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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5510_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
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- •Preface
- •Essays
- •Viva questions
- •Dedication
- •Acknowledgement
- •1 Evidence-based practice
- •Overview
- •1.1 Decision-making
- •Evidence-based medicine
- •Best research evidence
- •Clinical expertise
- •Using this book
- •Patient values
- •Benefits and limitations of evidence-based medicine
- •1.2 Randomised controlled trials
- •Components of the randomised controlled trial
- •Randomisation and allocation concealment
- •Philosophy of the book
- •Layout and contents
- •Approaching assessment
- •The main types of assessment
- •Multiple choice questions
- •Single best answer questions
- •Short notes
- •Blinding
- •Completeness of follow-up
- •Sample size calculation
- •Inclusion and exclusion criteria
- •Estimate of effect
- •Different types of randomised controlled trial
- •Phase I, II and III trials
- •Parallel, cross-over, and split-mouth design
- •Bias and assessment of randomised controlled trials
- •Bias
- •Assessing the quality of randomised controlled trials
- •1.3 Other research methods
- •Cohort studies
- •Case-control studies
- •Cross-sectional surveys
- •Case reports
- •1.4 Systematic reviews
- •1.5 How to read a paper
- •Appraisal questions
- •Consort
- •1.6 Clinical practice guidelines
- •Implementation of guidelines
- •Problems with guidelines
- •2 Assessing patients
- •Overview
- •2.1 History
- •The complaint
- •History of the complaint
- •Past dental history
- •Social and family history
- •Medical history
- •2.2 Extra-oral examination
- •Lymph node examination
- •Temporomandibular joint
- •Salivary glands
- •Problem-specific examination
- •Swelling/lump
- •Paraesthesia/anaesthesia
- •Paralysis/motor disturbance
- •2.3 Intra-oral examination
- •2.4 Special investigations
- •Chairside laboratory investigations
- •Evidence-based laboratory medicine
- •Microbiology
- •Viruses
- •Bacteria
- •Fungi
- •Aspiration biopsy
- •Incisional/excisional biopsy
- •Excisional biopsy
- •Incisional biopsy
- •Haematology
- •Biochemistry
- •Immunology
- •Imaging
- •Conventional radiography
- •Contrast investigations
- •Computed tomography
- •Cone beam computed tomography
- •Diagnostic ultrasound
- •Radioisotope imaging
- •Magnetic resonance imaging
- •2.5 Writing a referral letter
- •3 Human disease and patient care
- •Overview
- •3.1 Medical assessment
- •Medical history
- •Physical examination
- •Cardiac failure
- •Management
- •Arrhythmias
- •Management
- •Angina and myocardial infarction
- •Management
- •The respiratory system
- •The upper airway
- •Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- •Management
- •Asthma
- •Management
- •Other respiratory diseases
- •Upper or lower respiratory tract infections
- •Cystic fibrosis
- •Pulmonary tuberculosis
- •Haematological disorders
- •Anaemia
- •Management
- •Sickle cell anaemia
- •Leukaemia
- •Management
- •Lymphoma
- •Management
- •Bleeding disorders
- •Management
- •Thrombocytopenia
- •Emergency management of a bleeding patient
- •Anticoagulant therapy
- •Management
- •Antiplatelet therapy
- •Endocrine disease
- •Diabetes mellitus
- •Management
- •Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism
- •Management
- •Hypoparathyroidism and hyperparathyroidism
- •Hypoparathyroidism
- •Hyperparathyroidism
- •Hepatic disease
- •Clotting dysfunction
- •Drugs
- •Cross-infection
- •Renal disease
- •Gastrointestinal disease
- •Bone disease
- •Radiotherapy
- •HIV/AIDs
- •Management
- •Cross-infection
- •Neurological disorders
- •Epilepsy
- •Management
- •Psychiatric disorders
- •Organic pathology
- •Psychological origin
- •The psychoses
- •The neuroses
- •Personality disorders
- •Other psychiatric disorders
- •Medications
- •Routine medication
- •Steroid drugs
- •Contraceptive pill
- •Allergies
- •Pregnancy
- •Treatment
- •3.3 Medical emergencies
- •Emergency drugs and equipment
- •Common medical emergencies
- •Syncope
- •Signs and symptoms
- •Cause
- •Principles of treatment
- •Further management
- •Hyperventilation
- •Signs and symptoms
- •Cause
- •Principles of treatment
- •Postural hypotension
- •Signs and symptoms
- •Causes
- •Principles of treatment
- •Choking and aspiration
- •Signs and symptoms
- •Cause
- •Principles of treatment
- •Further management
- •Diabetic emergencies: Hypoglycaemia
- •Signs and symptoms
- •Cause
- •Principles of treatment
- •Further management
- •Epileptic seizure
- •Signs and symptoms
- •Cause
- •Principles of treatment
- •Further management
- •Signs and symptoms
- •Cause
- •Hospital setting
- •Medical risk assessment
