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Atlasof
MinimallyInvasiveHand
and
WristSurgery
Edited by
New Jersey Medical School
Newark, New Jersey, USA
VirakTan
New Jersey Medical School
Newark, New Jersey, USA
Atlasof
MinimallyInvasiveHand
and
WristSurgery
InformaHealthcare USA, Inc. 52 Vanderbilt Avenue New York, NY 10017
q 2008 by Informa HealthcareUSA, Inc. InformaHealthcare is an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Governmentworks Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 987654321
International StandardBook Number-10: 0-8493-7014-0(Hardcover) International StandardBook Number-13: 978-0-8493-7014-4 (Hardcover)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. Awide variety of references are listed. Reasonableefforts have been made to publish reliable data and information,but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequence of their use.
No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
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Trademark Notice: Product or corporatenames may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Atlas of minimally invasive hand and wrist surgery /edited by John T. Capo, Virak Tan.
p. ;cm. –(Minimally invasive proceduresinorthopedic surgery ;4) Includes bibliographicalreferences and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8493-7014-4 (hardcover :alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8493-7014-0(hardcover :alk. paper) 1. Hand–Endoscopic surgery–Atlases. 2. Wrist–Endoscopic surgery–Atlases. I. Capo, John T. II. Ta n, Vi rak. III. Series. [DNLM: 1. Hand–surgery.2.OrthopedicProcedures–methods. 3. Surgical Procedures, Minimally Invasive–methods.
4. Wrist–surgery.WE830 A881 2007] RD559.A85 2007
617.5’750597–dc22
2007020672
Visit the Informa Website at www.informa.com
and the Informa Healthcare We bsite at www.informahealthcare.com

Foreword

Valuable medicalreference booksfallgenerally into oneoftwo categories—authoritative, breakthrough information about new scientific, technical, or technological developments; or comprehensive, generally accepted, factual information on aparticular subject. This textbook is a commendable example of the former.
This useful book will serve the reader well as areference for the execution of many of the newest techniques in hand andwrist surgery. It includes we ll-organized chapters on the developments in minimally invasive procedures that can reduce the risks and inconveniences patients face in the surgical treatment of certain traumatic and degenerative disorders of the upper extremity.The references of these chapters will also stimulateadditional reading of authoritative articles in the medical literature.
Orthopedic surgery—and hand surgery,inparticular—has evolved into aspecialty with brilliant potential based on advantageous new technologies, implants, and task-specific instru­ments. Technically assisted visualization, enhanced with the arthroscope, the intra-operative use of C-armX-ray,and more extensiveuse of pre-operative magnetic resonance imaging, is discussed in great detail in this text. The pros and cons of various implant materials are reviewed with critical assessment. There is an enlightening chapter on the chemistry of osteo-inductive ceramic bone substitutes as they are becoming not only commonplace, but the mainstay for filling bone voids, replacing biologic bone graft tissues.
Extensive attention is devoted to internal fixation of small bone and distal radius fractures. Included are comparative biomechanical assessments of cannulated and compressive orthopedic screws, as well as the surgical details for their implantation. These fixation devices are used commonly today for acute fractures, nonunions and fusions of the small joints of the hand and wrist. Additionally,the rationale and techniques for minimally invasive fracturestabilization with external fixators and internal fixators, as well as the newer conceptual developments of extra-osseous and even intra-osseous nail plates and bridge plates, are discussed with superb illustrations and technical precautions.
New minimally invasive approaches to the treatment of common soft tissue problems are addressed with abackground of extensive experience and aparticular interestinpatient safety. Included are compressive and entrapment disorders of peripheral nerves and tendons, and even minimally invasive approaches to Dupuytren’scontractures and tendon sheath infections.
Although many minimally invasive surgical techniques are included for thoroughness, they do not uniformly represent the endorsement or recommendation of the authors. Accordingly,this text provides invaluable commentary on the pros and cons of each surgical technique and implant discussed, enabling readers to exercisetheir own judgment in the care of their patients. In summary,asthe advantages of minimally invasive and less traumatic surgical techniques gain morewidespread acceptance, Minimally Invasive Hand and Wrist Surgery provides aconcise resource for most new developments in the treatment of bone and joint problems in the distal upper extremity.
It is apleasure to commend the exceptional efforts that have gone into the organization, preparation, and illustration of this textbook. Iamconfident it will be an informative reference for hand surgeons well into the foreseeable future.
Terry L. Whipple American Self, PLC, and Orthopaedic Research of Virginia, Richmond, Vi rginia, U.S.A.

