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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / @xirurgi_2025 / @xirurgi_2025 - 978 - файл
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Abbreviations
https://t.me/med1917
ABG Alveolar Bone Gra
ABW Alar Base Width
ACF Anterior Cranial Fossa
ACR American College of Rheumatology
ACS Acute Coronary Syndrome
AECG American-European Consensus Group
(for Sjögren’s Syndrome)
AHI Apnoea Hypoxia Index
AK Actinic Keratosis
ANA Anti-Nuclear Antibody
AOB Anterior Open Bite
AP Anteroposterior
AS Ankylosing Spondylitis
ATLS Advanced Trauma Life Support
AVM Arteriovenous Malformation
BCC Basal Cell Carcinoma
BCLP Bilateral Cle Lip and Palate
BMI Body Mass Index
BP Blood Pressure
CBCT Cone Beam Computerised Tomography
CBT Cognitive Behavioural erapy
CEBM (Oxford) Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine
CEJ Cemento-Enamel Junction
CFNG Cross-Facial Nerve Gra
xxiii
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xxiv Abbreviations
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CHOP Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine
Sulphate, Prednisolone
CLP Cle Lip and Palate
CNS Central Nervous System
COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
CSF Cerebrospinal Fluid
CT Computerised Tomography
CUP Carcinoma of Unknown Primary
CVA Cerebrovascular Accident
CXR Chest X-Ray (Radiograph)
DAS Dicult Airway Society (UK)
DO Distraction Osteogenesis
DOAC Direct Oral Anticoagulant
DXT Deep X-Ray erapy (Radiotherapy)
EAM External Auditory Meatus
ECS Extra-Capsular (Nodal) Spread
EJN External Jugular Node
EMG Electromyography
ESR Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
FDI Federation Dentaire Internationale
(Tooth Notation System)
FEES Fibreoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of
Swallowing
FZ Fronto-Zygomatic (Suture)
GA General Anaesthesia
GCS Glasgow Coma Scale
H&N Head and Neck
HBO Hyperbaric Oxygen
HFM Hemifacial Microsomia
HHT Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia
HOCF High-Output Cardiac Failure
HPV Human Papilloma Virus
IAN Inferior Alveolar Nerve
ICP Intracranial Pressure
ID Inferior Dental [Canal/Nerve; see (IAN)
AlveolarNerve]
IMPA Incisor-Mandibular Plane Angle
LA Local Anaesthesia
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Abbreviations xxv
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LAHSAL Lip-Alveolus-Hard Palate-So Palate-
Alveolus-Lip (Cle Classication)
LDH Lactate Dehydrogenase
LMA Laryngeal Mask Airway
LMWH Low Molecular Weight Heparin
LOC Loss of Consciousness
MAL-PDT Methyl Aminolevulinate Photodynamic erapy
MCF Middle Cranial Fossa
MDT Multidisciplinary Team
MIO Maximal Incisal Opening
MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MRND Modied Radical Neck Dissection
MRONJ Medicine-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw
MS Multiple Sclerosis
MTR Malignant Transformation Rate
NAI Non-Accidental Injury
NF Necrotising Fasciitis
NG(T) Nasogastric (Tube)
NICE National Institute for Health and
Care Excellence
NICH Non-Involuting Congenital Haemangioma
NMSC Non-Melanotic Skin Cancer
NOE Naso-Orbito-Ethmoid
NPA Nasopharyngeal Airway
OA Osteoarthritis
OKC Odontogenic Keratocyst
OMENS Orbits-Mandible-Ear-Facial Nerve-So Tissues
(Classication for Hemifacial Microsomia)
OMFS Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
OP Occlusal Plane
OPG Orthopantomagram
ORIF Open Reduction Internal Fixation
ORN Osteoradionecrosis
OSA(S) Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (Syndrome)
OSMF Oral Submucous Fibrosis
PET-CT Positron-Emission Tomography-Computerised
Tomography
PNS Post-Nasal Space
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xxvi Abbreviations
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PODIA Pain, Opening, Disc Location, Anatomy and
Perforation
PRS Pierre Robin Syndrome
PsA Psoriatic Arthritis
QOL Quality of Life
RA Rheumatoid Arthritis
RBS Rose Bengal Staining
RCP Royal College of Physicians (UK)
RCS Royal College of Surgeons (England,
Edinburgh,Glasgow or Ireland)
RCT Root Canal Treatment or Randomised
ControlledTrial
RDI Respiratory Disturbance Index
RECIST Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours
RF Rheumatoid Factor
RICH Rapidly Involuting Congenital Haemangioma
RPM Revolutions per Minute
RR Respiratory Rate
RTA Road Trac Accident
SAD Supraglottic Airway Device
SCC Squamous Cell Carcinoma
SCM Sternocleidomastoid (Muscle)
SIRS Systemic Inammatory Response Syndrome
SLNB Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
SNA Sella-Nasion-Point A (Orthognathic Measurement)
SNB Sella-Nasion-Point B (Orthognathic Measurement)
SND Selective Neck Dissection
SORG Strasbourg Osteosynthesis Research Group
SRP Septorhinoplasty
TMJ Temporomandibular Joint
TNM Tumour, Node, Metastasis (Oncology Staging
System)
TORS Transoral Robotic Surgery
TPN Total Parenteral Nutrition
2WW Two-Week-Wait (Urgent Suspected Cancer)
Referral
UCLP Unilateral Cle Lip and Palate
USS Ultrasound Scan
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Abbreviations xxvii
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VF Videouoroscopy
VTE Venous romboembolism
WCC White Cell Count
WHARFE Winters Classication–Height of Mandible–
Angulation of the Second Molar–Root
Morphology–Follicle Development–Path
of Exit(Assessment for Ease of Wisdom
ToothRemoval)
WLE Wide Local Excision
ZMC Zygomatico-Maxillary Complex
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1
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Airway
DIFFICULT AIRWAY SOCIETY (DAS)
INTUBATION GUIDELINES
ese guidelines provide an overview of approaches that can be
used to deal with unanticipatedly dicult endotracheal intubation in adults.
