Грамматика английского языка. Учебно-методическое пособие-1

IX. Translate the following sentences using special questions.

1.Откуда ваш новый студент приехал поступать?

2.Сколько тебе надо времени, чтобы добраться до университета?

3.Сколько стоит этот компьютер?

4.Что с тобой случилось вчера?

5.Как давно вы знаете директора этой фирмы?

6.Когда вы сможете подписать контракт с компанией?

7.Какую делегацию вы будете встречать в аэропорту?

8.Сколько вы заплатили за этот прибор?

9.Когда менеджер вернется с переговоров?

10.Какие достопримечательности Москвы вы можете рекомендовать иностранным бизнесменам для посещения?

11.Какая была погода, когда ты последний раз был в Турции?

12.Какие товары ваша компания продает на рынке?

13.С какой компанией вы подписали последний контракт?

14.Почему профессия инженера-строителя стала особенно популярна в последние годы?

15.Когда вы обсуждали с заказчиками условия поставки?

X. Practice special questions for test in the following texts.

Cement-free wall putty from industrial calcium byproduct waste

A sustainable and novel approach has been explored for utilizing calcium-rich byproduct waste as apragmaticsolutiontoaddresssolidindustrialwastegeneration.Thisinitiativeadvancesnewconstruction technologies by developing cement-free wall putty. Industrial activities generate calcium-rich byproduct waste on million-ton scale, which is often disposed ofin the open environment, leading to its accumulation in landfills. Production of a large volume of industrial calcium byproduct waste creates serious environmental challenges and several negative consequences like depletion ofsoil fertility, impact on biodegradation processes, etc. Although utilization ofindustrial byproduct waste in solid waste management has been extensively documented inscientific literature, to the best of our knowledge, research on the utilization of calcium byproduct waste for the development of cement-free wall putty remains unexplored so far. However, commercially available wall putty is composed ofdolomite, white cement, and cellulose polymer additives. The outlined scheme utilizes calcium byproduct waste ofthe acetylene gas industry and pulp industry as calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate, respectively. Despite the modification in raw materials, the resulting wall putty exhibits properties and performance almost similar to those of commercially available wall putty with theadded advantage of being safe and free from heavy metal ion contaminants. The unique selling proposition ofthis putty powder lies inits low carbon footprint as a construction material, free from white cement. Additionally, itoffers superior performance by resisting cracking and flaking ofpaints, ensuring long-lasting and durable wall fini­ shes. The X-ray diffraction profile ofthe putty powder reveals thecrystalline structure ofthe calcite and portlandite phases. SEM studies show an agglomerated structure due to attractive van der Waals interactions of the putty paste containing hydroxyl functionalities with the polymer matrix. Scalable strategies outlined in this article not only align with domestic technological development but also promote the waste-to-wealth approach, contributing to recycling and reuse of byproduct waste. The presented initiative­ supports several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals which emphasize theimportanceofsustainabilityinindustrialpractices,environmentalconcerns,andrestorationmaterialsforconservation of cultural heritage structures.

Career opportunities in the construction industry in 2025

Theconstructionindustryispoisedforsignificantgrowthby2025,creatingavarietyofcareeropportunities.

Constructionprojectmanager.Aconstructionprojectmanageroverseesandcoordinatesconstruction projects from start to finish, ensuring they are completed on time, within budget, and tothe re-

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quired quality standards. This role is crucial in the construction industry, and with the increasing demand for infrastructure development, it is a promising career in construction for 2025. Construction project managers play a vital role in ensuring that projects are delivered efficiently and effectively.

Constructiontechnologist.Aconstructiontechnologistisresponsibleforensuringthatconstruction projects are completed efficiently and effectively. They use technology to improve construction processes, reduce costs, and enhance quality. With the increasing adoption of technology in the construction industry, construction technologists will be in high demand in 2025.

Construction scheduler. A construction scheduler creates and manages construction schedules, ensuring that projects are completed on time. They coordinate with teams, allocate resources, and monitor progress. Construction schedulers will be in high demand in 2025 as the industry continues to prioritize timely project delivery.

Sustainable building architect. A sustainable building architect designs and develops environmentally friendly buildings that minimize their impact on the environment. As the world shifts towards sustainable living, sustainable building architects will be in high demand in 2025. They play a crucial role in reducing carbon emissions and creating eco-friendly buildings that promote a healthier environment.