- •3.2 Dental relevance of the medical condition
- •The cardiovascular system
- •Congenital and rheumatic heart disease
- •Hypertension
- •Management
- •Principles of management
- •Further management
- •Acute asthma
- •Signs and symptoms of acute severe asthma
- •Signs and symptoms of life-threatening asthma
- •Cause
- •Principles of treatment
- •Further management
- •Anaphylaxis
- •Signs and symptoms
- •Principles of treatment
- •Further management
- •Stroke
- •Signs and symptoms
- •Cause
- •Principles of treatment
- •Further management
- •Benzodiazepine overdose
- •Signs and symptoms
- •Cause
- •Principles of treatment
- •Further management
- •Psychiatric emergencies
- •Signs and symptoms
- •Cause
- •Principles of treatment
- •Angina and myocardial infarction
- •Signs and symptoms
- •Angina
- •Myocardial infarction
- •Cause
- •Principles of treatment
- •Further management for severe angina or myocardial infarction
- •Cardiorespiratory arrest
- •Signs and symptoms
- •Causes
- •Principles of treatment
- •Further management
- •ALS for cardiac arrest
- •Advanced airway management
- •Adrenaline (epinephrine)
- •Hospital transfer
- •3.4 Drug delivery
- •Self-assessment questions
- •True/false
- •Case history question
- •Oral examination questions
- •Self-assessment answers
- •True/false
- •Case history answer
- •Oral examination answers
- •4 Control of pain and anxiety
- •Overview
- •4.1 Systemic analgesia
- •Nociception and pain
- •Nociception
- •Pain
- •The pain system
- •Acute pain
- •Chronic pain
- •Pain control
- •Dental pain and pain after surgery
- •Dosing schedules
- •Preemptive analgesia
- •Preoperative patient preparation
- •Patient-controlled analgesia
- •Route of drug administration
- •Pain and the mind
- •4.2 Local anaesthesia
- •Mechanism of action
- •Amino-esters
- •Amino-amides
- •Potency
- •Speed of onset
- •Duration of action
- •Metabolism and excretion
- •Failure of anaesthesia
- •Complications
- •General complications
- •Psychogenic
- •Toxic
- •Allergic
- •Local complications
- •Soft-tissue trauma
- •Nerve trauma
- •Intravascular injection
- •Complications of inferior alveolar nerve block
- •Types of LA drugs
- •Topical LAs
- •Intraoral
- •Skin
- •Application method
- •Vasoconstrictors
- •Adrenaline (epinephrine)
- •Felypressin (octapressin)
- •Common drugs in dentistry
- •Lidocaine (lignocaine)
- •Prilocaine
- •Articaine
- •Bupivacaine
- •Drug dose for safety
- •4.3 Conscious sedation
- •Assessment for conscious sedation
- •Dental indications
- •Medical and behavioural indications
- •Dental contraindications
- •Medical contraindications
- •Allergy
- •Systemic disease
- •Respiratory disease
- •Pregnancy
- •Liver and kidney disease
- •Muscle disease
- •Obesity
- •Psychiatric disorders
- •Drug interactions
- •Physical status
- •Indicator of sedation need
- •Sedative drugs
- •Nitrous oxide
- •Elimination
- •Undesirable effects
- •Teratogenicity
- •Nausea or vomiting
- •Increased pressure in gas-containing body spaces
- •Benzodiazepines
- •Mechanism of action
- •Undesirable effects
- •Respiratory depression
- •The elderly
- •Elimination
- •Diazepam
- •Midazolam
- •Temazepam
- •Legal status
- •Flumazenil
- •Sedation techniques
- •Oral sedation
- •Inhalation sedation
- •Intravenous sedation
- •Dosage
- •Venous access
- •Amnesia
- •Analgesia
- •Discharge
- •Preoperative starvation
- •Intranasal sedation
- •Monitoring sedated patients
- •4.4 General anaesthesia
- •Patient assessment
- •Social history
- •Smoking
- •Alcohol
- •Home circumstances
- •Drug abuse
- •Previous anaesthetic history
- •Hereditary problems
- •Porphyria
- •Malignant hyperpyrexia
- •Suxamethonium apnoea
- •Physical examination
- •Special investigations
- •Haemoglobin concentration
- •Urinalysis
- •Sickle test
- •Urea and electrolyte (U&E) concentrations
- •Blood glucose concentration
- •Liver function tests (LFTs)
- •Clotting studies
- •Chest X-ray
- •Cervical spine X-ray
- •Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- •Pulmonary function tests
- •Weight
- •Risk assessment
- •Grading of physical status
- •Cardiovascular disease
- •Hypertension
- •Respiratory disease
- •Preoperative medication
- •Preoperative starvation
- •GA technique
- •Maintenance
- •Recovery
- •Monitoring during anaesthesia
- •Cardiovascular system
- •Respiratory system
- •Neuromuscular junction
- •Body temperature
- •Depth of anaesthesia
- •Self assessment questions
- •True/false
- •Single best questions
- •Case histories questions
- •Case history 1
- •Case history 2
- •Self assessment answers
- •True/false
- •Single best answers
- •Case histories answers
- •Case history 1
- •Case history 2
- •Overview
- •5.1 Pulpitis
- •Acute pulpitis
- •Clinical features
- •Radiology
- •Pathology
- •Management
