Теоретические и технологические основы социально-культурной деятельности. Учебное пособие
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ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɂɃ ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɃ ɋɈɐɂȺɅɖɇɕɃ ɍɇɂȼȿɊɋɂɌȿɌ
ɌȿɈɊȿɌɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɂ ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɈɋɇɈȼɕ ɋɈɐɂȺɅɖɇɈ-ɄɍɅɖɌɍɊɇɈɃ ȾȿəɌȿɅɖɇɈɋɌɂ
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ
ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ
2018
ɍȾɄ [316.7+379.8](07)
ȻɄɄ 77ɹ7
Ɍ33
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɨ ɤ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɍɱɟɛɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɦ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ
Ɋ ɟ ɰ ɟ ɧ ɡ ɟ ɧ ɬ ɵ:
ȿ.ɘ. ɋɬɪɟɥɶɰɨɜɚ – ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɆȽɂɄ;
Ɍ.ȼ. ɉɭɲɤɚɪɟɜɚ – ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɊȽɋɍ
Ⱥ ɜ ɬ ɨ ɪ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɣ ɤ ɨ ɥ ɥ ɟ ɤ ɬ ɢ ɜ:
ɇ.ɂ. Ⱥɧɭɮɪɢɟɜɚ, Ⱥ.ȼ. Ʉɚɦɟɧɟɰ, ȿ.ɂ. Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɶɟɜɚ, ɂ.ɋ. Ʉɚɡɚɤɨɜɚ, ɇ.ɋ. ɘɳɟɧɤɨ
Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ
Ɍ33 ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ: ɭɱɟɛ. ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] / ɇ.ɂ. Ⱥɧɭɮɪɢɟɜɚ, Ⱥ.ȼ. Ʉɚɦɟɧɟɰ, ȿ.ɂ. Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɶɟɜɚ, ɂ.ɋ. Ʉɚɡɚɤɨɜɚ, ɇ.ɋ. ɘɳɟɧɤɨ; Ɇɢɧ-ɜɨ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɢ ɜɵɫɲ. ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɊɎ, Ɋɨɫ. ɝɨɫ. ɫɨɰ. ɭɧ-ɬ. – ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ. ɞɚɧ. – Ɇ.: ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɊȽɋɍ, 2018. – 153 ɫ. – Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩ ɢɡ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɛ-ɤɢ ɊȽɋɍ. – ɋɢɫɬɟɦ. ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ: Adobe Acrobat Reader. – Ɂɚɝɥ. ɫ ɷɤɪɚɧɚ.
ISBN 978-5-7139-1367-0
ȼɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɦ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɢɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɤ ɟɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ. ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ.
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɚɞɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɭ ɤɪɭɝɭ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ.
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ɍȾɄ [316.7+379.8](07) |
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ȻɄɄ 77ɹ7 |
ISBN 978-5-7139-1367-0 |
© Ʉɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ, 2018 |
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© Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ |
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ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, 2018 |
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ɈȽɅȺȼɅȿɇɂȿ
ʦʦʫʪʫʻʰʫ............................................................................................................................... |
4 |
ˀʤʯʪʫʸ 1. ˃ʫʽˀʫ˃ʰˋʫˁʶʰʫ ʽˁʻʽʦˏ ˁʽˉʰʤʸːʻʽ ʶ˄ʸː˃˄ˀʻʽʱ ʪʫ˔˃ʫʸːʻʽˁ˃ʰ............. |
6 |
1.1. ʽʥˍʤ˔ ˈʤˀʤʶ˃ʫˀʰˁ˃ʰʶʤ ˁʽˉʰʤʸːʻʽ ʶ˄ʸː˃˄ˀʻʽʱ ʪʫ˔˃ʫʸːʻʽˁ˃ʰ ʦ ˁʰˁ˃ʫʺʫ ʶ˄ʸː˃˄ˀʻʽʧʽ |
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ʽʥˁʸ˄ʮʰʦʤʻʰ˔ ʻʤˁʫʸʫʻʰ˔.............................................................................................................. |
6 |
1.2. ʶ˄ʸː˃˄ˀʽʸʽʧʰˋʫˁʶʰʫ ʽˁʻʽʦˏ ˁʽˉʰʤʸːʻʽ ʶ˄ʸː˃˄ˀʻʽʱ ʪʫ˔˃ʫʸːʻʽˁ˃ʰ.................................... |
16 |
1.3. ˁʽˉʰʽʸʽʧʰˋʫˁʶʰʫ ʽˁʻʽʦˏ ˁʽˉʰʤʸːʻʽ ʶ˄ʸː˃˄ˀʻʽʱ ʪʫ˔˃ʫʸːʻʽˁ˃ʰ........................................ |
27 |
1.4. ʿʫʪʤʧʽʧʰˋʫˁʶʰʫ ʽˁʻʽʦˏ ˁʽˉʰʤʸːʻʽ ʶ˄ʸː˃˄ˀʻʽʱ ʪʫ˔˃ʫʸːʻʽˁ˃ʰ........................................... |
36 |
ˀʤʯʪʫʸ 2. ˃ʫˈʻʽʸʽʧʰˋʫˁʶʰʫ ʽˁʻʽʦˏ ˁʽˉʰʤʸːʻʽ ʶ˄ʸː˃˄ˀʻʽʱ ʪʫ˔˃ʫʸːʻʽˁ˃ʰ .....45
2.1. ʶʸ˄ʥʻˏʫ ˃ʫˈʻʽʸʽʧʰʰ ˁʽˉʰʤʸːʻʽ ʶ˄ʸː˃˄ˀʻʽʱ ʪʫ˔˃ʫʸːʻʽˁ˃ʰ. ............................................... |
45 |
2.2. ˁʿʫˉʰˇʰʶʤ ˀʫʤʸʰʯʤˉʰʰ ˁʽˉʰʤʸːʻʽ ʶ˄ʸː˃˄ˀʻˏˈ ˃ʫˈʻʽʸʽʧʰʱ ʦ ʺ˄ʯʫʫ................................... |
60 |
2.3. ʽˁʽʥʫʻʻʽˁ˃ʰ ˀʫʤʸʰʯʤˉʰʰ ˁʽˉʰʤʸːʻʽ ʶ˄ʸː˃˄ˀʻˏˈ ˃ʫˈʻʽʸʽʧʰʱ ʦ ʥʰʥʸʰʽ˃ʫʶʫ...................... |
76 |
2.4. ʿʤˀʶʽʦˏʫ ˃ʫˈʻʽʸʽʧʰʰ ˁʽˉʰʤʸːʻʽ ʶ˄ʸː˃˄ˀʻʽʱ ʪʫ˔˃ʫʸːʻʽˁ˃ʰ.............................................. |
87 |
ˀʤʯʪʫʸ 3. ʿˀʽʫʶ˃ʻˏʫ ˃ʫˈʻʽʸʽʧʰʰ ˁʽˉʰʤʸːʻʽ ʶ˄ʸː˃˄ˀʻʽʱ ʪʫ˔˃ʫʸːʻʽˁ˃ʰ........ |
