Совершенствуем навыки английского языка для академических целей подготовка к научной конференции. Учебное пособие для студентов, обучающихся по направ
.pdfГЛАВА 3. ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ СРЕДСТВ ЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ СВЯЗИ В НАУЧНОЙ СТАТЬЕ
CHAPTER 3. MAKING LOGICAL LINKS IN A RESEARCH ARTICLE
При написании научной статьи необходимо помнить, что ответственность за содержания несет ее автор. Это означает, что автор должен сделать все логические связи в тексте статьи очевидными для своего читателя. Для этого используется целый арсенал средств – дискурсивов-организаторов [22]. Такие средства помогают выстроить статью, обеспечить ее связность и цельность, облегчают читателю ориентирование в тексте. В группу дискурсивов-орга- низаторов могут входить разные части речи, разнообразные словосочетания, выражения и даже целые предложения.
Согласно большому исследованию Е. Ю. Викторовой, к самым распространенным средствам организации английской письменной научной речи относятся внутренние ссылки на фрагменты самой статьи. В статьях физиков это прежде всего отсылки к графикам, таблицам, рисункам [22, с. 95–96]. Примеры:
1.This behavior of the BA system also explains its slower route to local and global synchronization, as evidenced in Fig. 1, compared to the ER network [23].
2.As shown in Fig. 5c, the phase shift along the ring equals 2π in this case
and corresponds to the traveling wave with n = 1 [24].
3. Moreover, as can be seen from the diagram, in this case anti-phase relay synchronization occurs since the correlation coefficient (r13) ≈ − 1) [25].
4. The diagram in Fig. 1b represents the map of regimes of standing waves with different wavelengths [24].
Второй по распространенности группой по результатам указанного исследования являются сигналы очередности и последовательности [22, с. 97]. В нашем пособии мы рассмотрим разные случаи использования подобных средств – для указания на порядок следования частей статьи и описания этапов процесса или проведения эксперимента (подробнее об этом в Chapter 6. Describing an Experiment in a Research Article). Примеры:
1.To closely check this process, we initially consider a 3-layer multiplex with identical topology (EEE or SSS) [26].
2.Next we demonstrate that amplitude chimeras are also observed for the timedelayed coupling and their lifetime can be significantly enlarged by an appropriate choice of delay time [15].
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3.Finally, we note that the observed high noise sensitivity of the switching dynamics has far-reaching implications [27].
4.Lastly, we add the summary off our work and some general conclusions [28].
5.The chimera illustrated in Fig. 4 has been obtained from the standing wave as follows [24].
Третью группу составляют сигналы введения новых тем и сигналы перехода от одной темы к другой. Примеры:
1.Let us consider the number of an oscillator as a discrete space coordinate
[24].
2.Let us now discuss in more detail the peculiarities of the network dynamics in the chimera state (Fig. 2(d)) [29].
3.Thus, the lifetime of amplitude chimeras can be controlled by tuning the noise intensity and the value of time delay; noise allows one to decrease the lifetime of amplitude chimeras, while time delay can significantly increases it [15].
4.In summary, our simulations of a two-dimensional oscillatory medium governed by a complex Ginzburg-Landau equation with additional nonlinear global coupling, give evidence that alternating chimera states may spontaneously occur in isotropic oscillatory media [30].
В четвертую группу входят дискурсивы, обозначающие разнообразные логические отношения (сравнение, противопоставление, соответствие, следствие). Примеры:
1.In addition, we also investigated several cases to test the robustness against mismatches in the oscillators parameters to closely resemble real experimental conditions [26].
2.Similarly, since the control parameters k1 and k2 of the coupled oscillators differ from each other sufficiently and one deals with the case of the large parameter mismatch, the dependence of the mean duration of the residence times of phase trajectories can also be approximated by an exponential curve [Fig. 8(b)] [31].
3.However, for large coupling delays synchronizability relates in a simple way to the spectral properties of the network topology, characterized by the eigenvalue spectrum of the coupling matrix [15].
