see Intermaxillary fixation (IMF)
Immune-mediated mucosal diseases, 180–181
Immunological tests, 16
Impacted teeth, 91–94
assessment, 91
clinical examination, 91
diagnosis, 91
history taking, 91
Impacted teeth (Continued)
maxillary canines, 91
radiological examination, 91
second premolars, 91
surgical techniques, 92–94
mandibular second premolars, 94
maxillary canines, 92–94, 94f
supernumerary teeth, 94
third molars, 91, 92, 93b, 93f, 94f
removal, 92
treatment, 92
complications, 94
Implants see also Dental implant surgery
immediate loading of, 100
immediate placement, 100
placement, 100, 100b
success, 101
IMRT (intensity modulated radiotherapy), 225
Incisional biopsy, 16
Incisive papillae, 170
Incisive rugae, 170
Inclusion criteria, RCTs, 3
Indicator of Sedation Need (IOSN), 51, 51t
Indirect fixation, facial fracture management,
133–134
Induction, general anaesthesia, 60
Infection control, 86
Infections, 66–84
chronic, 75
cysts, 152
facial see Facial infections
facial fracture complications, 136
mucosal diseases/disorders see Mucosal
diseases/disorders
pericoronal, 71–72, 71f
questions and answers, 79–84
soft tissue, face, 72–75
at tooth, 72 see also specific infections
Inferior alveolar nerve block, 48
Inflammation, 66–84, 114–115
acute periapical, 67–70, 68f
antrum, 117
periapical see Periapical inflammation
pericoronal, 71–72, 71f
questions and answers, 79–83 see also specific
diseases/ disorders
Inflammatory collateral cysts, 155
questions and answers, 165, 167
Inflammatory odontogenic cysts, 152b
Inflammatory pain, 45
Inhalation conscious sedation, 54 see also
Nitrous oxide
Initiating factors, trigeminal neuralgia, 242
INR (national normalised ratio), 43
Intensity modulated radiotherapy
(IMRT), 225
Interarticular disc, TMJ, 253, 254f
Intermaxillary fixation (IMF)
disadvantages, 134
mandible fracture management, 134
Internal derangement see Temporomandibular
joint disorders
International Association for the Study of Pain
(IASP), 44
International normalised ratio (INR), 43
Interpositional grafting, 99
Intraductal obstruction, salivary gland disease,
224, 224f
Intraepithelial blisters, 181
Intramuscular access
complications, 40
medications, 39, 40f
questions and answers, 40–41
subcutaneous drug administration
complications, 40
278
Index
Intranasal conscious sedation, 56
Intraoral examination, 13–15
anaesthesia, 14, 14f
dental extractions, 85
motor disturbances, 14
paraesthesia, 14, 14f
paralysis, 14
swellings/lumps, 13
tooth problems, 14–15
ulcer, 13, 13f see also Ulcers/ulceration
Intraoral pigmented naevi, 180
Intra-oral surface, oral cancer, 198, 198f
Intraosseous cysts, questions and answers,
164, 166
Intraosseous wiring, mandible/maxilla
fracture management, 135
Intravascular injection, 40
Intravenous access
complications, 39
intramuscular access complications, 40
local anaesthesia, 48
medications, 39, 40f
Intravenous conscious sedation, 55
amnesia, 53, 55–56
discharge, 56
dosages, 55
preoperative starvation, 56
venous access, 55, 56f
Intravenous fluids, 126
Intravenous sedative technique, questions and
answers, 61, 63
Investigations, RCTs, 4
Ionising radiation, 264–265
matter interaction, 264
questions and answers, 269, 270
Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure)
Regulations, 264
IOSN (Indicator of Sedation Need), 51, 51t
J
Jaw fracture, dental extraction
complications, 90
Jugulo-digastric lymph node, 11f
Jugulo-omohyoid lymph node, 11f
Juvenile chronic (rheumatoid) arthritis, 258
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 258
K
Kaposi’s sarcoma, 176
KCOT (keratocystic odontogenic tumour), 156
Keratocystic odontogenic tumour (KCOT), 156
Keratocysts, 154f, 156, 157f
clinical features, 153t
surgery, 159–161
Keratosis, frictional, 170–171, 171f
Kidney disease, conscious sedation
contraindications, 51
L
Labial gland biopsy, 222–223
Sjögren’s syndrome diagnosis, 226f, 227
The Lancet, 7
Laryngeal mask airway (LMA), 38
Laser ablation, 147
Laser resurfacing, 147