- •Chronic pulpitis
- •Clinical eatures
- •Radiology
- •Pathology
- •Management
- •Acute periapical periodontitis
- •Clinical features
- •Radiology
- •Pathology
- •Management
- •Chronic periapical periodontitis (periapical granuloma)
- •Clinical features
- •Radiology
- •Pathology
- •Management
- •Pathoses associated with periapical inflammation
- •Hypercementosis
- •External resorption
- •5.4 Soft tissue infections of the face
- •Infection sited at a tooth
- •Acute alveolar abscess
- •Clinical features
- •Radiology
- •Pathology
- •Management
- •Spread of infection to facial tissues
- •Lymphatic spread of infection
- •Spread of infection through tissue spaces
- •Floor-of-mouth tissue spaces
- •Other tissue spaces of importance
- •Buccal spaces
- •Pharyngeal tissue spaces
- •Hard palate area
- •Types of facial infection
- •Maxillary infections
- •Mandibular infections
- •Cellulitis
- •Cavernous sinus thrombosis
- •Management of infections about the face
- •Drainage
- •Chronic infection
- •Actinomycosis
- •Clinical features
- •Pathology
- •Management
- •Osteomyelitis
- •Acute osteomyelitis
- •Clinical features
- •Radiology
- •Pathology
- •Management
- •Chronic osteomyelitis
- •Clinical features
- •Radiology
- •Pathology
- •Management
- •Clinical features
- •Radiology
- •Pathology
- •Management
- •Osteoradionecrosis
- •Clinical features
- •Radiology
- •Pathology
- •Management
- •Medication related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ)
- •Clinical features
- •Radiology
- •Pathology
- •Management
- •Periostitis
- •Self-assessment questions
- •True/false
- •Single best questions
- •Case history questions
- •Case history 1
- •Case history 2
- •Case history 3
- •Case history 4
- •Viva questions
- •Self-assessment answers
- •True/false
- •Single best answers
- •Case history answers
- •Case history 1
- •Case history 2
- •Case history 4
- •Clinical features
- •Radiology
- •Likely diagnosis
- •Viva answers
- •6 Removal of teeth and surgical implantology
- •Overview
- •6.1 Dental extractions
- •Assessment for extraction
- •Indications for dental extraction
- •History and clinical examination
- •Radiographic examination
- •Treatment planning
- •Consent
- •Infection control
- •Reducing risk of errors in surgery
- •Surgical removal of teeth
- •Surgical flap design
- •Postoperative care
- •Complications of dental extractions
- •Postoperative pain
- •Postoperative swelling
- •Trismus
- •Fracture of teeth
- •Excessive bleeding
- •History
- •Examination
- •Achieve haemostasis
- •Postoperative infection
- •Osteomyelitis
- •Damage to soft tissues
- •Damage to nerves
- •Opening of the maxillary sinus
- •Loss of tooth
- •Loss of tooth fragment
- •Fracture of the maxillary tuberosity
- •Fracture of jaw
- •Dislocation of the mandible
- •Displacement of tooth into the airway
- •Surgical emphysema
- •6.2 Impacted and ectopic teeth
- •Assessment
- •Third molars
- •Impacted maxillary canines
- •Impacted lower second premolars
- •History and clinical examination
- •Radiological examination
- •Diagnosis
- •Treatment options
- •Indications for removal of third molars
- •Surgical techniques
- •Lower third molar surgery
- •Upper third molar surgery
- •Maxillary canines
- •Mandibular second premolars
- •Supernumerary teeth
- •Complications of treatment of impacted and ectopic teeth
- •6.3 Preprosthetic surgery
- •Retained teeth/roots removal
- •Denture irritation hyperplasia
- •Tori
- •Muscle attachments
- •Alveolar ridge augmentation
- •Sulcus deepening
- •Nerve repositioning
- •6.4 Dental implant surgery
- •Assessment
- •Indications for implant treatment
- •Assessment for oral implant surgery
- •Clinical examination
- •Presurgical investigations
- •Imaging
- •Periapical view
- •Panoramic view
- •Lateral cephalometric radiograph
- •Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)
- •Surgical techniques
- •Bone augmentation
- •Autogenous bone
- •Alloplastic materials
- •Ceramics
- •Allografts
- •Xenografts
- •Bone grafting techniques
- •Onlay grafting
- •Interpositional grafting
- •Sinus elevation or lift
- •Stimulation of bone regeneration
- •Guided bone regeneration (GBR)
- •Distraction osteogenesis
- •Implant placement
- •Implant exposure
- •Immediate loading of implants
- •Postoperative care
- •Soft tissue surgery
- •Timing of implant placement
- •Immediate implant placement
- •Delayed immediate implants
- •Zygoma implants
- •Implant success
- •Self-assessment questions
- •True/false
- •Case history questions
- •Case history 1
- •Case history 2
- •Viva questions
- •Self-assessment answers
- •True/false
- •Case history answers
- •Case history 1
- •Case history 2
- •Viva answers
- •7 Diseases of bone and the maxillary sinus
- •Overview
- •7.1 Diseases of bone