Construction IT manager. A construction IT manager oversees the technology infrastructure of construction companies, ensuring that they have the necessary tools and systems to operate efficiently. They implement and manage construction technology, including software and hardware. Construction IT managers will be essential in 2025 as the industry continues to adopt digital technologies.

Architectural design

In 1624 Sir Henry Wotton, an English architect, stated the requirements of good architecture in three words, “commoditic, firmness and delight”. This covers the ground today as it did 300 years ago. A building that is commodious in the sense of being suitable and sufficient for the intended use, one that will withstand the effects of nature and the loads and strains to which it is subjected, and that is pleasing to the intelligent observer, represents good architecture. None of the threeprimaryelementsareindependentof theothers.Theplanmustbesufficientlyflexibleto meet the demands of stability and appearance. A design must declare its intention, so far as possible. It should indicate the character of the building as political, religious, domestic, etc. In the expression of this lies a good measure of its success. The several parts of a design must be in harmony if not in symmetry, and in scale. Finally, good design requires grace of form, articulation of parts, domi­ nant elements, proportion and emphasis. In their turn, these qualities are dependent upon mass, outline, colour and detail.

New high-tech windows

A new dual-band electrochromic window enhances energy efficiency by controlling light and heat, reducing energy use by 20 %. It is durable, scalable, and outperforms conventional windows, offering a promising solution for sustainable buildings.

As global energy consumption continues to rise, buildings account for about 40 % of total energy use, with nearly half dedicated to heating and cooling. Windows, as the primary interface for energy­ exchange between indoor and outdoor environments, contribute to 20–40 % of energy loss. To address this, the development of energy-efficient smart windows that minimize energy consumption while preserving natural light and aesthetics has become a crucial focus in sustainable building design.

A research team from Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, led by Prof. Shengliang Zhang, has introduced a groundbreaking flexible dual-band electrochromic window. This innovation integrates energy storage and significantly improves energy efficiency by allowing precise control over both visible light and near-infrared (NIR) radiation. Compared to conventional windows, this advanced technology can reduce building energy consumption by up to 20 %, offering a promi­ sing solution for sustainable architecture.

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Solar cell breakthrough: new method makes perovskite panels fully recyclable

Linköping University researchers have developed a sustainable method to fully recycle perovskite solar cells using water instead oftoxic solvents. The recycled cells retain their original efficiency, addressing both environmental and technological concerns.

A study published in Nature by researchers at Linköping University introduces a new method for recycling solar cells without using environmentally hazardous solvents. This process allows all components of a perovskite solar cell to be repeatedly recycled while maintaining the same efficiency as the original. Notably, water serves as the primary solvent in the recycling process.

As electricity demand rises — driven by AI advancements, the shift to electrified transportation, andotherfactors—sustainableenergysourcesmustworktogethertopreventfurtherclimatechange.

Solar energy has long been considered to have great potential and solar panels based on silicon have been on the market for over 30 years. But first-generation silicon solar panels are at the end of their life cycle, which has created an unexpected problem.

One of the most promising technologies for next-generation solar cells involves perovskite. They are not only relatively inexpensive and easy to manufacture but also lightweight, flexible, and transparent. Thanks to these properties, perovskite solar cells can be placed on many different surfaces, even on windows. Also, they can convert up to 25 % of the solar energy into electricity, which can be comparable to today’s silicon solar cells.

However, given that perovskite solar cells currently have ashorter life span than silicon solar cells itisimportant thatperovskitesolarcellrecyclingis efficientandenvironmentally friendly.Perovskite solar cells also contain a small amount of lead that is necessary for high efficiency, but this also pla­ ces great demands on a functioning recycling process.

In addition, there are also legal requirements in large parts of the world for producers to collect and recycle end-of-life solar cells in a sustainable way.

Therearealreadymethodsfordismantlingperovskitesolarcells.Thismostlyinvolvesusingasubstance called dimethylformamide, a common ingredient in paint solvents. It is toxic, environmentally hazardous, and potentially carcinogenic. What the Linköping researchers have now done is to instead develop a technology where water can be used as a solvent in dismantling the degraded perovskites. And more importantly, high-quality perovskites can be recycled from the water solution.

The next step for the researchers is to develop the method for larger-scale use in an industrial process. In the long term, they believe that perovskite solar cells can play an important role in providing the energy when surrounding infrastructure and supply chains are in place.