Lateral cephalometric radiographs, 98
Lateral periodontal cyst, 156–157
Latex allergies, 30
Lead shielding, radiation protection, 267
Le Fort fractures, 132–133, 134f
Legal person (employer), radiation protection
responsibilities, 269
Lesions, lichen planus, 178–179, 178f, 179f
Leukaemia, 26, 197, 197f
Leukoedema, 170
Leukoplakia, 190–191, 191f
homogeneous, 190
non-homogeneous, 190
syphilitic, 174
LFTs (liver function tests), 59
Lichenoid mucositis, 178
Lichen planus, 178–179, 191–192
aetiology, 178–179
clinical features, 178
histopathology, 178–179, 179f
lichenoid mucositis, 178
management, 179
oral lesions, 178, 178f, 179f
questions and answers, 184, 187
skin lesions, 178
Lidocaine (lignocaine), 47, 48–49
safe doses, 49t
topical local anaesthesia, 48
Ligaments, TMJs, 253
Lignocaine see Lidocaine (lignocaine)
Linear IgA disease, 181
Lingual flaps, third molar surgical
extraction, 93b
Lingual nerve, 88
damage, 94
Lingual papillae, 170
Lip, oral cancer, 198
questions and answers, 204, 207
Liposuction, 147
Liver disease, conscious sedation
contraindications, 51
Liver function tests (LFTs), 59
Liver toxicity, 45
LMA (laryngeal mask airway), 38
Local anaesthesia, 46–49
complications, 47–48
duration of action, 47
excretion, 47
failure of, 47
mechanism of action, 46–47
metabolism, 47
potency, 47
questions and answers, 61
safe doses, 49, 49t
speed of onset, 47
topical, 48
types, 48 see also specific types
Local rules, staff radiation protection, 269
Locularity, cyst radiology, 152
Lower jugular lymph node, 11f
Lower posterior cervical lymph node, 11f
Lower respiratory tract infections, 25
Low-grade adenocarcinoma, polymorphous,
228b, 230
Ludwig’s angina, 74
Lumps see Swellings/lumps
Lupus erythematosus, 192
Luxation, 127, 128f
Luxators, 87
Lymphadenitis, 73, 212–213
Lymphadenopathy, 212–214
neck cysts, 214–215
Lymphangitis, 73
Lymphatic system, infection spread, 73
Lymph nodes, 11f
anatomy and examination of, 212
extraoral examination, 11, 11f
oral cancer, 196
removal, squamous cell carcinoma treatment,
196 see also specific nodes
Lymphomas, 26, 197
Lymphovascular invasion, 200f
M
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 19
glossopharyngeal neuralgia, 244
salivary gland masses, 239
TMJ, 256f, 262
Major recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 173, 174f
Malar fracture management, 132
Malignancies
early diagnosis, 204
odontogenic tumours see Odontogenic
tumours
pathology, 193–195
post-treatment care, 204
prevention, 203
referral, 204
salivary glands, 221
screening, 204 see also Oral cancer
secondary, 213–214
Malignant hyperpyrexia, 58
Malignant melanomas, 180, 197, 211
ABCDE Scheme for Recognition, 212t
questions and answers, 215, 218
Malignant primary soft tissue and bone
tumours, 197
Mandible, 73f, 106
condyle, 253, 258, 259f
manipulation, 130, 130f
cyst radiology, 152
dislocation of, 90, 136
fractures, 131
common sites, 132f
direct fixation, 135
management, 131–132, 132f
open reduction, 135
infections, 74
orthognathic surgery, 144, 144f
trauma, radiology, 131
Mandibular (glenoid) fossa, 253, 254f, 257
Mandibular orofacial surgery, questions and
answers, 147–150
Mandibular orthognathic surgery, questions
and answers, 147, 148
Mandibular prognathism, questions and
answers, 148, 149
Manual manipulation, TMJ dislocation, 259, 259f
MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors), 29
Margins, cyst radiology, 152
Marsupialisation, cyst surgery, 160, 160f
Masses, salivary gland radiology, 222
Masseter muscle, 74f
Masticatory mucosa, 170
Maxilla, 106
cyst radiology, 152
fractures see Maxilla fractures
infections, 74
orthognathic surgery, 144, 145f
Maxilla fractures, 126
management, 132–133
closed reduction, 135
direct fixation, 135
indirect fixation, 135
open reduction, 135
questions and answers, 136–140
radiology, 131
Maxillary canines
impacted teeth, 91
surgical extraction, 92–94, 94f
Maxillary sinus diseases, 113–119
anatomy, 113
anomalies, 113
histology, 113
hyperplasia, 113