Preface

When we were first approached to assemble this volume on minimally invasive techniques in the wrist and hand, we wereunsure whether enough novel and valuable material existed to merit a book. However,inputting together arough outline, we easily came up with over 40 chapters. This told us something about the evolution of hand and wrist surgery over the last several years. The surgeon leaders in the field have been motivated to improve upon existing operations in many ways.Significant advances have been achieved by making thesurgical experience more appealing to the patient by developing procedures that are less invasive with smaller incisions and shorter rehabilitation times. This work has been largely motivated by forces in society at large, with patients expecting abetter aesthetic result, less morbidity,and an earlier return to function. This, of course, must be coupled with proper treatment of the pathology and equal or better technical results than the traditional open techniques.
The focus of the text, Minimally Invasive Hand and WristSurgery,istodescribe many of these new and exciting techniques for treatment of traumatic and chronic conditions in the hand and wrist. Te chnology has advanced significantly over the last 10 years, and several new surgical methods have been developed that utilize percutaneous and minimally invasive techniques. These include percutaneous screw fixation for scaphoid nonunions that obviates the need for a largeincision at the wrist, and also eliminates the often troublesome bone graft exposureatthe iliac crest. These new methods have been developed primarily by hand surgeons, but also with significant input from the sports medicine and arthroscopic subspecialty trained surgeons. New developments in arthroscopy have expanded the indications within the wrist joint and also extended the applicability to other smaller joints, such as the thumb basal joint. These advances are resulting in improved outcomeswithhigherpatient satisfaction andearlier returnto functional activities.
No book currently exists that contains these techniques and concepts all in one volume. A few can be found in various largesurgical texts, and others have only been published as journal articles. We have striven for this volume to contain the true current “state-of-the-art” techniques, so many of these procedures may have not appeared beforeinprint. The time from manuscript submission to publication has been consciously accelerated to get these new techniques to you as quickly as possible. We hope that the compilation of this information into one concise volume adds significantly to the orthopedic literature.
The text was designed to serve both as areference atlas and awork that may be read asection at atime. The reader should be able to turn to asurgical technique section and firmly grasp how to do aspecific procedurein5to10minutes. The chapters have been assembled in aconsistent format throughout the text. The “Introduction” is meant to be brief and to describe the motivation for and evolution of the minimally invasive technique. Within the “Indications” section, authors describe how the technique differs from and improves upon the similar open procedure. The surgical technique is really a“how to” section with step-by-step instructions and accompanying photographs and figures. The outcomes described are published series (when available) for the specific and similar techniques and often contain the authors’ personal patient series. Unpub­lished work and data that werepresented only at national meetings are also included to be as complete and accurate as possible. Finally,weasked all authors to include abulleted summary section to clearly define the advantages, risks, and benefits of these new and often technically demanding techniques.
We would like to thank the many authors who contributed to this work for taking time from their busy schedules to add “another book chapter” to their long lists of accomplishments. Many of these “giants” of hand surgery have taught us many things through the years and have been inspirational with their teaching and leadership. We hope that this volume adds something unique and of significance to the world of hand and wrist surgery.
John T. Capo
Virak Ta n

Contents

Foreword Terry L. Whipple iii
Preface v
Contributors xi
PART I: INTRODUCTION
1. Technical Considerations and Anatomical Basis for Minimally Invasive Hand Surgery 1
Virak Ta nand John T. Capo
PART II: BASIC TECHNIQUES
2. Use of Suture Anchors in Hand Surgery 5
Aaron Daluiski and Virak Ta n
3. The Role of Bone Graft Substitutes in Minimally Invasive Surgery of the
Wrist and Hand 11
Vikrant Azad, Ankur Gandhi, Frank Liporace, and Sheldon Lin
4. Bioabsorbable Implants in Hand and Wrist Surgery 19
Mark L. Kavanagh, Regis L. Renard, and John T. Capo
5. Use of Cannulated Screws in Hand and Wr ist Surgery 29
Drew Engles
PART III: MINIMALLY INVASIVE TECHNIQUES IN THE PHALANGES AND METACARPALS
6. Percutaneous Pinning of Phalangeal and Metacarpal Fractures 37
Yi-Meng Ye nand Roy A. Meals
7. Percutaneous Mini Screw Fixation of Phalangeal and Metacarpal Fractures 45
Alan E. Freeland and William B. Geissler
8. Intramedullary Rodding of Metacarpal and Phalangeal Fractures 55
Jorge L. Orbay,Amel To uhami, and Igon Indriago
9. Hinged Fixation and Dynamic Tr action of PIP Fracture Dislocations 63
Kenneth R. Means, Jr., James P. Higgins, and Thomas J. Graham
10. External Fixation of the Metacarpals and Phalanges and Distraction Osteogenesis 73
Bruce A. Monaghan
11. Percutaneous Release of the Post-traumatic Finger Joint Contracture:
ANew Te chnique 83
Joseph F. Slade III and Thomas J. Gillon
PART IV: MINIMALLY INVASIVE PROCEDURESOFTHE CARPUS
12. Percutaneous Scaphoid Fixation via aDorsal Technique 89
Joseph F. Slade III and GregMerrell
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