●
Plan A – laryngoscopy and intubation
●
Plan B – supraglottic airway device (SAD)/combi tube/LMA
(three attempts allowed)
●
STOP and THINK:
●
Wake patient?
●
Intubate via SAD?
●
Proceed without intubation?
●
Need for tracheostomy/cricothyroidotomy for procedure
anyway?
●
Plan C – remove SAD, replace with bag valve mask and wake
patient up (if cannot intubate, cannot oxygenate)
●
Plan D – SURGICAL cricothyroidotomy
DOI: 10.1201/9781003156895-1 1
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2 Classifications and Lists in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
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INDICATIONS FOR SUBMENTAL INTUBATION
e following list outlines common indications for submental
intubation where the endotracheal tube is placed between mandible and tongue above the oor of the mouth.
●
Skull base fractures/nasal bone fractures without need for
prolonged intubation
●
Complex orthognathics
●
Transfacial oncology surgery without the need for prolonged intubation (*contraindicated if tracheostomy is
more appropriate*)
INTUBATION GUIDELINES IN TRAUMA
ese guidelines stratify the risk of airway compromise in
trauma patients and when to intubate in the emergency setting.
●
Immediate – (OBSTRUCTED) hypoxia with obstruction
which cannot be relieved OR cannot get face-mask seal
●
Urgent – (IMPENDING) to PREVENT obstruction/aspiration
●
In hospital – (CONTROL) oxygenation/intracranial pressure
(ICP)/surgery
LARYNGOTRACHEAL INJURY CLASSIFICATION
‘GROUPS’ AS PER SCHAEFERCLASSIFICATION
is classication provides a framework for the evaluationofacute
lary ngeal injuries . Ahigh er extent of la ryngeal str ucturesinvolveda s
a result of trauma correlates with establishing the airway surgically.
1. Minor, no fracture
2. Undisplaced fracture, oedema, mucosal tear
3. Massive tear and vocal cord immobility
4. ree or more fracture lines, massive mucosal trauma
5. Complete separation, proceed to tracheostomy [below cricothy-
roid membrane as per Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS)]
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Airway 3
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MALLAMPATI SCORE
is scoring system allows rapid assessment and planning for
a dicult intubation in the critical care setting. Based on visualisation of the glottis during direct laryngoscopy, a higher score
correlates with unfavourable exposure of the glottis and a more
dicult intubation.
1. Can see down to TONSILLAR PILLARS
2. FAUCES
3. BASE UVULA
4. HARD PALATE only
FURTHER READING
Frerk C, Mitchell VS, McNarry AF, etal. Difficult Airway Society
intubation guidelines working group. Difficult Airway Society
2015 guidelines for management of unanticipated difficult
intubation in adults. Br J Anaesth. 2015;115(6):827–48.
Goh EZ, Loh NHW, Loh JSP. Submental intubation in oral and
maxillofacial surgery: Asystematic review 1986–2018. Br J
Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020;58(1):43–50.
Higgs A, McGrath BA, Goddard C, etal. Guidelines for the
management of tracheal intubation in critically ill adults. Br J
Anaesth. 2018;120(2):323–52.
Kragha KO. Acute traumatic injury of the larynx. Case Rep
Otolaryngol. 2015;2015:393978.
Stutz EW, Rondeau B. Mallampati score [Updated 2023 Jan
29]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls
Publishing; 2023. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585119/
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Facial Trauma
FRONTAL SINUS
Gonty’s Classification Frontal Sinus
Fractures
is classication categorises injuries to the frontal sinus on the
basis of anatomical site. Posterior table involvement together
with the presence of concomitant naso-orbito-ethmoid (NOE)
fractures, a higher degree of comminution and cerebrospinal
uid (CSF) leakage will likely necessitate surgical management
requiring cranialisation.
1. Anterior table (one-third)
a. Anterior table only
b. PLUS supraorbital rim
c. PLUS NOE fracture
2. Anterior and posterior table
a. Linear
i. Transverse
ii. Vertical
b. Comminuted
i. Just anterior and posterior tables
ii. PLUS NOE fracture
3. Posterior table (less than 1%)
4. rough and through (comminution of whole frontal area)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003156895-2 5
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6 Classifications and Lists in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
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NASO-ORBITAL-ETHMOID (NOE)
Ayliffe Classification of NOE Fractures
is classication describes the anatomical pattern of nasoorbito-ethmoidal fracture segments, from the simplest to the
most complex conguration, in turn corresponding with the
complexity of surgical repair.
0. Undisplaced
1. Platable
2. Graable
3. Detached medial canthal tendon, needs canthopexy
4. Severe enough to need lacrimal duct reconstruction
Markowitz–Manson Classification
ofNOEFractures
is classication describes NOE fractures in terms of pattern of
fracture and integrity of the medial canthal tendon. Avulsion of
medial canthal can occur depending on the degree of comminution and whether this extends into the medial orbital wall. ese
injuries will require canthopexy in addition to open reduction
internal xation (ORIF).
1. Single loose fragment, would require ORIF
2. Comminuted central fragment, ligament attached, would
require ORIF
3. Fractures into bone bearing medial canthal ligament, therefore detachment, management with transnasal wire/other
canthopexy
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