hypoplasia, 113
inflammation see Sinusitis
questions and answers, 119, 122
Index
279
Maxillary sinusitis
acute, 114–115, 115f
chronic, 114, 114f
Maxillary sinus, opening, 106
dental extraction complications, 90
Maxillary tuberosity fracture, 119
dental extraction complications, 90
Maxillofacial defects, dental implant surgery,
96–97
Medial pterygoid muscle, 74f
Median cubital vein, 39f
Median nerve, 39f
Median rhomboid glossitis, 177, 177t
Median vein, 39f
intravenous access, 39
Medical assessment, 22–23
Medical conditions
conscious sedation contraindications, 50–51
conscious sedation indications, 50
relevance of, 23 see also specific
diseases/disorders
Medical emergencies, 30–35
ABCDE approach, 35b
drugs, 30–35
equipment, 30–35
Medical history, 22
history taking, 11
persistent idiopathic facial pain (atypical
facial pain), 246–247
Medical Physics Expert (MPE), 269
Medical risk assessment, 23, 23t
Medicated related osteonecrosis of the jaw
(MRONJ), 78
Medications, 29–30
emergency drugs, 30, 31f
hepatic disease, 27–28
interactions, conscious sedation
contraindications, 51, 51t
intramuscular access, 39, 40f
intravenous access, 39
oral administration, 39
subcutaneous administration, 40 see also
specific drugs
MEDLINE, 1
Melanomas, malignant, 211
ABCDE Scheme for Recognition, 212t
questions and answers, 215, 218
Melanotic lesions, 180
Meniscoplasty, TMJ disorders, 257
Mental nerve, 88
Mepivacaine, 47
Merkel cell carcinoma, 210
Mesenchymal odontogenic tumours, 163
Meta-analysis, Cochrane Collaboration, 6
Metastatic deposits, 197
Metronidazole, 76
Microbiology, patient assessment, 15
Micro-plating systems, mandible/maxilla
fracture management, 135
Microvascular decompression (MVD), 243
Midazolam, 53
dosages, 55
medical emergencies, 30
Midjugular lymph node, 11f
Midposterior cervical lymph node, 11f
Migraine, 244–245
Migratory glossitis, benign, 183
Military rifles, 135
Millard rotation–advancement flap, 148, 150
Mini-plating systems, 135, 135f
Minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 173, 173f
Minor salivary glands
anatomy, 220, 229f, 232
cancers, 197
surgery, 232
Mixed odontogenic tumours, 161–162
Model surgery, orthognathic surgery, 144
Molars, third see Third molars
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), 29
Motor disturbances
extraoral examination, 12, 12f
intraoral examination, 14
Mouth opening, questions and answers,
259, 261
Movement, TMJ examination, 253–255
MRI see Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Mucocutaneous candidiasis, 177t
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, salivary glands,
228b, 228f, 230, 231t
Mucoperiosteal flap, 88
Mucosa, clinically normal susceptible, 193
Mucosal cysts, antrum, 115, 115f
Mucosal diseases/disorders, 170–189
epulides, 183–184, 183f
fibrous hyperplasia, 171
fibrous neoplasia, 171
friction, 170–171
genetic diseases, 181
geographic tongue, 183
granulomatous disorders, 182
causes, 182
investigation, 182
immune-mediated conditions, 180–181
infections, 174–177
bacterial infections, 174
fungal infections, 176–177
viral infections, 174 see also specific
infections
pigmented lesions, 179–180
questions and answers, 184–189
trauma, 170–172
vesico-bullous lesions, 180–182
white sponge naevus, 183 see also specific
diseases/disorders
Mucosa, normal, 170
Mucous extravascular mucocoele
questions and answers, 234, 237
salivary gland, 231, 232f
Mucous membrane pemphigoid,
180–181, 180f
Mucous retention mucocoele, salivary gland,
231–232
Multidisciplinary teams, squamous cell
carcinoma treatment, 202–203
Mumps see Viral sialadenitis (mumps)
Muscle attachments
nerve repositioning, 96
preprosthetic surgery, 95, 95f
Muscle disease, conscious sedation
contraindications, 51
Muscle tenderness, 254
MVD (microvascular decompression), 243
Mylohyoid muscle, 73f, 74f
Myocardial infarction, 25, 34–35
N
NAI (non-accidental injury), 127
Nasal bone fracture, 131
management, 133
radiology, 133
Nasoethmoidal bone fracture, 131