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Unit 5.COMPLEX SENTENCE

5.1.Complexsentence

Типы придаточных (сложных) предложений: 1. Subject clause — подлежащее придаточное.

That this is true must be quite clear to you. — То, что это правда, должно быть для тебя очевидным.

Whether he wants to live here is unknown. — Хочет ли он тут жить — неизвестно.

Which of you is the best student will be known by the examinations. — Кто из вас лучший студент, покажет экзамен.

The fact is that he promised to be here in time. — Факт в том, что он обещал быть здесь вовремя.

The question is whether he will fulfill his promise or not. — Вопрос в том, сдержит он свое обещание или нет.

2.Predicative clause — сказуемое придаточное.

3.Object clause — придаточное дополнительное. Object clauses вводятся подчинительным союзом that или союзными словами whom, what, which и т.д.

4.Attributive clause — придаточное определение. Attributive clause выполняют функции определения в сложных предложениях и вводятся союзными словами who, which, that, whose,

when, where, why, how.

5. Adverbial clause — придаточное обстоятельственное:

1) обстоятельственные предложения времени.

She will do it as soon as she can. — Она сделает это сразу, как сможет. 2) обстоятельственные предложения места.

He always stays where he likes. — Он всегда останавливается там, где ему нравится. 3) обстоятельственные предложения причины.

She will not come because she is ill. — Она не придет, потому что больна. 4) обстоятельственные предложения цели к следствию.

IwillcomeearlyinorderthatImightspeaktoyou.—Япридупораньше,чтобыпоговорить

стобой.

5)обстоятельственные предложения условия.

I’ll bring you the magazine provided I don’t forget. — Я принесу тебе журнал при условии,

что я не забуду.

6) обстоятельственные предложения образа действия.

Hewasunabletospeakashewouldhavelikedit.—Оннемогговоритьтак,какбытогохотел. 7) сравнительные предложения.

The sooner you come, the better it will be. — Чем раньше ты придешь, тем будет лучше.

Обстоятельственныепридаточныевремени(Timeclauses)вводятсясоюзамиилисоюзными словами when, before, after, until, since, while, as, as soon as, the moment и т.д.

I. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.I remember what I had promised to do and stopped.

2.We know that he is not here.

3.I told him that it was late.

4.Here is the book which I read every day.

5.The house which is built in this street is very fine.

6.I will go home after I have finished my work.

7.I will be here until you come.

8.The more we translate, the better we do it.

9.My brother was so tired that he couldn’t work any longer.

10.She looked as though something serious had happened.

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II. Define the sentences with conjunction (since — так как) and translate them.

1.The plan of a city must be flexible since it has been accepted by architects.

2.Since excavators are heavy and slow-moving machines, they are carried from site tosite on special transporters.

3.The town has changed greatly since I saw it last.

4.Since a town plan is designed it is necessary to find out about the existing environment.

5.Since the new type of technology has been displayed at the exhibition devoting contemporary building materials, reinforced concrete became more popular.

6.The plan of any city is very much like a diagram since it is never a complete thing.

7.Some old concepts of heating were gradually changed since engineers obtained more precise knowledge about the heat the human body loses.

8.The method of dam design should be improved since the great heights of the structure increase the stresses.

9.We had discussed prices, terms of payment and delivery since we signed contract.

10.Protectingnaturalresourceshavebeengrownindevelopedcountriessince theshortage ofthem had occurred at the beginning of the XXI century.

III. Read the texts, circle the complex sentences, translate them correctly into Russian.

A letter to a sweetheart

A young man was writing a letter to his sweetheart who lived just a few miles away in a nearby town. He began to tell her how much he loved her and how wonderful he thought she was. But the more he wrote, the more poetical he became. Finally, he said that in order to be with her he would suffer the greatest hardships, he would face the greatest dangers that anyone could imagine. In fact, to spend only one minute with her, he would climb the highest mountain, he would swim the widest river, he would fight thefiercest animals. He signed his name, and then suddenly remembered that he had forgotten to mention something rather important. In a postscript below his name, he added: “By the way, I’ll be on to see you on Wednesday night — if it doesn’t rain”.

