Методы исследования кинетики электродных процессов. Учебно-методическое пособие
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ɍɪɚɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ
ɢɦɟɧɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ Ȼ ɇ ȿɥɶɰɢɧɚ
МЕТОДЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ КИНЕТИКИ ЭЛЕКТРОДНЫХ ПРОЦЕССОВ
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɦ ɍɪɎɍ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟучебно-методического пособияɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ± ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ± ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɛɢɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ
ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɝ
ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɍɪɚɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ
ɍȾɄ
ȻȻɄ ɹ
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Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ȼ Ɇ Ɋɭɞɨɣ Ɍ ɇ Ɉɫɬɚɧɢɧɚ ɂ Ȼ Ɇɭɪɚɲɨɜɚ Ⱥ Ȼ Ⱦɚɪɢɧɰɟɜɚ
Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɵ
ɤɚɧɞ ɬɟɯɧ ɧɚɭɤ ɞɨɰ ȿ ȼ Ƚɚɣɧɭɥɥɢɧɚ ɤɚɧɞ ɯɢɦ ɧɚɭɤ Ɍ ȼ əɤɭɛɨɜɚ
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ɤɚɧɞ ɯɢɦ ɧɚɭɤ ɉ Ⱥ Ⱥɪɯɢɩɨɜ ɫɬ ɧɚɭɱ ɫɨɬɪ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦ
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Методы исследования кинетики электродных процессов Ɇ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ȼ Ɇ Ɋɭɞɨɣ Ɍ ɇ Ɉɫɬɚɧɢɧɚ ɂ Ȼ Ɇɭɪɚɲɨɜɚ Ⱥ Ȼ Ⱦɚɪɢɧɰɟɜɚ ± ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɝ ɂɡɞ ɜɨ
ɍɪɚɥ ɭɧ ɬɚ ± ɫ
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ɂɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɢ ɤɭɪɫɨɜ ©ɉɪɢɛɨɪɵ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨ
ɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦª ©ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɮɢ ɡɢɤɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɫɢɫɬɟɦª©ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟɦɟɬɨɞɵɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢ ɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦª ©Ʉɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜª ©ɍɱɟɛɧɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜª ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨ ɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɫɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɢɦɩɟɞɚɧɫɦɟɬɪɨɜ
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪ ɧɚɡɜ Ɍɚɛɥ Ɋɢɫ
ɍȾɄ
ȻȻɄ ɹ
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ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ȼɵɛɨɪ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɤ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ
Ɇɵɬɶɟ ɩɨɫɭɞɵ ɢ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ
ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɉɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɢ ɦɟɪɵ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ
ȼɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ
ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ
ɉɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ ɤ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɫɬɚɬɭ
ɏɪɨɧɨɜɨɥɶɬɚɦɩɟɪɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ
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ɩɪɢ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ |
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ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ |
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ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ |
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ɋɧɹɬɢɟ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɜɵɯ |
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ɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ |
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ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ |
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ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɜɵɯ |
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ɋɧɹɬɢɟ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɜɵɯ |
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Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ |
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ɏɨɞ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ |
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Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ |
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ɏɪɨɧɨɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɤɚ
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɞɢɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ
ɏɨɞ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɏɪɨɧɨɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ
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ɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ |
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ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɤɚ |
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ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ |
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ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɯɪɨɧɨɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ |
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ɋɧɹɬɢɟ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɝɪɚɦɦ |
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ɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ |
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Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ |
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ɏɨɞ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ |
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Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ |
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Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢɦɩɟɞɚɧɫɦɟɬɪɚ = 3 |
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ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɉȺȼ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ |
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ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ |
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Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɢɦɩɟɞɚɧɫɦɟɬɪɭ |
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ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ |
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Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ |
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ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ |
Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɹɱɟɣɤɟ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚɦ
ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɢɦɩɟɞɚɧɫɚ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ
Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɦɩɟɞɚɧɫɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ
Ɂɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɮɚɡ
ɋɦɟɲɚɧɧɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɚ
ȼɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɞɢɫɤɨɜɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ
ɏɪɨɧɨɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɬɨɤɚɯ
ɏɪɨɧɨɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɯ
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɗɪɲɥɟɪɚ±Ɋɷɧɞɥɫɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɋɥɸɣɬɟɪɫɚ
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ
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ВВЕДЕНИЕ
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɜɟ
ɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɯɪɟɚɤɰɢɣȽɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɚɹɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ʗʖʛ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɤ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹɄ ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɡɟ ɪɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ > @ ɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɢɩ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɵɩɪɹɦɢɬɟɥɹ
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ʟ ʟ Ʉʏ ȁɄʙȁ σοʝʛ |