management, 133
radiology, 131
Nasolabial cysts, 158
clinical features, 153t
Nasopalatine cysts, 158, 158f
clinical features, 153t
enucleation, 159–160
questions and answers, 164, 166
Nasopharyngeal airways, 145
insertion, 37f
Nature, trigeminal neuralgia, 242
Nausea and vomiting, nitrous oxide side
effects, 52
Neck dissection, squamous cell carcinoma
treatment, 202f, 203
Neck swellings, 212–215
Needle cricothyroidectomy, 125
Needle fracture, intramuscular access
complications, 40
Nerve block, inferior alveolar, 48
Nerve repositioning, muscle attachments, 96
Nerve trauma
dental extraction complications, 90
facial fracture complications, 136
local anaesthesia, 48
Neuralgias, 242–243
Neural invasion, 200f
Neurological disorders, 28–29
Neuromuscular junctions, general anaesthesia
monitoring, 61
Neuropathic pain, 45
Neuroses, 29
Nitrazepam, 53–54
Nitrous oxide, 52
administration, 54, 54f
elimination, 52
gas-containing body spaces, increased
pressure in, 52
individual susceptibility, 54
intravenous see Intravenous conscious
sedation
nontoxic anaesthetic agent, 52
questions and answers, 64
side effects, 52
NNT (number needed to treat), 3–4
Nociception, 44
Non-accidental injury (NAI), 127
Non-epithelial cysts, 152b
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, 26
Non-homogeneous leukoplakia, 190
Non-melanoma skin cancer, 210
Non-odontogenic cysts, 152b
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs), 45
Nose, cleft lip/palate surgery, 145–146
NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs), 45
Nuclear pleomorphism, squamous cell
carcinomas, 194t
Number needed to treat (NNT), 3–4
O
OAF (oroantral fissure), 117–118
Obesity, conscious sedation contraindications, 51
Observations, physical examination, 22
Occipital lymph node, 11f
Octapressin (felypressin), 48
Odontalgia, atypical, 246
Odontogenic cyst, 115–116
calcifying, 158
Odontogenic keratocysts, 152, 156, 157f
questions and answers, 164, 165, 166, 167
surgical management, 160
Odontogenic myxoma, 163
surgery, 164
Odontogenic tumours, 151, 161–162, 161b
benign tumours, 161b
classification, 161–162, 161b
malignant, 162, 162f
malignant tumours, 161b, 162, 164
mesenchymal, 163
mixed, 161
280
Index
Odontogenic tumours (Continued)
questions and answers, 164–168
surgery, 164 see also specific tumours
Odontomes, 162–163, 163f
surgery, 164
Onlay grafting, 99
Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF),
131–132, 135
Operating potential, radiation protection, 267
Operator, radiation protection
responsibilities, 269
Opioids, 46
benzodiazepine interactions, 51t
Oral administration, medications, 39
Oral cancer, 196–203
chemotherapy, 203
epidemiology, 196–197
extra-oral complications, 196
incidence, 196
lymph nodes, 196
morbidity, 196–197
mortality, 196–197
radiotherapy, 203
staging, 196t
surgery, 203
treatment, 202–203
types, 197 see also specific types
Oral cavity, sensory innervation, 14, 14f
Oral contraceptive pill, 29
Oral dysaesthesia, 247
Oral focal melanosis, 180
Oral lupus erythematosus, 192
Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs),
190–193, 191b
defined, 190
erythroplakia, 191
genetic disorders, 193
leukoplakia, 190–191, 191f
lichenoid reactions, 192
lichen planus, 191–192
management, 195
molecular pathology, 195
oral lichen planus, 191–192
sideropenic dysphagia, 193
submucous fibrosis, 193 see also specific
diseases
Orbit fracture, 132
management, 132
questions and answers, 136–140
Orchitis, 224
Organic pathology, psychiatric disorders, 29
ORIF (open reduction and internal fixation),
131–132, 135
Oro-antral communication, 117–119
Oroantral fissure (OAF), 117–118
Orofacial granulomatosis, 182
Orofacial infections, questions and answers,
79, 81
Orofacial pain see Facial pain
Oropharyngeal (Guedel) airway
Insertion, 37f
Orthognathic surgery, 144
cleft lip/palate surgery, 145–146
follow-up, 145
mandible, 144, 144f
maxilla, 144, 145f
postoperative care, 144–145
preoperative care, 144
preoperative planning, 144