The life of a student

While I was walking across the campus the other day, I met my old friend Bill, whom I had not seensinceMay.Naturally,westoppedtotalktoeachotherforafewminutes.Iaskedhimhowhewas doing in his classes that semester. He told me that he was taking a course in English that semester. He said that he had completed the elementary course two semesters before, and by the next semester he would be ready to take the most difficult English course offered at this school. He also said that he was interested in getting his degree as soon as possible and he had already asked his adviser for permission to take the final examination. “I am glad to hear that you are making such good progress”, — I said to Bill. Then I asked him if he could tell me the secret of his success. He answered that the secret of his success was simple and he studied at least two hours a day to improve his English.

Afterthat,ItoldBillIwashavingalittledifficultywithmycourseinFrenchatthemoment.Isaid that I had not studied very hard the last semester, but I would work harder in the future.

IV. Translate the sentences into English.

1.Я думал, что ты здесь.

2.Инженер, с которым мой брат работал в прошлом году, был назначен директором фирмы.

3.Я посетил город, из которого они приехали.

4.Человек, с которым мой брат разговаривает, только что вернулся из-за границы.

5.Книга, которую меня попросила найти моя сестра, лежит сейчас на столе.

6.Я знал, что он придет сюда.

7.Я знал, что ничего особенного с ним не случилось.

8.Я хотел знать, какой язык они изучают.

9.Мы надеялись, что это будет интересная встреча.

10.Все думали, что лекция начнется в 10 часов.

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11.Студент выступил с научным докладом на конференции.

12.Так как она с детства мечтала стать архитектором, она вместе с родителями посетила много архитектурных памятников в Греции.

13.Мы спросили преподавателя, сколько новых слов в тексте.

14.Он сказал, что знает 2 иностранных языка.

15.Преподаватель объяснил нам, что термин «engineering» имеет много русских эквивалентов.

16.Инженера попросили, чтобы он протестировал новый прибор днем.

17.Они думали, что она закончила технический вуз.

18.Студентам сказали, что у них будет профессиональное обучение на третьем курсе.

19.Они спросили менеджера, когда делегация из Китая приедет на стройку.

20.Профессор хотел знать, сколько студентов прошли практику по геодезии летом.

V. Read the dialogues, refer them into indirect speech, using complex sentences with different conjunctions.

5.2.Makinganappointment

Remember:

––to be (to speak) on another line — говорить по другому телефону; ––hold [hould] on — не вешайте трубку;

––raw [ˈrɔː] materials [məˈtiərəlz] — сырье.

Mr. Brown is phoning the Russian Trade Delegation.

Brown: May I speak to Mr. Bogdanov? Secretary: Who is that speaking, please? Brown: I’m Brown of Bell&Co.

Secretary: Mr. Brown, Mr. Bogdanov is on another line. Can you hold on? Brown: Certainly.

Bogdanov: Bogdanov speaking.

Brown: Hello, Mr. Bogdanov. We’d like to give you an order for raw materials. I’d like to have an appointment with you to clarify some details. Can we meet on Wednesday?

Bogdanov: I’m afraid, that’s impossible. I must go to Glasgow [ˈglɑːzgou] for two days and I can see you only on Friday. Is 2 o’clock convenient to you?

Brown: Let it be so. Thank you. Good-bye for now. Secretary: Good-bye, Mr. Brown. See you on Friday.

*************

Orlov, a representative of the Buyers, meets Mr. Janner, a representative of the Sellers.

Orlov: Well, Mr. Janner. When do you think the machines will be packed and shipped? Janner: Now that you have signed the Release Certificate, I think we should be through by Friday.

We’ll move them to the packing floor the first thing tomorrow morning.

Orlov: Good, but I’m just a little bit worried about marking. You remember that the last consignment we got was marked very carelessly. The marking was in English only. And our railway people had problems.

Janner: We are sorry we made that mistake. But I’d like to assure you everything will be in order this time.

Orlov: And I’d like you not to overlook one more thing. I mean you shouldn’t forget to mark the centre of gravity on the oversized packages.

Janner: I’ll get our packers onto that straight away. And we’ll give delivery priority to your order. No more problems so far?

Orlov: No, I don’t think so. It all seems to be in order.

*************

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Mr.BrownhascometoRossimporttodiscusstheBuyers’complaintaboutadelayindelivery.

Brown: In our opinion, your letter of complaint isn’t justified.

Lawrov:I’mafraidwecannotagreewithyouthere.IthinkIshouldreferyoutothedeliveryclause of our Contract. It says that delivery was to be made not later than the end of September.