100 |
ʯʤʶʸ˓ˋʫʻʰʫ...................................................................................................................... |
126 |
ʸʰ˃ʫˀʤ˃˄ˀʤ ....................................................................................................................... |
128 |
ʿˀʰʸʽʮʫʻʰʫ..................................................................................................................... |
129 |
3
ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ
ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɣ. Ɉɧɚ ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ, ɝɞɟ ɪɟɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ. ȼ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɦ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɞɟɹɬɶɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɦ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ.
ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɫ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.
ȼ |
ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ |
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ |
ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ- |
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ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ |
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ: |
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, |
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ |
ɢ |
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ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɭɱɚɬɶ |
ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɭ |
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ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ. ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɧɚ ɷɬɭ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɟɣ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɵɣ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɛɚɡɢɫ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɟɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɬ.ɤ ɨɧ, ɬɚɤ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɚɱɟ, «ɩɪɢɜɹɡɚɧ» ɤ ɫɟɬɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
4
ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ, ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɨɥɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɤɚɤ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɜ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ; ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ; ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ; ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɉɫɨɛɵɣ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ |
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ |
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɟ |
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ |
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, |
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ |
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɜ |
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ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧ ɤɚɤ ɢɯ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɚɞɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɭ ɤɪɭɝɭ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ.
5
ɊȺɁȾȿɅ 1. ɌȿɈɊȿɌɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɈɋɇɈȼɕ ɋɈɐɂȺɅɖɇɈɄɍɅɖɌɍɊɇɈɃ ȾȿəɌȿɅɖɇɈɋɌɂ
1.1. ɈȻɓȺə ɏȺɊȺɄɌȿɊɂɋɌɂɄȺ ɋɈɐɂȺɅɖɇɈ-ɄɍɅɖɌɍɊɇɈɃ ȾȿəɌȿɅɖɇɈɋɌɂ ȼ ɋɂɋɌȿɆȿ ɄɍɅɖɌɍɊɇɈȽɈ
ɈȻɋɅɍɀɂȼȺɇɂə ɇȺɋȿɅȿɇɂə
ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɚɫɶ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɧɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɞɚɜɧɸɸ ɩɪɟɞɵɫɬɨɪɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɤɨɪɧɹɦɢ ɜ ɤɪɟɳɟɧɢɟ Ɋɭɫɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɫɵɝɪɚɜɲɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɟɤɚ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɚɦɨɛɵɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ. Ɉɫɨɛɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ «ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɤɨɜ» ɜ XIX ɜɟɤɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɫɜɨɸ ɦɢɫɫɢɸ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɟ, ɟɝɨ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ.
ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɩɨɞɴɟɦ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢɨɛɳɚɜɲɟɣ ɤ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɬɪɭɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɂ ɷɬɨɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɞɨɥɝɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ. ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɩɪɢɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɦɚɫɫ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɬɟɪɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɲɥɨ ɫɜɨɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ, ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɵ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ – «ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɞɨɫɭɝɨɜɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ». ɋɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɤ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɚɪɟɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɦɨɦ ɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɨɦ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜɵɹɫɧɢɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ (ɜ
6
ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɟɦɶɢ) ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɦ, ɜɨɲɟɞɲɢɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɭɸ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ.
ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɸ ɧɚ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɟɧɧɨ ɡɚ ɢɡɥɢɲɧɸɸ ɡɚɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ. ɇɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɥɢ ɤɢɧɨɮɢɥɶɦɵ, ɜɵɫɦɟɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɨɜ, ɫɬɪɟɦɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɞɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɸɸ ɜ ɝɥɚɡɚɯ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɮɢɥɶɦɵ «Ʉɚɪɧɚɜɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɨɱɶ», «ɋɬɚɪɵɣ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɣ», «ɋɨɥɨ ɞɥɹ ɮɥɟɣɬɵ», «Ⱦɟɧɶ ɇɟɩɬɭɧɚ» ɢ ɬ.ɞ.).
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɥɚ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ «ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɞɨɫɭɝɨɜɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ», ɨɬɤɚɡɚɜɲɢɫɶ ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ, ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ, ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɜɵɩɥɟɫɧɭɥɢ «ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ». Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɧɹɥɨ ɫ ɫɟɛɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɟɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɢ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɷɬɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɝɨɥɨɫɥɨɜɧɵɦ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɥɭɛɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɧɚ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɤɥɭɛɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɳɟɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɫɬ ɧɚɪɤɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɚɥɤɨɝɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɚɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ.
7
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ «ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɞɨɫɭɝɨɜɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ» ɤɚɤ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɹɜɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ «ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ» ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɭɠɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ:
–ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɞɲɢɣ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɦɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ;
–ɧɟɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.;
–ɤɨɦɦɟɪɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɤ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ;
–ɨɬɪɵɜ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɨɬ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɣ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɨɞɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ;
–ɞɟɝɭɦɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɭɦɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɚɬɨɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ ɟɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ;
–ɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ
8
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɤ ɧɟɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ.
ȼɚɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɭɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ (ɯɨɬɹ ɨɧɚ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ,
ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɚ). ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. ɗɬɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɂɦɟɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɚ ɦɢɫɫɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɜɵɲɟɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦ.
ȼɵɲɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɦɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨɬ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɭɦɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɦɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɭɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ, ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɤɨɥɥɟɝ ɢɥɢ ɥɸɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɉɨɠɟɥɚɧɢɹ ɠɟ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɬɟɯ,
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ɤɬɨ ɧɟ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɷɬɭ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ (ɟɫɥɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ) ɜ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ.
ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɦɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɸɸ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɞɢɤɬɨɜɚɧɚ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ, ɞɚɥɟɤɢɦɢ ɨɬ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠɚ ɜ ɩɨɫɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɤɬɚɤɥɟɣ, ɜɵɫɬɚɜɨɤ, ɤɨɧɰɟɪɬɨɜ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.).
ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɦ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɬɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɫ ɬɟɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɵ ɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɧɨɛɢɫɬɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɬɟɦ, «ɤɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɞɚɧɨ» ɩɨ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɭɸ ɢɦ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ. ɇɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ ɡɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɢɤɬɨ ɧɟ ɨɬɦɟɧɹɥ.
ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɢɡɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɤɭɫɵ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ Ⱦ. Ʉɚɛɚɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ). ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɨɜ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɫ
ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɟɣ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɫɥɭɲɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ
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