Orthokeratinising odontgenic cyst, 158
Osteitis, rarefying, 68, 68f
Osteoblasts, 106
Osteoclasts, 106
Osteodistraction
craniofacial surgery, 146
questions and answers, 148, 150
Osteogenesis imperfecta, 113
Osteoma, 115
Osteomyelitis, 76
acute, 76, 76f
chronic, 76–77, 77f, 79
dental extraction complications, 90
Garré’s, 77
questions and answers, 119, 123
Osteopetrosis, 113
questions and answers, 119, 122
Osteoporosis, 111, 112f
Osteoradionecrosis, 77–78
Osteosclerosis, questions and answers, 79, 80
Oxygenation, conscious sedation monitoring, 57
Oxygen, medical emergencies, 30
P
Paan
squamous cell carcinomas, 197
submucous fibrosis, 196
Paget’s disease, 109–110
clinical features, 109, 109f
hypercementosis, 70
management, 110
pathology, 109, 109f
radiology, 109–110
Pain, 44
acute, 44
after surgery, 45–46
chronic, 44–45
comorbidities, 56
control, 45 see also Analgesia
dental, 45–46, 45t
facial see Facial pain
inflammatory, 45
neuropathic, 45
postoperative see Postoperative pain
TMJ disorders, 254, 255 see also specific
types
Palatal flap, oroantral communication,
117–119, 119f
Palpation, TMJ examination, 254
Panoramic radiographs
dental implant surgery imaging, 98
radiation protection, 267
Paracetamol (acetaminophen), 45
Paradental cysts, questions and answers,
165, 167
Paraesthesia
extraoral examination, 12
intraoral examination, 14, 14f
Parallel randomised controlled trials, 4
Paralysis
extraoral examination, 12
intraoral examination, 14
Para-pharyngeal space, 74f
Parasymphyseal fractures, mandible, 132f
Parotidectomy
superficial, 222–223, 223f
total, 232–233
Parotid gland, 74f
anatomy, 220, 221, 221f, 222f, 223f, 224f
calculus, 221, 221f, 222f, 223f, 224f
surgery, 220, 221, 221f, 222f, 223f,
232–233
Parotid space, 74f
Parotitis, relapsing, 225
Past dental history, 10
Patient(s)
care, 22–43
conscious oral sedation instructions, 53, 54f
evidence-based medicine, 2
questions and answers, 40–43
RCTs, 2, 3
referral letter, 19–21, 20f
Patient assessment, 10–21
aspiration biopsy, 15–16
biochemical investigations, 16
evidence-based laboratory medicine, 15
excisional biopsy, 16
extraoral examination see Extraoral
examination
haematology, 16, 16t
history taking, 10–11
imaging, 16 see also specific methods
immunological tests, 16
incisional biopsy, 16
intraoral examination see Intraoral
examination
microbiology, 15
special investigations, 15–19
Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), 46
Patterson-Kelly-Brown syndrome, 209
PCA (patient-controlled analgesia), 46
Pemphigus vulgaris, 181
Penicillins, questions and answers, 79, 81
Peralveolar wiring, 134
Periapical granuloma (chronic periapical
inflammation), 68–69, 69f
Periapical inflammation, 67–70
acute, 67–70, 68f
associated pathologies, 68
chronic (periapical granuloma),
68–69, 69f
Periapical radiographs, 98
impacted teeth, 91
radiation protection, 266–267
Pericoronal inflammation, 71–72, 71f
Periosteal new bone formation, 79, 81
Periostitis, 78
Peripheral giant-cell granuloma (giant-cell
epulis), 184
Peristome, 87
Peritonsillar space, 74f
Permanent teeth trauma, 136
management, 128–129t
Persistent idiopathic facial pain (atypical facial
pain), 246–248
Personality disorders, 29
Pharyngeal tissue spaces, 73
Phase I randomised controlled trials, 4
Phase II randomised controlled trials, 4
Phase III randomised controlled trials, 4
Physical examination, 22–23
Physical status
conscious sedation contraindications, 51
general anaesthesia risk assessment, 58
grading, 59
Pigmented lesions, 179–180
Pin fixation, 132–133
Pinnaplasty, 147
Plasma expanders, 125f
Plasma viscosity (PV), giant-cell arteritis
(cranial/temporal arteritis), 246
Plates, biodegradable, 135
Pleomorphic adenoma, salivary glands, 223f,
228–229, 228b, 229f
questions and answers, 223f, 228–229,
228b, 240
Plummer-Vinson syndrome, 209
Plunging ranula, 214, 215f
Pocket facemask, 37f
Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma,
salivary glands, 230
Polyostotic form, fibrous dysplasia, 106
