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EmreTokgöz and MarinaA.Carro
Cosmetic and Reconstructive Facial
Plastic Surgery
A Review of Medical and Biomedical Engineering
and Science Concepts
EmreTokgöz
Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD,
USA
MarinaA.Carro
The Frank H. Netter M.D. School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University,
North Haven, CT, USA
ISBN 978-3-031-31167-3 e-ISBN 978-3-031-31168-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31168-0
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license
to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively
licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any
other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service
marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a
specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective
laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice
and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date
of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a
warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The
publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published
maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer
Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham,
Switzerland
Preface
Facial plastic surgery (FPS) has experienced a variety of technology and
biomedical engineering advancements in recent years. In this book, you will
be reading research literature coverage on cosmetic and reconstructive
aspects of facial plastic surgery as well as some of head and neck surgical
procedures from a variety of perspectives that include but not limited to the
following:
Surgical procedure types
Complications
Patient care and therapy
Biomechanics
Optimization
Robotics
Artificial intelligence (AI), deep learning (DL), and machine learning
(ML)
Psychological considerations
The first six chapters of this book cover a review of FPS’ medical and
scientific research literature. The following six chapters cover a review of
FPS’ technology, biomedical engineering, and psychology research.
Approximately 1500 peer-reviewed articles that relate to FPS are referenced
in this work. This book is appropriate for medical doctors and biomedical
engineers while it may be appropriate for junior or senior undergraduate
biology and biochemistry students, particularly those with knowledge of
genetics. Parts of this book may be appropriate for anyone who may have
microbiology background. We should note though that biomechanics,
optimization, robotics, artificial intelligence, deep learning, and machine
learning related parts may require technical knowledge; therefore, these
parts may not be appropriate for some of these audiences.
During the reading of this book, you will find TKA-related
advancement ideas using technology and engineering. The information
shared in this book may provide new research and improvement ideas to the
researchers and educators. As much as we intended to keep this book
comprehensive with the coverage of extensive number of articles cited, we
can cover so much; more and more publications continue to come out as we
continued to author this book. We share brand new research ideas that are
https://t.me/medicina_free
not frequently seen in research literature that relate to psychological factors
and natural healing options for reducing FPS occurrences. Our main
intention is to provide a coverage of FPS research as comprehensively as
possible with some of head and neck surgery related research literature.
Even though we provided above-mentioned headlines and content coverage
in this book, the utilization of the content goes beyond this list.
We hope you will enjoy it all!
EmreTokgöz
Baltimore, MD, USA
https://t.me/medicina_free
Contents
Nonsurgical Facial Aesthetic Procedures
MarinaA.Carro and EmreTokgöz
Aesthetic Surgery of the Upper Face and Cheeks
MarinaA.Carro and EmreTokgöz
Aesthetic Surgery of the Nose and Lower Face
MarinaA.Carro and EmreTokgöz
Surgical Reconstruction of Craniofacial Malformations
MarinaA.Carro, GabrielleDonofrio and EmreTokgöz
Surgical Reconstruction of Craniofacial Trauma and Burns
MarinaA.Carro and EmreTokgöz
Future Directions for Surgical Advancements
MarinaA.Carro
Cosmetic and Reconstructive Facial Plastic Surgery Related Simulation
and Optimization Efforts
EmreTokgöz and MarinaA.Carro
Biomechanics of Facial Plastic Surgery Applications
EmreTokgöz and MarinaA.Carro
Applications of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep
Learning on Facial Plastic Surgeries
EmreTokgöz and MarinaA.Carro
Robotics Applications in Facial Plastic Surgeries
EmreTokgöz and MarinaA.Carro
Engineering Psychology of Facial Plastic Surgery Patients
EmreTokgöz and MarinaA.Carro
Technological Improvements on Facial Plastic, Head, and Neck
Procedures
EmreTokgöz
A Facial Wrinkle Detection by Using Deep Learning with an Efficient
Optimizer
HassanMusafer and EmreTokgöz
https://t.me/medicina_free
Epilogue
Index
https://t.me/medicina_free
About the Authors
EmreTokgöz
completed two Ph.D. degrees, one in Mathematics and another one in
Industrial Engineering, at the University of Oklahoma along with a master’s
degree in Computer Science and two master’s degrees in Mathematics. Due
to his interest in biomedical engineering applications of mathematics and
engineering, he pursued an online biomedical engineering master’s degree
for professionals at Johns Hopkins University. His other research interests
include nonlinear optimization, game theory, deep/machine learning,
financial engineering, facility allocation problems, vehicle routing
problems, systems’ design and improvement, network theory and analysis,
inventory systems, and Riemannian geometry.
MarinaA.Carro
is a second-year medical student at the Frank H. Netter School of Medicine
(Quinnipiac University). Prior to medical school, she worked as a project
manager at Clínica Esperanza Hope Clinic in Providence, Rhode Island,
where she organized and managed a satellite COVID-19 vaccination clinic
for underserved populations in the area. Additionally, she has worked as a
certified nursing assistant for 3years in the emergency department and
intensive care unit at South County Hospital in Kingston, Rhode Island.
Currently, she is on the board for the Frank H. Netter Wellness Committee,
ENT Surgical Interest Group, and American Medical Student Association at
Netter. She hopes to continue exploring her interests in clinical procedural
research, healthcare business and administration, and provide equitable
healthcare for marginalized patients throughout the rest of her career.
https://t.me/medicina_free
(1)
(2)
©The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG2023
E. Tokgöz, M. A. Carro, Cosmetic and Reconstructive Facial Plastic Surgery
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31168-0_1
Nonsurgical Facial Aesthetic Procedures
MarinaA.Carro
1
and EmreTokgöz
2
The Frank H. Netter M.D. School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University,
North Haven, CT, USA
Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore,
MD, USA
MarinaA.Carro
Email: Marina.Carro@quinnipiac.edu
Keywords Nonsurgical facial rejuvenation – Advancements in nonsurgical
facial aesthetics – Pharmaceutical approaches to hairline rejuvenation –
Advancements in nonsurgical hairline rejuvenation – Topical therapies for
aesthetic skin rejuvenation – Threadlifting for nonsurgical skin lifting –
Anatomy of the hair follicle – Anatomy and physiology of the facial tissues
– Injectable therapy and facial rejuvenation – Psychological assessment of
aesthetic surgery candidates
Marina A. Carro is a second-year medical student at the Frank H. Netter
School of Medicine (Quinnipiac University). Prior to medical school, she
worked as a project manager at Clínica Esperanza Hope Clinic in
Providence, Rhode Island, where she organized and managed a satellite
COVID-19 vaccination clinic for underserved populations in the area.
Additionally, she has worked as a certified nursing assistant for 3years in
the emergency department and intensive care unit at South County Hospital
in Kingston, Rhode Island. Currently, she is on the board for the Frank H.
Netter Wellness Committee, ENT Surgical Interest Group, and American
Medical Student Association at Netter. She hopes to continue exploring her
interests in clinical procedural research, healthcare business and
https://t.me/medicina_free
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