Brown: Well, as a matter of fact, we passed the goods on to our forwarding agents at the works on the 20th of September. I’ve brought a receipt with me signed by the agents.

Lawrov: According to the Contract, it is the date of the Bill of Lading, which is considered to be the date of delivery, the date on that is the 25th of October. If that is taken into account, we are entitled to claim compensation.

Brown: What amount of compensation are you thinking of?

Lawrov: We’ve calculated it on the basis of the provisions stipulated in the Contract. Brown: Can I look through your calculations to get a better idea of the figures?

Lawrov: Here are the documents. They show the exact sum of agreed and liquidated damages. Brown: I think I may need some time to go into all this. If you don’t mind, could we come back

to you with a proposal?

Lawrov: Fine. But we’d appreciate it if you could speed up the decision on the matter.

Brown:Ofcourse.I’msureitwon’ttakeverylong.Naturally,wetooareanxioustoreachaspeedy and amicable settlement of this question.

*************

Sokolov: We’ve carefully studied your draft programme, and now we’d like toclarify some points. Brown: We’ll be pleased to answer any queries you may have.

Sokolov: The first thing we have to agree on is the exact number of trainees and their qualifications.

Brown: The team shouldn’t exceed the number stipulated in the Contract, that is 12 specialists. As agreed, the team will consist of Process, Mechanical, and Instrument specialists.

Sokolov: Would you object if we included a chemical engineer in our team?

Brown: Well, I can’t see any reason why we should. But I’d like to repeat that the total number of the trainees shouldn’t be more than 12 as stipulated in the Contract.

Sokolov: Will the whole team participate in the general part of the programme?

Brown: Certainly. Then the training programme will be suited to the particular technology in which individual members of the team are qualified.

Sokolov: What exactly do you mean?

Brown:Imeanthateachgroupwillhaveitsseparateprogramme.We’vealsopaidspecialattention to all procedures connected with start-up, emergency shut-down, and trouble-free operation of the reactor.

Sokolov: That’s fine. And will you reserve any time for the discussion of various queries? Brown: Naturally. At the end of each part of the programme, we’ll have one day for discussions

and questions on training. Besides, every morning there’ll be ahalf-hour session to discuss questions which may arise from the previous day’s work.

Sokolov: As far as I can see, the programme is very extensive.

Brown: Tha’’s right. Now, if it’s all right with you, we’ll have the agreed programme typed and sent to you in 2 days. Then we’ll fix the date of your specialists’ arrival.

Sokolov: That suits us all right. Thank you.

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Unit 6.SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

Conditionalsentences

I. Match the halves of the sentences.

II. Complete the sentences.

1.If it were beneficial…

2.If it were fixed…

3.If he was patient…

4.If there were negative charge…

5.If there were a complicated arrangement…

6.If it were expensive…

7.If I knew it now…

8.If they had known her last year…

9.If the weight had been defined…

10.If they had lost weight…

III. Define the sentences which should be translated into Russian with “бы”:

1.If they were here yesterday, they would join us.

2.If he were here, he would help us.

3.If he had known this formula, he would have solved the equation.

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4.Had he graduated from the Institute by that time?

5.Had she had supper when you came home?

6.They had determined this compound before the reaction would have been completed.

7.If it were warm today, we would go to the country.

8.Were these magnitudes defined?

9.The lead would have decayed, if the reaction had started.

10.Were the values known, we could finish our experiment.

IV. Supply the correct forms of the verbs.

1.We (to apologise) to them tomorrow if we (to contact) them by telephone.

2.You (to write) the testwork well, if you had learned grammar.

3.Were these two forces do not parallel, they (not constitute / had not constituted) a couple.

4.If you (compare) these two forces, you will see that the difference is negligible.

5.If this student uses this method of analysis, he (solve) the problem.

V. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense using subjunctive mood.

1.If I was offered a job, I think I (take) it.

2.What would happen if I (not come)?

3.If I were you, I (buy) a new suit.

4.What (do) if you lost your job?

5.I would help you with the text if I (know) German.

6.If he (be) more experienced, he would be more likely to get the job.

7.If they (know) it before, they wouldn’t have gone there.

8.If he had warned me, I (do) the work on time.

9.If she didn’t read so much, she (not know) English so well.

10.If he (be) a scientist, he would invent a time machine.

VI. Translate the verbs in brackets.

1.If (ты бы пришел) ten minutes earlier, you would have caught the train.