Porphyria, 58
Portable oxygen, medical emergencies, 30
Position, staff radiation protection, 268
Postauricular lymph node, 11f
Postherpetic neuralgia, 244
questions and answers, 248, 250
Index
281
Postoperative infections, 90
Postoperative pain, 88
analgesia, 46
Postoperative swelling, 89
Postural hypotension, 31
Potential malignancies, submucous fibrosis
see Specific diseases
Practitioner, radiation protection
responsibilities, 269
Prealveolar wiring, 134
Preauricular lymph node, 11f
Pre-emptive analgesia, 46
Pregabalin, 243, 244, 247
Pregnancy, 30
conscious sedation contraindications, 50–51
questions and answers, 41, 42
Preherpetic neuralgia, 243, 243f
Premolars, second see Second premolars
Preoperate analgesia, 46
Preoperative medication, general anaesthesia, 60
Preoperative starvation, 60, 60f
general anaesthesia, 56
intravenous conscious sedation, 56
Preoperative therapy, general anaesthesia, 59–60
Preprosthetic surgery, 94–96
alveolar ridge augmentation, 95
denture irritation hyperplasia, 95
muscle attachments, 95, 95f, 96f
nerve repositioning, 96
questions and answers, 101, 103–104
retained teeth removal, 94–95
sulcus deepening, 96
tori, 95
Previous anaesthetic history, 58
Prilocaine, 47, 48, 49
safe doses, 49t
Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis, 174–175,
175f
Primary teeth
dental injury complications, 136
extraction, questions and answers, 101,
102–103
injury management, 128–129t
Procaine, 47
Prognathic, 143
Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL),
192–193
Promotional brochures, 1
Prothrombin time (PT), anticoagulant
therapy, 26
Proton pump inhibitors, 45
Protozoal infections, lymph nodes, 213
Psychiatric disorders, 29
conscious sedation contraindications, 51
pain, 51
Psychiatric emergencies, 34
Psychogenic complications, local anaesthesia, 47
Psychological disease
conscious sedation
contraindications, 50
indications, 50
origin, 29
Psychological origin, psychiatric disorders, 29
Psychoses, 29
PT (prothrombin time), anticoagulant
therapy, 26
Pterygoid hamulus, 106
Pterygomandibular space, 74f
Pulmonary function tests, general
anaesthesia, 59
Pulmonary tuberculosis, 26
Pulpitis, 66–67
acute, 66
chronic, 66–67, 67f
pathology, 67
questions and answers, 248, 250
Purpura, thrombocytopaenia, 176
PV (plasma viscosity), giant-cell arteritis
(cranial/temporal arteritis), 246
PVL (proliferative verrucous leukoplakia),
192–193
Q
Quality assurance, radiation protection, 267
Questions, medical history, 40–41
R
Radiation see Ionising radiation
Radiation dose, questions and answers, 267
Radiation protection, 264–272
administration of, 269
doses, 265
patient protection, 266–267
bitewing radiographs, 266, 266t
CBCT, 264
cone beam CT examinations, 267
dose limitation, 267
justification, 266
panoramic radiographs, 267
periapical radiographs, 266–267
quality assurance, 267
questions and answers, 269, 270–271
responsibilities, 269
staff protection, 267–269
good practice guidelines, 269
local rules, 269
position, 268
workload, 268
Radiation protection adviser (RPA), 269
Radiation protection supervisor, 269
Radiation sialadenitis, 225
Radicular cysts, 154, 154f, 155f
clinical features, 153t
questions and answers, 165, 167
surgical management, 160
enucleation, 160, 161f
Radiography, 17, 17t
bitewing, radiation protection, 266
contrast investigations, 17
lateral cephalometric, 98
periapical see Periapical radiographs
radiation protection see Radiation
protection
squamous cell carcinomas, see also X-rays
Radioisotope imaging, 19, 19f
salivary gland function abnormalities, 222
Radiolucent (osteolytic) radiology, Paget’s
disease, 109
Radio-opaque (osteoblastic) radiology, Paget’s
disease, 110
Radiotherapy, 28
radiation protection see Radiation protection
squamous cell carcinomas, 203
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), 2–5, 3f
allocation concealment, 2–4
bias, 4
blinding, 3
components, 2
cross-over trials, 4
effect estimation, 3–4
effectiveness, 4
efficacy, 4