- •Normal jaw skeleton
- •Benign fibro-osseous lesions
- •Fibrous dysplasia
- •Clinical features
- •Pathology
- •Radiology
- •Management
- •Cemento-ossifying fibroma
- •Clinical features
- •Pathology
- •Radiology
- •Management
- •Paget’s disease of bone
- •Cemento-osseous dysplasias
- •Giant-cell granuloma (central giant-cell granuloma)
- •Osteoporosis
- •Hyperparathyroidism
- •Genetic disorders
- •Bone tumours
- •7.2 Diseases of the maxillary sinus
- •Anatomy
- •Histology
- •Anomalies
- •Inflammation (“sinusitis”)
- •Chronic maxillary sinusitis
- •Acute maxillary sinusitis
- •Mucosal cysts of the antrum
- •Benign tumours
- •Osteoma
- •Odontogenic cysts and benign tumours
- •Malignancy
- •Antral response to inflammation of dental origin (odontogenic sinusitis)
- •Displacement of roots into the sinus
- •Oro-antral communication
- •Fracture of the maxillary tuberosity
- •Self-assessment questions
- •True/false
- •Single best questions
- •Case history questions
- •Case history 1
- •Case history 2
- •Case history 3
- •Case history 4
- •Case history 5
- •Viva questions
- •Self-assessment answers
- •True/false
- •Single best answers
- •Case history answers
- •Case history 1
- •Case history 2
- •Case history 3
- •Case history 4
- •Case history 5
- •Viva answers
- •Overview
- •8.1 Assessment of the injured patient
- •Primary survey
- •Airway
- •Breathing
- •Circulation
- •Disability
- •Exposure and environmental control
- •Radiographic examination
- •Secondary survey
- •Documentation
- •Children
- •Adult domestic violence and abuse
- •8.2 Dental injuries
- •Management
- •8.3 Facial soft tissue injuries
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical presentation
- •Radiology
- •Surgical management of lacerations
- •Surgical management of burns
- •8.4 Facial fractures
- •Aetiology
- •Clinical presentation
- •Radiological examination
- •Principles of facial fracture management
- •Dento-alveolar fractures
- •Mandibular fractures
- •Zygoma (or malar) fractures
- •Orbital fractures
- •Maxillary fractures
- •Nasal/nasoethmoidal fractures
- •Techniques for facial fracture management
- •Closed reduction and indirect fixation in the mandible
- •Acrylic splints
- •Disadvantages of IMF fixation
- •Peralveolar and circumandibular wiring
- •Gunning-type splints
- •Closed reduction and indirect fixation in the maxilla
- •Suspension wires
- •Extraoral craniomandibular fixation
- •Open reduction and direct fixation in the mandible and maxilla
- •Plating with mini- and micro-plating systems
- •Titanium mesh
- •Biodegradable plates and screws
- •Transosseous and intraosseous wiring
- •Bone screws
- •8.5 Gunshot wounds
- •Weapons
- •Management
- •Initial
- •Imaging
- •Soft tissues
- •Hard tissues
- •8.6 Dislocation of the mandible
- •8.7 Complications of facial injury
- •Complications of dental injury
- •Primary teeth
- •Permanent teeth
- •Complications of facial soft tissue injury
- •Complications of facial fractures
- •Self-assessment questions
- •True/false
- •Single best questions
- •Case history questions
- •Case history 1
- •Case history 2
- •Case history 3
- •Case history 4
- •Viva questions
- •Self-assessment answers
- •True/false
- •Single best answers
- •Case history answers
- •Case history 1
- •Case history 2
- •Case history 3
- •Case history 4
- •Viva answers
- •9 Dentofacial and craniofacial anomalies
- •Overview
- •9.1 Congenital anomalies
- •Aetiology and types
- •Clinical management
- •History
- •Clinical examination
- •Investigations
- •Imaging
- •Cephalometric analysis
- •Diagnosis
- •Treatment planning
- •9.2 Orthognathic surgery
- •Preoperative stage
- •Preoperative planning
- •Preoperative care
- •Treatment
- •Mandibular surgery
- •Genioplasty
- •Maxillary surgery
- •Postoperative care
- •Airway management
- •Analgesia
- •Follow-up
- •9.3 Cleft lip and palate surgery
- •9.4 Craniofacial surgery and osteodistraction
- •Osteodistraction techniques
- •Technique
- •9.5 Cosmetic facial surgery
- •Self-assessment questions
- •True/false
- •Single best questions
- •Viva questions
- •Self-assessment answers
- •True/false
- •Single best answers
- •Viva answers
- •10 Cysts and odontogenic tumours
- •Overview
- •10.1 General features
- •Cyst growth
- •Classification of cysts
- •Other cysts
- •Odontogenic cysts
- •10.2 Examination
- •General clinical features
- •Radiological examination: General principles
- •Maxilla
- •Mandible
- •Radiological signs
- •Margins
- •Shape
- •Locularity
- •Effects on adjacent structures
- •Effect on unerupted teeth
- •Radicular cyst
- •Radiology
- •Pathology
- •Residual radicular cyst
- •Radiology
- •Pathology
- •Inflammatory collateral cysts
- •Radiology
- •Pathology
- •Dentigerous cyst
- •Radiology
- •Pathology