4.On the one hand, delay is able to induce instabilities, bifurcations of periodic and quasiperiodic orbits, multistability and chaotic motion. On the other hand, delay can suppress instabilities, stabilize unstable stationary or periodic states and may control deterministic chaos) [15].
5.Moreover, the minimum of the mean phase velocities profiles now corresponds to the coherent domains of the chimera states [15].
6.Therefore, by appropriately choosing the value of time delay one can realize a desired lifetime of amplitude [15].
Пятую группу составляют слова и выражения, вводящие примеры и иллюстрации. Примеры:
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1.For instance, in the brain coherence is observed involving different cell types and electrical / chemical synapses [26].
2.Applications of AD are mainly in controlling physical and chemical systems (e.g., coupled lasers) and suppressing neuronal oscillations, while OD has been suggested as a mechanism to generate heterogeneity in homogeneous systems (e.g., stem cell differentiation in morphogenesis) [15].
3.Many small molecules, such as ammonia, have more than one (symmetrybroken) ground state with nonvanishing dipole moments [27].
4.The regime of chimera formed from the traveling wave at r = 0.2, σ = 0.04 is illustrated in Fig. 5 in a similar manner [24].
К диапазону используемых дискурсивов-организаторов Е. Ю. Викторова относит также средства указания на фрагмент дискурса, сигналы уточнения
ивозможного продолжения [22]. Примеры:
1.In this case, chimeras represent structures consisting of coherence clusters, whose elements are close to complete (in-phase) chaotic synchronization, and incoherence clusters, which include oscillators with uncoordinated behavior. (ука-
зание на фрагмент статьи) [24].
2.The present section is devoted instead to assess the robustness of relay synchronization against structural changes by means of a de-multiplexing process of the. (указание на фрагмент статьи) [26].
3.In other words, the proposed approach allows not only to quantify the multistability with the coupling parameter value variation but can also be used to study the statistical characteristics of intermittency. – (сигнал уточнения) [32].
4.A further increase in the inter-layer coupling strength (0.05 < γ < 0.08) leads to qualitative changes in the structures, namely, the incoherence cores of the target wave chimera change their form and localization, while outlines of these clusters appear in the spatial shape of the spiral wave chimera in the second lattice. – (сигнал уточнения) [25].
5.A very prominent example of partial synchronization patterns, which has recently gained much attention, are chimera states, i.e., symmetry-breaking states of partially coherent and partially incoherent behavior, for a recent review see (сигнал уточнения) [15].
6.Moreover, such ensembles serve as mathematical models for real multicomponent systems and processes in biophysics, neurodynamics, ecology, sociology, computer and energy networks, etc. (сигнал возможного продолже-
ния) [10].
Task 1. Fill in the gaps in sentences 1–6 to complete the phrases that help authors to refer to different parts of their research article. Use the words in the box below.
show below |
it was mentioned |
mentioned above |
demonstrates |
as shown in |
the previous Sections |
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1.Moreover, as we ____________, the switching observed here is critical–the transition rate depends on the noise intensity as a power law and switching can be triggered by arbitrarily small noise [27].
2.This property is visualized using a transverse section of the intermingled basins that directly connects the two subchimera attractors, ____________ Appendix C [27].
3.As ___________ Sec. I, one of the fundamental approaches to study the intermittent behavior is the consideration of statistical characteristics, first of all, the distributions of the time intervals of the laminar phase and dependence of the mean length of the laminar phases on the coupling parameter [32].
4.Figure 2 ___________ that, for both our ER and BA networks, the number of synchronized components initially increases as the coupling is increased [23].
5.In ____________ we have addressed the dependence of relay synchronization in a multiplexon the dynamical and structural layer heterogeneity [26].
6.All other methods ____________ (namely, the conditional Lyapunov exponent calculation, the nearest-neighbor method, and the phase tube approach) allow revealing the presence (or absence) of generalized synchronization regime for the given set of control parameter values in the mutually coupled systems and complex networks.