exclusion criteria, 3
follow-up, 3
inclusion criteria, 3
parallel trials, 4
phase I trials, 4
phase II trials, 4
phase III trials, 4
quality assessment, 4–5
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) (Continued)
randomisation, 2–4
sample size calculations, 3
split-mouth trials, 4
types, 4 see also specific types
Rarefying osteitis, 68, 68f
RAS see Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS)
RCTs see Randomised controlled trials (RCTs)
Recovery
anaesthetic and muscle relaxant drugs, 61
conscious sedation monitoring, 57
Rectus femoris, 40f
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), 172–174
aetiology, 173–174
diagnosis, 174
herpetiform, 173, 173f
major, 173, 174f
management, 174
minor, 173, 173f
questions and answers, 184, 186
Referrals, malignancies, 204
Referrer, radiation protection responsibilities, 269
Registration, radiation protection
responsibilities, 269
Relapsing parotitis, 225
Relaxation training, 49
Renal diseases, 28
Residual cysts, 155
clinical features, 153t
Respiration, conscious sedation monitoring, 57
Respiratory depression, benzodiazepine side
effects, 53
Respiratory disease
conscious sedation contraindications, 50
general anaesthesia risk assessment, 59
Respiratory system
disease relevance, 25–26
general anaesthesia monitoring, 61
Retained teeth removal, 94–95
Retrobulbar haemorrhage, 136
Rheumatic heart disease, 23–24
Rheumatoid arthritis, TMJ disorders,
257–258
Rhytidectomy, 147
Roots, sinus displacement, 117, 117f
S
Salbutamol, 30
Salivary gland(s)
anatomy, 220
extraoral examination, 12
surgery, 232, 233 see also specific glands
Salivary gland disease, 220–240
biopsy, 222–223
clinical examination, 220–221
cysts, 230
history, 220–221
investigations, 220–223
molecular pathology, 230, 231t
obstructive disorders, 223–224, 224f
duct wall thickening, 223–224
extraductal obstruction, 223
intraductal obstruction, 224, 224f
questions and answers, 233–234, 236–237
radiology, 221–223
calculus, 221
duct obstruction, 222
function abnormalities, 222–223
masses, 222
sialometry, 221
tumours, 228–232
benign tumours, 228–230, 228f
malignant tumours, 230
Salivary lymphoepithelial lesion (SLEL), 227, 238
Salivary stimulants, 227
282
Index
Saliva substitutes, 227
Sample size calculations, RCTs, 3
Sarcoidosis, 213
granulomatous disorders, 182
Scars
facial soft tissue injuries, 136
revision, 147
Schirmer’s test, 226f
Sciatic nerve damage, 40, 40f
Scientific papers, 6–7
appraisal questions, 6, 7b
CONSORT, 6–7, 7t, 8f
Sclerosing sialadenitis, chronic, 225
Screening, malignancies, 204
Screws, biodegradable, 135
Second premolars
impacted teeth, 91
surgical extraction, 91
Secretory carcinoma, 230
Sedation, 56 see also Conscious sedation
drugs, 51–52
intravenous, 54f
technique, 53–56
Sensory innervation
head and neck, 12f
oral cavity, 12f
Shape, cyst radiology, 152
Sialadenitis
acute see Acute sialadenitis
chronic see Chronic sialadenitis
chronic sclerosing, 225
radiation, 225
Sialoendoscopy, salivary gland duct
obstruction, 222
Sialography
diagnosis, sialogram, 222f, 224–225, 227f
salivary gland duct obstruction, 222, 222f
Sjögren’s syndrome diagnosis, 226,
227–228
Sialometry
salivary gland disease, 221
Sjögren’s syndrome diagnosis, 226–228,
227b, 227f, 230
Sialosis, 226
Sickle cell anaemia, 26
Sickledex test, 16
Sickle test, 58
Sideropenic dysphagia, 193
Sinus elevation or lift, 99
Sinusitis, 114–115
acute maxillary, 114–115, 115f
bone tumours, 115–116, 116f
chronic maxillary, 114, 114f
Site, trigeminal neuralgia, 242
Sjögren’s syndrome, 226–228, 226f
associated autoimmune disease, 226b, 238
diagnosis, 226–227, 227b
Schirmer’s test, 226–227, 226f
management, 227–228
questions and answers, 234, 237
Skin lesions, lichen planus, 186
Skin, local anaesthesia, 48
Skin sutures, facial soft tissue injuries, 129
SLEL (salivary lymphoepithelial lesion),
227, 238
Smoker’s palatal keratosis, 171
Smoking
dental implant surgery, 97–98
general anaesthesia assessment, 57
Social history