- •Eruption cyst
- •Radiology
- •Pathology
- •Odontogenic keratocyst
- •Radiology
- •Pathology
- •Lateral periodontal and botryoid cysts
- •Radiology
- •Pathology
- •Gingival cysts
- •Glandular odontogenic cyst
- •Radiology
- •Pathology
- •Calcifying odontogenic cyst
- •Radiology
- •Pathology
- •Orthokeratinising odontgenic cyst
- •Radiology
- •Pathology
- •Nasopalatine cyst
- •Radiology
- •Pathology
- •Nasolabial cyst
- •Radiology
- •Pathology
- •Solitary bone cyst
- •Radiology
- •Pathology
- •Aneurysmal bone cyst
- •Radiology
- •Pathology
- •10.4 Surgical management of cysts
- •Enucleation
- •Marsupialisation
- •Surgical management of particular cysts
- •Radicular cysts
- •Odontogenic keratocyst
- •Eruption cysts
- •Solitary bone cyst
- •Aneurysmal bone cyst
- •Malignant odontogenic tumours
- •Ameloblastoma
- •Odontomes
- •Mesenchymal odontogenic tumours
- •10.7 Surgical management of odontogenic tumours
- •Self-assessment questions
- •True/false
- •Single best questions
- •Case history 2
- •Case history 3
- •Short note questions
- •Essay questions
- •Viva questions
- •Self-assessment answers
- •True/false
- •Single best answers
- •Case history answers
- •Case history 1
- •Case history 2
- •Case history 3
- •Short note answers
- •Essay question answers
- •Viva answers
- •11 Mucosal diseases
- •Overview
- •11.1 Normal oral mucosa
- •Normal structures
- •Leukoedema
- •11.2 Conditions related to friction or trauma
- •Smoker’s palatal keratosis
- •Fibrous hyperplasia and neoplasia
- •Fibroepithelial polyp
- •Denture irritation hyperplasia
- •Connective tissue neoplasms
- •11.3 Ulceration
- •Traumatic ulceration
- •Drug-related ulceration
- •Recurrent aphthous stomatitis: Aphthous ulceration
- •Aetiology
- •Diagnosis
- •Management
- •11.4 Infections
- •Bacterial infections
- •Viral infections
- •Herpes simplex
- •Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis
- •Herpes labialis (cold sores)
- •Herpes zoster
- •Coxsackievirus
- •Epstein–barr virus
- •Human papillomavirus
- •Kaposi’s sarcoma
- •Hairy leukoplakia
- •Erythematous candidiasis
- •HIV-related gingivitis
- •HIV-related periodontitis
- •Other mucosal manifestations in HIV infection
- •Fungal infections
- •Angular cheilitis
- •Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis
- •Clinical features
- •Histopathological features (fig. 11.12)
- •Median rhomboid glossitis
- •11.5 Lichen planus
- •Clinical features
- •Oral lesions
- •Skin lesions
- •Lichenoid mucositis
- •Histopathological features
- •Aetiology
- •Management
- •11.6 Pigmented lesions
- •Black hairy tongue
- •Amalgam tattoos
- •Melanotic lesions
- •Discrete melanin-pigmented lesions
- •Malignant melanoma
- •Diffuse oral melanosis
- •Other lesions
- •11.7 Vesiculo-bullous lesions
- •Immune-mediated conditions
- •Mucous membrane pemphigoid
- •Pemphigus vulgaris
- •Other autoimmune conditions
- •Erythema multiforme
- •Genetic disorders
- •Angina bullosa haemorrhagica
- •11.8 Granulomatous disorders
- •Causes of granulomas
- •Foreign body
- •Orofacial granulomatosis
- •Crohn’s disease
- •Sarcoidosis
- •11.9 Other mucosal conditions
- •White sponge naevus
- •Diagnosis
- •Management
- •Geographic tongue
- •Diagnosis
- •Management
- •Epulides
- •Fibrous epulis
- •Vascular epulis
- •Giant-cell epulis (peripheral giant-cell granuloma)
- •Self-assessment questions
- •True/false
- •Single best questions
- •Case history questions
- •Case history 1
- •Case history 2
- •Case history 3
- •Case history 4
- •Case history 5
- •Viva questions
- •Self-assessment answers
- •True/false
- •Single best answers
- •Case history answers
- •Case history 1
- •Case history 2
- •Case history 3
- •Case history 4
- •Case history 5
- •Viva answers
- •12 Oral potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer
- •Overview
- •12.1 Oral potentially malignant disorders
- •Leukoplakia
- •Erythoplakia
- •Oral lichen planus
- •Oral lichenoid reactions
- •Oral lesions of graft-versus-host disease
- •Oral lupus erythematosus
- •Chronic hyperplastic candidosis and candidal leukoplakia
- •Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL)
- •Types of oral cancer
- •Minor salivary gland cancers
- •Malignant melanoma
- •Malignant lymphoma
- •Leukaemia
- •Metastatic deposits
- •Rare neoplasms
- •Squamous cell carcinoma
- •Aetiology
- •Smoking
- •Paan and other tobacco use
- •Alcohol
- •Ultraviolet light
- •Diet
- •Viruses
- •Clinical features
- •The lip
- •Intra-oral surfaces
- •Head and neck
- •Pathology
- •Histopathological features
- •Bone invasion
- •Metastasis
- •Grading and staging
- •Histological grading: Prognostic features
- •Imaging of oral squamous cell carcinoma
- •Treatment
- •Exophytic verrucous hyperplasia
- •Oral submucous fibrosis