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Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɜɚɠɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ |
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ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ |
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɚɧɧɟ ɢ |
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ʑ˕ |
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ɜɵɯɨɞɨɦ ɩɨ ɬɨɤɭ |
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ήʑ˕ |
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ɝɞɟ |
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±ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ |
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ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬȻɨɥɶɲɨɣɜɤɥɚɞɜɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ |
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ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɚɧɧɟ ɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɥɟɤ
ɬɪɨɥɢɬɟ
οʝʛ ή ή ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ ԑ ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜɧɟ ɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨ ɫɛɟɪɟɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ
ȿɫɥɢ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɬɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɚ ɫɥɟ
ɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɩɨ ɬɨɤɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ
ʑ˕ σ Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɯɨɞɚ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɞɟ
ɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨɛ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ
ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɦ ɩɨ ɬɨɤɭ ɉɨɥɹɪɢ
ɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɧɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɹɜ
ɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɚɧɨɞɨɜ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɛɨɪɭ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɬɨɤɚ > @
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɟ ɦɟɥɤɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɪɚɫɫɟɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨ ɫɬɶɸɈɛɵɱɧɨɷɬɨɦɭɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɸɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵɜɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɪɚɡɪɹɠɚɸɳɢɣɫɹɦɟɬɚɥɥɜɯɨɞɢɬɜɫɨɫɬɚɜɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨɢɨɧɚɄɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɫɞɜɢɝ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɬ ɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɢɡ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɟ ɢɨɧɵ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɞɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɗɥɟɤ ɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧ ɬɭ ɧɟɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ > @ Ɂɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɤɨɦ ɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚ ɧɢɹ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɟ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ >± @
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɢ ɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɞɪ
ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ± ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɥɹɪɢ ɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
1. ВЫБОР ОБЪЕКТА ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɬɚɛɥ
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɚɡ ɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɫɢ ɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɬɨɤ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ Ⱦɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ±ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɧɟɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɦ ɩɥɟɤɫɚɢɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɚȾɥɹɫɢɫɬɟɦ ± ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ ɢɨɧ ɦɟɞɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɟ ɩɢɪɨɮɨɫɮɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ > @
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Варианты заданий |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ |
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ɇɨɦɟɪ |
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ |
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ |
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ɪɇ |
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ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ |
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&X |
ɦɨɥɶ ɥ &X62 ɦɨɥɶ ɥ + 62 |
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&X |
ɦɨɥɶ ɥ &X62 ɦɨɥɶ ɥ + 62 |
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&X |
ɦɨɥɶ ɥ &X62 ɦɨɥɶ ɥ 1D 62 |
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&X |
ɦɨɥɶ ɥ &X62 ɦɨɥɶ ɥ 1D 62 |
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1L |
ɦɨɥɶ ɥ 1L62 ɝ ɥ 1D&O ɝ ɥ 1+ &O |
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&X |
ɦɨɥɶ ɥ &X62 ɦɨɥɶ ɥ 1+ 62 1+ 2+ |
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&X |
ɦɨɥɶ ɥ &X62 ɦɨɥɶ ɥ 1+ 62 1+ 2+ |
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=Q |
ɦɨɥɶ ɥ =Q2 ɦɨɥɶ ɥ 1D2+ |
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=Q |
ɦɨɥɶ ɥ =Q2 ɦɨɥɶ ɥ 1D2+ |
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&G |
ɦɨɥɶ ɥ &G62 ɦɨɥɶ ɥ 1D 62 |
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ɦɨɥɶ ɥ + 62 |
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Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭ
ɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɨɫɬɚ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ± ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬ
ɪɢɢ > @Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ
ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɜɵɯɆɟɬɨɞ ɯɪɨɧɨɜɨɥɶɬɚɦɩɟɪɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɢ
ɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɆɟɬɨɞ ɯɪɨɧɨɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɤɚ
ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɚɆɟɬɨɞ ɯɪɨɧɨɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɞɢɮɮɭ
ɡɢɢ Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɬɨɤ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢ
ɟɧɬ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚɆɟɬɨɞ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɞɢɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨ
ɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢɈɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɇ ɝɢɞɪɚɬɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨ
ɪɟ > @
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ɉɨɫɥɟɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɟɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶ ɬɚɬɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨ ɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫ ɬɜɨɪɚɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɨɫɧɨɜɵɤɚɠɞɨɝɨɦɟɬɨɞɚɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶɷɤɫɩɟɪɢ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɪɢɜɵɟ ɩɨ ɨɫɹɦ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɪɚ ɛɨɬɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨ ɞɚɦɢ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɢɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɜ
2. ПОДГОТОВКА К ПРОВЕДЕНИЮ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТА
2.1. Мытье посуды и ячейки
ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶɩɨɫɭɞɵɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣɞɥɹɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɦɟɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɥɛɚ ɧɚ ɦɥ ɢ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɧɚ±ɦɥ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɣɫɬɚɤɚɧɧɚ ± ɦɥɤɨɥɛɚȻɭɧɡɟɧɚɜɨ ɪɨɧɤɚ ɒɨɬɬɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɹɱɟɣɤɚ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɦɥ ɞɜɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɥɸɱɚ
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɭɞɵ ɉɨɫɭɞɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨ ɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɵɬɶ ɨɬ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ
ɉɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɟɡɠɢɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɫɸ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ ɫ ɩɨɦɨ ɳɶɸ ɫɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚ ɥɢɫɶ ɤɚɩɥɢ Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ Ⱦɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵ ɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɩɟɪɦɚɧɝɚɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɯɨɞɟɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɚɧɢɨɧ ɜɨɫɫɬɚ ɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɨɬɦɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɨɤ ɫɢɞɚ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ,, ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɟ ɪɨɤɫɢɞɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɫɨɥɶ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɨɬɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɢ ɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɢ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ ɫɭɲɚɬ ɜ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɨɦ ɲɤɚɮɭ
2.2. Приготовление растворов
ɉɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɧɚɜɟɫɨɤ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɇɚɜɟɫɤɢ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢ ɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɫɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɦ
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Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ±ɇɚɜɟɫɤɭ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɦɟɞɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɟ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ Ɉɬɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɧɭɠɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟ ɫɬɜɨ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɪɰɢɹɦɢ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ ɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɭ ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɤɨɥɛɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɨ ɝɪɟɬɶɫɹ ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ±ɇɚɜɟɫɤɭ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɦɟɞɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɢ ɪɚɫ ɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜɵɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɟ ɢ ɜɵɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɇɚɜɟɫɤɢ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɧɢɤɟɥɹ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɢ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ ɩɨɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɫɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɉɪɨɜɟɪɹɸɬ ɪɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ ɦɥ ɢ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɪɇ
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ±ɉɨɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɢ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɦɟɞɢ ɢ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɟ ɢ ɜɵɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɉɪɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɭ ɦɟɞɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɦɭɬɧɵɦ ɇɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɚɩɥɹɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧ ɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɦɦɢɚɤ ɞɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɉɪɢ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɨ ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɪɰɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɚɦɦɢɚɤ ɢ ɢɡ ɦɟɪɹɸɬɪɇȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɪɇɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɞɨɥɠɧɚɛɵɬɶɧɟɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɥɢɝɚɧɞɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ±ɇɚɜɟɫɤɢ 1D2+ ɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɰɢɧɤɚ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɭ ɯɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɟ Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɪɚɡɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɶ ɫ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɉɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɢ ɞɨ ɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ
ɋɨɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨ ɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ Ⱦɥɹ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɬ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɦɟɫɟɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɟɪɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɤɢɩɹɬɢɬɶ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɸɬɫɹɧɚɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢɭɝɥɹɚɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɱɢɫɬɵɦ Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɨɬɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɵɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜɚɤɭ
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ɭɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɤɨɥɛɭ Ȼɭɧɡɟɧɚ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɥ ɢ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɭ ɒɨɬɬɚ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɦ ʋ ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ
ȼɵɪɟɡɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɤɪɭɝ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɱɬɨ ɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ
Ʉɥɚɞɭɬ ɤɪɭɝ ɢɡ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɜ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɭ ɒɨɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ
ɇɚɥɢɜɚɸɬɧɚɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɭɸɛɭɦɚɝɭɧɟɦɧɨɝɨɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨ ɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɛɭɦɚɝɚ ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɥɚ ɤ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɨɦɭ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭȼɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɭ ɒɨɬɬɚ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɭ Ȼɭɧɡɟɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɲɥɚɧɝɚ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɤ ɧɚɫɨɫɭȼɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɧɚɫɨɫɩɨɫɥɟɱɟɝɨɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢɩɨɪɰɢɹɦɢɩɪɢɥɢ
ɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɭ ɒɨɬɬɚɄɨɝɞɚɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɨɨɬɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɧɚɫɨɫɨɬɫɨɟɞɢ
ɧɹɸɬ ɲɥɚɧɝ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɛɵ Ȼɭɧɡɟɧɚ ɢ ɜɵɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɧɟɟ ɨɬɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɭ
2.3. Электроды
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɦ ɹɜ ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɤɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɬɢɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ± ɬɚɛɥ Ⱦɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɤɨɜɚɹ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɰɢɧɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɢ ȾɅɂɇɍ ɂ ȾɂȺɆȿɌɊ ɉɊɈȼɈɅɈɄɂ ɇȿɈȻɏɈȾɂɆɈ ɂɁɆȿɊɂɌɖ ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ȼɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɮɨɥɶɝɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɚ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɱɬɨ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ± ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɵɣȿɏɋɗ ȼ
3. ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ СОСТАВА КОМПЛЕКСНОГО СОЕДИНЕНИЯ МЕТОДОМ ПОТЕНЦИОМЕТРИИ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɝɚɧɞɚɦɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɢɡ ɬɚ ɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɥɤɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɛɟɫɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶɸ Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɫɞɜɢɝ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟ ɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ
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