conscious sedation contraindications, 50
general anaesthesia assessment, 57–58
history taking, 10
persistent idiopathic facial pain (atypical
facial pain), 247
physical examination, 22
Socket capillaries, haemostasis, 89–90
Soft tissue(s)
gunshot wound management, 135
trauma see Soft-tissue trauma
Soft tissue cysts, questions and answers, 164, 167
Soft tissue salivary tumours, 230
Soft tissue surgery, 100
Soft-tissue trauma
dental extraction complications, 90
local anaesthesia, 48
Solitary bone cysts, 158–159, 159f
clinical features, 153t
surgery, 161
Sonography see Ultrasound
Specialised mucosa, 170
Spindle cell carcinoma, questions and answers,
205, 208
Splints
acrylic, 133
dental injuries management, 127
dento-alveolar fractures, 131
gunning-type, 134
Split-mouth randomised controlled trials, 4
Sponge naevus, questions and answers,
185, 187
Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), 197–203,
199f, 210, 211f
aetiology, 197–198
alcohol, 197–198
cigarette smoking, 197
diet, 198
paan, 197
ultraviolet light, 198
virus infections, 198
bone, 116, 116f
clinical features, 198, 198f
grading and staging, 200–201
imaging, 201–202
pathology, 205, 208
bone invasion, 200
histopathology, 198–200
metastases, 200
questions and answers, 204, 207
tobacco smoking, 197
treatment, 202–203
chemotherapy, 203
radiotherapy, 203
surgery, 203
Stafne’s cavity, 106, 107f
Steroid drugs, 29
recurrent aphthous stomatitis
management, 174
Stomatitis nicotina see Smoker’s palatal
keratosis
Stroke, 34
Subcutaneous drug administration, 40
complications, 40
Subepithelial blisters, 180–181
Sublingual space, 73f
Subluxation, 127, 128f
Submandibular lymph node, 11f
Submandibular salivary gland, 73f
anatomy, 220
calculus, 221, 221f
surgery, 232
Submandibular space, 73f
Submasseteric space, 74f
Submental lymph node, 11f
Submerged implants, 100, 101f
Submucous cleft, questions and answers,
148, 150
Submucous fibrosis, 193, 193f
questions and answers, 204, 207
Sulcus deepening, preprosthetic surgery, 96
Sumatriptan, 245
Superficial parotidectomy, 223f, 232–233
Superficial vascular malformation, dorsal
lingual mucosa, 172, 172f
Superior constrictor muscle, 74f
Supernumerary teeth, surgical extraction, 94
Suprahyoid neck, 215
Surgery
burns, 129
craniofacial anomalies, 144
minor salivary glands, 220
salivary glands, 232–233
squamous cell carcinomas, 203
Surgical emphysema, 90
Surgical extraction, 88, 88b
anatomical risk factors, 88
flap design, 88
postoperative care, 88
questions and answers, 101, 102–103
Surrogate outcomes, RCTs, 5
Suspension wires, 135
Suxamethonium apnoea, 58
Swellings/lumps
extraoral examination, 12
intraoral examination, 13
salivary gland disease, 232
Symphyseal fractures, mandible, 132f
Symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia, 242
Syncope (fainting), 30–31
questions and answers, 41, 42, 43
Syphilis, 174
Syphilitic leukoplakia, 174
Systematic approach, history taking, 10
Systematic reviews, 5–6
Systemic disease, conscious sedation
contraindications, 50
T
Taste disorders, impacted teeth treatment, 92
Teeth
airway displacement, 90
fracture, 89
injury, treatment for, 128–129t
intraoral examination, 14–15
loss, 90
surgical removal of, 87, 88b, 101
trauma, radiology, 131
Temazepam, 53
Temperature, conscious sedation
monitoring, 57
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
anatomy, 253, 254f, 255–257
arthroscopy, 254–255
clinical examination, 253
extraoral examination, 11
movement, 253, 254, 254f
radiology, 254–259
uncommon conditions, 258
Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs),
253–263
ankylosis, 258–259
disc displacement without reduction,
256–257, 256f
disc displacement with reduction,
256, 256f
dislocation, 258–259
effusion, 258
internal derangement, 255–256
surgery, 257
malignancy, 258
pain/dysfunction, 253
questions and answers, 259–260
rheumatoid arthritis, 257
trauma, 258
Teratogenicity, nitrous oxide side effects, 52
Third molars
impacted teeth, 91, 92