- •Palatal lesions in reverse smokers
- •Genetic mucosal lesions
- •Clinically normal susceptible mucosa
- •12.2 Pathology, dysplasia grading and management
- •Epithelial dysplasia
- •Grading of dysplasia
- •Molecular pathology of opmds
- •12.3 Management of opmds
- •12.4 Oral cancers
- •Epidemiology
- •Global incidence and trends
- •Morbidity and mortality
- •Surgery
- •Radiotherapy
- •Chemotherapy
- •12.5 Role of the dentist in prevention, detection and treatment
- •Prevention
- •Early diagnosis and screening
- •Referral
- •Dental care prior to radiotherapy
- •Post-treatment care
- •Self-assessment questions
- •True/false
- •Single best questions
- •Case history questions
- •Case history 1
- •Case history 2
- •Case history 4
- •Viva questions
- •Self-assessment answers
- •True/false
- •Single best answers
- •Case history answers
- •Case history 1
- •Case history 2
- •Case history 3
- •Case history 4
- •Viva answers
- •13 Facial skin and neck
- •Overview
- •13.1 Facial skin lesions
- •Non-melanoma skin cancer
- •Malignant melanoma
- •13.2 Neck swellings
- •Lymphadenopathy
- •Examination and investigation of lymph nodes
- •Bacterial infections
- •Viral infections
- •Fungal and protozoal infections
- •Sarcoidosis
- •Haematological malignancy
- •Secondary malignancy
- •Other causes of lymphadenopathy
- •Cysts of the neck
- •Self-assessment questions
- •True/false
- •Case history questions
- •Case history 1
- •Case history 2
- •Self-assessment answers
- •True/false
- •Single best answers
- •Case history answers
- •14 Salivary gland disease
- •Overview
- •14.1 Anatomy
- •Minor salivary glands
- •Submandibular gland
- •Parotid gland
- •14.2 Investigations
- •History and clinical examination
- •Sialometry
- •Radiology
- •Is there a calculus present?
- •Plain radiographs, or ultrasound
- •Parotid glands
- •Submandibular gland
- •Ultrasound
- •Is there an obstruction in the duct system? What is the condition of the duct system?
- •Sialography
- •Sialoendoscopy
- •Is there a mass present?
- •Ultrasound
- •Is there an abnormality of gland function?
- •Radio-isotope imaging
- •Biopsy
- •14.3 Salivary gland disorders
- •Obstructive salivary disorders
- •Extra-ductal obstruction
- •Duct wall thickening
- •Intra-ductal obstruction
- •Acute sialadenitis
- •Viral sialadenitis
- •Bacterial sialadenitis
- •Chronic sialadenitis
- •Bacterial sialadenitis
- •Relapsing parotitis
- •Radiation sialadenitis
- •Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis
- •Sarcoidosis
- •Sialosis
- •Sjögren’s syndrome
- •Diagnosis
- •Management
- •Systemic disorders and salivary function
- •Salivary gland tumours
- •Benign tumours
- •Pleomorphic adenoma
- •Warthin’s tumour
- •Other adenomas
- •Soft tissue salivary tumours
- •Malignant tumours
- •Adenoid cystic carcinoma
- •Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
- •Acinic-cell carcinoma
- •Secretory carcinoma
- •Polymorphous adenocarcinoma
- •Carcinoma arising in pleomorphic adenoma
- •Other carcinomas
- •Other malignant tumours
- •Molecular pathology of salivary glands
- •Salivary gland cysts
- •Mucous extravasation mucocoele
- •Mucous retention mucocoele
- •Ranula
- •14.4 Surgery
- •Minor salivary glands
- •Submandibular salivary gland
- •Self-assessment questions
- •True/false
- •Single best questions
- •Case history questions
- •Case history 1
- •Case history 3
- •Case history 4
- •Case history 5
- •Case history 6
- •Viva questions
- •Self-assessment answers
- •True/false
- •Single best answers
- •Case history answers
- •Case history 1
- •Case history 2
- •Case history 3
- •Case history 4
- •Case history 5
- •Case history 6
- •Viva answers
- •15 Facial pain
- •Overview
- •15.1 Assessment of a patient suffering from orofacial pain
- •Social history
- •Trigeminal neuralgia
- •Clinical presentation
- •Nature
- •Duration
- •Site
- •Initiating factors
- •Associated signs and symptoms
- •Special investigations
- •Medical management
- •Surgical management
- •Painful trigeminal neuropathies
- •Painful trigeminal neuropathy attributed to herpes zoster (preherpetic neuralgia)
- •Clinical presentation
- •Nature
- •Duration
- •Site
- •Associated signs and symptoms
- •Special investigations
- •Medical management
- •Trigeminal postherpetic neuralgia
- •Clinical presentation
- •Nature
- •Duration
- •Site
- •Accompanying signs and symptoms
- •Special investigations
- •Medical management
- •Surgical management
- •Glossopharyngeal neuralgia
- •Clinical presentation
- •Nature
- •Duration
- •Site
- •Initiating factors
- •Associated signs and symptoms
- •Special investigations
- •Medical management
- •Surgical management
- •15.3 Primary and secondary headaches
- •Migraine
- •Clinical presentation
- •Nature
- •Duration
- •Site