2.I wouldn’t have believed it, if (я бы видел) it with my own eyes.

3.If (вы бы говорили) more slowly, he might have understood you.

4.If (я бы попытался) again I think that I would have succeeded.

5.(Вы бы не попали) into trouble if you had obeyed my instructions.

6.If she had listened to my directions (она бы не повернула) down the wrong street.

7.If (я бы встретил) you yesterday, of course (я бы предупредил) you.

8.(Я бы помог тебе) if (ты бы попросила меня) yesterday.

9.(Я бы не ушел из) the office early yesterday if (я бы не закончил) my work.

10.(Я бы пошел с тобой на выставку), (я бы не был занят) yesterday.

VII. Complete the text using the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

All the differences

I often wonder how my life (be) different if on that particular day I (go) in the other direction. Or what (happen) if — in those seconds — I (walk) alittle bit faster? She (not be) able todo what she did, say things she said. If it (not be) for these shy words of greeting, I (not be) here now — I probably (live) in the same city I grew up in. Its amazing how our lives depend on the most minute details: a split-second decision which makes all the difference, I (ever find) romance at all if I (not meet) Julia that day and if she (decide) to walk on that path beside the trees? I possibly (not do) what I did in my life if we (not meet) on that bright, sunny morning. And if we (not be) together now, I (not be) the happiest man in the world.

VIII. Answer the questions.

1.What would you do if you were late for lecture?

2.Where would you go if you had a holiday now?

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3.Whom would you invite if you arranged a party?

4.How long would it take you to get home from the university if you took a taxi?

5.Would you feel glad if it were summer now?

6.What film would you like to see if you had spare time?

7.What theatre would you visit tonight if you had a chance?

8.What would you have a bite of, if you were hungry?

9.What would you do if it rained suddenly, and you hadn’t an umbrella?

10.What would you do, if you caught a cold?

IX. Act out a dialogue. Make up your own after the model. Dick: What would you do if you had a boat?

Tom: I would sail in it, of course. Dick: Where would you sail?

Tom: All around the coasts of Britain. I would even try to sail across the Atlantic if my boat were big enough.

Dick: What would you do if your parents didn’t let you sail? Tom: I would run away from home, I suppose.

Dick: What would you do if your boat were wrecked in a storm? Tom: I would get drowned, I suppose.

Dick: It is just as well you haven’t got a boat, I suppose.

X. Find the sentences in subjunctive mood in the text and translate them.

Beta rays

Beta rays are made up of particles. These rays are bent by a magnetic field in such a way as to reveal a negative charge of the particles. They would not be bent if they had no charge of the particles. They would weight and charge they alike to the particles of the cathode ray. They are electrons. Electrons have very little weight, they may travel at great speeds, varying from 100 000 to 290 000 km per sec (i.e. at their fastest they approach the speed of light — 300 000 km/s).

Fast electrons may have sufficient energy topenetrate the surrounding electron orbits of an atom. They are then deflected from their original course by thepositive charge ofthe nucleus. Were thenucleus electrically neutral, the electrons would not be deflected from their original course. They are more often turned through larger angles than is the case for alpha particles, since they have a much smaller mass. Slower electrons are more easily deflected, and in consequence more quickly lose their energy. If electrons pass a gas, they will ionize it. They also are able to penetrate 1/8th in. of alumi­ nium or 2 mm of lead.

When a narrow cathode ray beam is passed through thin metal foil the rays act like X-rays (as if they were not particles but a radiation) and are diffracted giving an appropriate pattern on a fluorescent screen. This means that beams of electrons can act as if they were made up of waves of definite wavelength as is thecase for light. Cathode rays are also found tocast shadows of objects in their path. This shows how difficult it is to distinguish usefully between particles and radiation the latter itself measured as photons or quantum packages. When (as a cathode ray) they are stopped by any solid object, they set up X-rays (an analogy would be machine-gun bullets stri­ kinga targetandproducingsoundwaves).Eachparticledoesnotproducescintillationona zincsulphide screen, but the beam as a whole does produce scintillation, when travelling slowly electrons are easily absorbed by atoms, even by those of gases.

XII. Translate the sentences.

1.If you enlarge your contract, they would reduce the price.

2.If the chief manager were in, he would receive you.

3.If you had informed them correctly, then they would have got a better idea of the design.

4.If I weren’t tired, I would join you.

5.I wouldn’t sell the house if it weren’t so large.

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