Task 2. Read the sentences below and underline the words and phrases that help sequence ideas, arguments and parts of a research article:
1.We will first look at the effect the structure of these networks has on the evolution of the saturated system state as K increases from low values to K > Kc [23].
2.Next, we consider a more complex topology by adding random links [15].
3.As will be shown further, another type of chimera states can be realized in the ring (1) and we will refer to it as an amplitude chimera state [29].
4.Second, chimera states with one incoherent part cannot be observed in the system any more: for large coupling range we observe chimera states with four incoherent parts, and furthermore with decreasing coupling range the multiplicity of the incoherent domains of the chimera states increases [15].
5.First of all, it was needed to find out some differences between healthy and illness patients [33].
6.Finally, one more important thing needs to be stressed [31].
Task 3. Read sentences 1–6 and underline phrases that are used to introduce a new topic or finish the previous one.
1. Let us explore how the noise affects the dynamics of the ensemble of logistic maps in this mode [10].
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2.To confirm and prove the generality of jump intermittency near the GS onset as well as to verify the theoretical predictions obtained above, let us consider two additional cases of the behavior of mutually coupled systems [31].
3.In conclusion, our findings provide a fresh and novel insight into the scenario of transition to the generalized synchronization regime and are of value for both the theory of complex systems and the practical applications in a wide spectrum of human activities [34].
4.Thus, we can conclude that perfect in-phase relay synchronization is realized [25].
5.We start our consideration with two unidirectionally coupled Lorenz systems, each given by Eq. (1) [31].
6. The |
state deviation of the ith element from its neighbors is calculated |
as follows |
[31]. |
Task 4. Read sentences 1–16. The words and phrases in bold all indicate various logical relationships between the ideas and objects in research articles. Put them in the following categories.
1.On the other hand, relay synchronization is resilient in SSS triplex configurations also when more than 30% of the nodes are not multiplexed [26].
2.Moreover, the system was simulated with the same parameter values for
100 slightly differing random initial conditions, always eventually leading to an alternation, the latest occurring at ≈104 [30].
3.Resultantly, a continuous dependence of the oscillation characteristics on the initial condition z disappears [35].
4.Conversely, as δ → 0, the probability of escaping to the opposite subchimera approaches zero algebraically [27].
5.Besides these, long lasting oscillatory transients with interesting features occur, i.e., amplitude chimera states [15].
6.Therefore, the matrix B is determined by the coupling phase ϕ [15].
7.However, in contrast to the alternating chimeras, this behavior has not yet been found to persist as long-term behavior [30].
8.Additionally, the in-phase synchronized state observed in the deterministic
system for small number of nearest neighbours (P < 6) and large coupling strength (σ > 15) in the presence of time delay is replaced by chimera death patterns with the number of clusters exceeding 9 (red region in Fig. 16b) [15].
9.Mo2C, on the contrary, showed the largest shift in Fermi energy, equal to 184 meV [36].
10.Consequently, the vertical interlayer distance of the equilibrium configuration was 3.25?.
11.In addition to chimera states with one incoherent domain [Fig. 4(a)], we observe chimera states with multiple incoherent domains shown in Fig. 4(b)–(d), i.e., multichimera states [15].
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12. Alternatively, |
if the |
mismatch between the control parameters of |
the interacting systems |
results |
in a significant difference between fundamental |
frequencies of the coupled chaotic oscillators, the transition to and from PS is accompanied by ring intermittency [31].
13.Eventually (at t = 106), only two domains are left, separated by a roughly straight boundary along one of the axes of the system [30].
14.Similarly to what observed in Fig. 5, promoting the topological difference between layers as σe increases rises the synchronization threshold [26].
15.Hence as ε is increased the chimera regions extend to larger values of
σ[15].
16.In contrast, the pure phase chimeras (1-chimera in Fig. 2(a),(b)) arise from completely in-phase synchronized (K = 0) profiles [15]:
a) contrasting ideas and objects (6); b) adding information (4);
c) describing consequence of a condition or a result (5); d) pointing at similarity (1).
Task 5. Look at the parts in bold in sentences 1–4. Match them with functions a–d:
1.In this section we review how the character of the individual elements influences chimera states by studying networks of nonlocally coupled Van der Pol oscillators [15].
2.For example, the finite propagation time of light between coupled semiconductor lasers significantly influences the dynamics [15].
3.Inside this region, the initial spatiotemporal structures preserve in all the three lattices, i.e., the outer layers exhibit the target wave chimeras, and the relay layer shows the spiral wave chimera [25].
4.Nowadays, it is well known that the type of intermittency is mainly determined by the conditions (e.g., the value of the control parameter mismatch, the presence of noise, etc.) for which the transition is considered, and not only by the type of synchronization [31]:
a)shows that there can be a continuation;
b)refers to a particular part of a research article;
c)introduces an example;
d)gives an explanation of some information.
Task 6. Find similar examples in the article you are reading now in your English class.
ГЛАВА 4. ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ МНЕНИЯ АВТОРА И ОЦЕНКИ ПРОЦЕССА ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И ПОЛУЧЕННЫХ РЕЗУЛЬТАТОВ
CHAPTER 4. EXPRESSING AUTHOR'S OPINION AND ASSESSING
RESEARCH PROCESS AND FINDINGS
Вэтой части нашего пособия мы обсудим разные средства выражения мнения автора и его оценочных суждений относительно проводимого исследования. Может возникнуть вопрос: зачем говорить о мнениях и оценках
вотношении объективных результатов исследований?
Водном из исследований, посвященных вербализации нового научного результата в научно-исследовательской статье, предлагается рассматривать новизну результата с точки зрения двух взаимосвязанных аспектов – методологического и аксиологического [37]. В научной статье методологический аспект эксплицируется через описание методов и способов получения новых знаний, действий исследователя, а аксиологический аспект находит свое выражение
впостоянном оценивании предпринимаемых действий для получения резуль-
тата, его новизны, значимости, оригинальности, эффективности, ценности и применимости через употребление, например, таких слов и словосочетаний,
как new path for, new route for, novel properties, potential applications for, useful insight into, revealed for the first time, observe for the first time.
Для выражения мнения автора и оценок в научной статье также используются специальные средства – дискурсивы-регулятивы [22]. Е. Ю. Викторова утверждает, что чаще всего в английской письменной научной речи используются сигналы повышения / понижения категоричности высказывания, которые являются разновидностью дискурсивов-регулятивов [22, c. 103]. В англоамериканской научной традиции для обозначения стратегии повышения / понижения категоричности высказывания используется термин hedging.
Авторы стремятся сделать описание своего исследования максимально объективным и определенным, однако категоричности в изложении научной информации все же следует избегать. Ученые, изучающие научный дискурс, обосновывают эту рекомендацию следующими доводами:
–любое знание относительно;
–пониженная категоричность – обязательное правило для научной речи (подразумевается, что читатель должен иметь возможность самостоятельно оценить предлагаемую в статье информацию);
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–некатегоричность соотносится со взвешенностью оценок, с уважительным отношением к мнению другого;
–диалогичность присуща письменной научной речи, которая понимается как нацеленность на дискуссию, на взаимодействие с читателем.
Ксигналам понижения категоричности, активно используемым в научных статьях, Е. Ю. Викторова относит следующие единицы: can, could, may, would, suggest, might, seem, appear, perhaps, more or less, probably, presumably, approximately, nearly, relatively, roughly [22, c. 104–105]. Примерами сигналов повышения категоричности служат likely, more likely, most likely, unlikely should, need, must, cannot, have to, clearly, necessarily, apparently, of course, evident, obviously, surely, needless to say, no doubt, inevitably, certain [22, c. 105– 106].
Кперечисленным словам можно добавить существительные со значением модальности (assumption, possibility, probability), прилагательные со значе-
нием модальности (certain, definite, clear, probable, possible), глаголы, указыва-
ющие на характерные изменения и тенденции и выражающие мнение автора
(tend, look like, think, believe, doubt, indicate, assume), наречия, подчеркива-
ющие регулярность / частотность действия (usually, typically, generally) (для указания на обобщение), и некоторые выражения (It could be the case that,
There is every hope that).
Авторы некоторых учебных материалов предлагают выражать степень категоричности и вероятности тех или иных событий, процессов и результатов
впроцентах (или процентном соотношении). Этот подход может показаться несколько механическим, однако он позволяет начинающим писать научные статьи на английском языке точнее определиться с выбором необходимых лексических средств для представления результатов своего исследования.
Expressing probability (according to P. Master [38, c. 240–241])
Example |
1. |
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Fact: Cancer is caused by a faulty gene: |
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must |
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80–98% |
Cancer must be caused by a faulty gene |
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should |
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40–70% |
Cancer should be caused by a faulty gene |
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may |
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20–40% |
Cancer may be caused by a faulty gene |
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might / could |
5–20% |
Cancer might / could be caused by a faulty gene |
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Example |
2. |
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Fact: Cancer is caused by a virus: |
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certain |
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80–98% |
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Cancer is certain to be caused by a virus |
likely |
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40–70% |
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Cancer is likely to be caused by a virus |
perhaps |
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20–40% |
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Cancer is perhaps caused by a virus |
possibly |
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5–20% |
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Cancer is possibly caused by a virus |
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Expressing probability (according to R. R. Jordan [39, с. 66]):
Example 1
Example 2
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Вторыми по частоте использования дискурсивами-регулятивами, согласно исследованию Е. Ю. Викторовой, являются дискурсивы с усилительным
ивыделительным значением [22]. К таким единицам относят, например, absolutely, at least, completely, especially, fully, highly, indeed, particularly, really, significantly, slightly, very.
Встатьях по физике встречается большое количество авторизующих кон-
струкций, например we study, we observe, we compare, we have reported, we have overcome, we investigate, our triplex network, our work, Let us consider. Это объясняется тем, что в статьях физиков преобладает описание экспериментов
ипостоянно делается акцент на действиях исследователей.
Оценка содержания научной статьи реализуется и через такие лексиче-
ские единицы, как curiously, interestingly, strikingly, unfortunately, remarkably, noteworthily. Значительно реже встречаются случаи выражения оценки речи,
например briefly, in a nutshell.
Task 1. Fill in the gaps with the phrases in the box below:
the first time |
new path |
potential applications for |
useful insight into |
have overcome these |
novel |
|
limitations |
|
1.In this work, we ______________ by using a multilayer description in the study of distant synchronization in heterogeneous ensembles [26].
2.Our results provide a ______________ for starting the study of the role of symmetries in setting long distance coherence in real systems [26].
3.It has been revealed for ______________ that anti-phase relay synchronization occurs in the considered network [25].
4.Hence, the ____________ properties of SnS2 / BN heterostructures might have ______________ nanodevices in future [40].
5.Our calculations are expected to provide _____________ electronic engineering of vdW heterostructures, as well as fundamental guidelines for the design of Schottky devices [41].
Task 2. Read the following sentences and find the words that make these statements less straightforward.
1.To determine kinetic model parameters that capture the observed binding behaviour during the stop-flow column experiments, it was assumed that the following single site attachment-detachment model with a nonlinear Langmuirian blocking coefficient along with advective-dispersive transport of the NPs in the aqueous phase was sufficient [12].
2.These results indicate that targeting may be more efficient in porous media containing high concentrations of a highly hydrophobic LNAPL [12].
3. Thus, an |
effective and scalable continuous flow process could |
be established, |
circumventing problems of conventional approaches such |
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