- •Initiating factors
- •Associated signs and symptoms
- •Special investigations
- •Medical management
- •Tension type headache
- •Clinical presentation
- •Nature
- •Duration
- •Site
- •Initiating factors
- •Associated signs and symptoms
- •Special investigations
- •Medical management
- •Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias
- •Clinical presentation
- •Nature
- •Duration
- •Site
- •Initiating factors
- •Associated signs and symptoms
- •Special investigations
- •Medical management
- •Secondary headaches
- •Giant-cell arteritis (cranial arteritis, temporal arteritis)
- •Clinical presentation
- •Nature
- •Duration
- •Site
- •Initiating factors
- •Associated signs and symptoms
- •Special investigations
- •Medical management
- •15.4 Idiopathic orofacial pain
- •Persistent idiopathic facial pain (PIFP)
- •Clinical presentation
- •Nature
- •Duration
- •Site
- •Initiating/ameliorating factors
- •Associated signs and symptoms
- •Clinical examination
- •Medical history
- •Social history
- •Special investigations
- •Medical management
- •Persistent idiopathic dentoalveolar pain (atypical odontalgia)
- •Burning mouth syndrome
- •Clinical presentation
- •Nature
- •Duration
- •Site
- •Initiating/ameliorating factors
- •Associated symptoms
- •Clinical examination
- •Special investigations
- •Medical management
- •Self-assessment questions
- •True/false
- •Single best questions
- •Case history questions
- •Case history 1
- •Case history 2
- •Case history 3
- •Case history 4
- •Essay question
- •Self-assessment answers
- •True/false
- •Single best answers
- •Case history answers
- •Case history 1
- •Case history 2
- •Case history 3
- •Case history 4
- •Case history 5
- •Essay answer
- •16 Disorders of the temporomandibular joint
- •Overview
- •16.1 Anatomy and examination
- •Anatomy
- •Components
- •The mandibular condyle
- •The mandibular (glenoid) fossa
- •Interarticular disc (meniscus)
- •Capsule
- •Ligaments
- •Joint movement
- •Examination
- •Clinical examination
- •Joint examination
- •Movement
- •Pain on palpation
- •Auscultation
- •Muscle examination
- •Radiology
- •Arthroscopy
- •16.2 Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs)
- •What are TMDs?
- •Clinical features
- •Radiology
- •Management
- •Internal derangement
- •Disc displacement with reduction
- •Clinical features
- •Radiology
- •Management
- •Disc displacement without reduction
- •Clinical features
- •Radiology
- •Management
- •Surgical treatment of internal derangement
- •16.3 Other conditions affecting the joint
- •Degenerative joint disease
- •Clinical features
- •Radiology
- •Management
- •Rheumatoid arthritis
- •Clinical features
- •Radiology
- •Management
- •Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (juvenile chronic arthritis)
- •Malignancy mimicking a TMD
- •Rare disorders of the TMJ
- •Trauma
- •Effusion
- •Clinical features
- •Radiology
- •Management
- •Dislocation
- •Clinical features
- •Radiology
- •Management
- •Ankylosis
- •Self-assessment questions
- •True/false
- •Single best questions
- •Case history questions
- •Case history 1
- •Case history 2
- •Case history 3
- •Case history 4
- •Viva questions
- •Self-assessment answers
- •True / false
- •Single best answers
- •Case history answers
- •Case history 1
- •Case history 2
- •Case history 3
- •Case history 4
- •Viva answers
- •17 Radiation protection
- •Overview
- •17.1 Ionising radiation and its effects
- •Interaction with matter
- •Somatic and genetic effects of X-rays
- •Doses and risks in dental radiography
- •17.2 Radiation protection
- •Protection of patients
- •Selection of bitewing radiographs
- •Selection of periapical radiographs
- •Selection of panoramic radiographs
- •Selection of cone beam CT examinations
- •Dose limitation
- •Quality assurance
- •Protection of staff
- •Position
- •Workload
- •Local rules
- •‘Good practice’ guidelines
- •Administration of radiation protection
- •Employer (legal person)
- •Registration
- •Referrer
- •Practitioner
- •Operator
- •Radiation protection supervisor
- •Radiation protection adviser (RPA)
- •Medical physics expert (MPE)
- •Self-assessment questions
- •True/ false
- •Single best questions
- •Essays
- •Viva questions
- •Self-assessment answers
- •True /false
- •Single best answers
- •Essay plans
- •Viva answers
- •Index
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Master Dentistry
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Master Dentistry
Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery, Radiology,
Pathology and Oral Medicine
FOURTH EDITION
VOLUME ONE
Paul Coulthard BDS, MDS, PhD, MFGDP(UK), FDSRCS(Eng),
FDSRCS(OS), FDSRCPS(Glas), FFDTRCS(Ed), FDSRCS(Ed)
Dean for Dentistry & Director, Professor of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery
Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry
Queen Mary University of London
London
Philip Sloan BDS, PhD, FDSRCS, FRC Path
Professor of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology
Cellular Pathology
Newcastle University
Newcastle upon Tyne
Elizabeth D Theaker BDS, BSc, MSc, MPhil
Consultant/Honorary. Senior Lecturer
Oral Medicine
Dundee Dental Hospital and School
Dundee
Anita Sengupta PhD, BDS, MFDS (RCS), DDMFR (RCR), FHEA
Senior Lecturer / Honorary Consultant in Dental & Maxillofacial Radiology
Division of Dentistry
University of Manchester
Manchester
Elsevier
3251 Riverport Lane
St. Louis, Missouri 63043
MASTER DENTISTRY, FOURTH EDITION ISBN: 978-0-7020-8141-5
Copyright © 2022 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the
Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance
Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).
Notice
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and
using any information, methods, compounds or experiments described herein. Because of rapid
advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verication of diagnoses and drug dosages
should be made. To the fullest extent of the law, no responsibility is assumed by Elsevier, authors, editors
or contributors for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability,
negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas
contained in the material herein.
Previous editions copyrighted 2013, 2008, and 2003.
International Standard Book Number: 978-0-702081415
Content Strategist:
Alexandra Mortimer
Content Development Specialist:
Publishing Services Manager:
Project Manager:
Design:
Bridget Hoette
Srividhya Vidhyashankar
Illustration Manager:
Printed in India
Deepthi Unni
Narayanan Ramakrishnan
Veronika Watkins
Contents
Preface, vii
Using this Book, ix
Dedication, xiii
Acknowledgement, xv
1 Evidence-based practice, 1
2 Assessing patients, 10
3 Human disease and patient care, 22
4 Control of pain and anxiety, 44
5 Infection and inflammation of the teeth
and jaws, 66
6 Removal of teeth and surgical implantology, 85
7 Diseases of bone and the maxillary sinus, 106
8 Oral and maxillofacial injuries, 124
9 Dentofacial and craniofacial anomalies, 141
10 Cysts and odontogenic tumours, 151
11 Mucosal diseases, 170
12 Oral potentially malignant disorders
and oral cancer, 190
13 Facial skin and neck, 210
14 Salivary gland disease, 220
15 Facial pain, 241
16 Disorders of the temporomandibular joint, 253
17 Radiation protection, 264
Index, 273
v
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Preface
This book has been written for undergraduate and postgraduate clinical students to help their knowledge and understanding of the oral and maxillofacial sciences. Our
purpose is to present the core knowledge of our specialties
in an integrated and patient-focused way. The disciplines of
oral surgery, dental and maxillofacial radiology, oral and
maxillofacial pathology and oral medicine have been
brought together to provide an understanding of clinical
problems. This Fourth Edition has been thoroughly updated
since the publication of the earlier popular text. We are delighted to have Anita Sengupta join us as an author of this
Edition. Anita has replaced Keith Horner whom we wish to
thank for his fantastic contribution for all previous editions.
There is an additional brand new chapter ‘Facial Skin and
Neck’, Chapter 13, by Philip Sloan that we think our readers will value. We have worked together to compile chapters, although we have each taken a lead in coordinating
particular chapters (Paul Coulthard, Chapters 1, 3, 4, 6, 8,
9; Anita Sengupta, Chapters 2, 5, 7, 16, 17; Philip Sloan,
Chapters 10, 11, 12, 13, 14; and Elizabeth Theaker, Chapter 15). Other areas of dentistry are dealt with in the accompanying volume of this series – Master Dentistry Volume
Two: Restorative Dentistry, Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, edited by Peter Heasman. We hope that the format is
fresh and stimulating with ample opportunity for readers to
assess their knowledge.
While this book will act as a core text for undergraduate
dental students, it will also be useful for postgraduates undertaking a Masters or DClinDent degree in Oral Surgery,
Oral Medicine, Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology or Dental
and Maxillofacial Radiology, or preparing for the Membership of the Joint Dental Faculties (MJDF) or Membership
examinations of the Royal College of Surgeons in the UK or
international equivalents.
Paul Coulthard
2022
vii
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Соседние файлы в папке Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана