Лингвострановедение. Практикум. Задания для самостоятельной работы. Учебное пособие по английскому языку для студентов, обучающихся по программе бакал
.pdfLabial tractors — a wonderful term for the muscles around the mouth. The word labial in phonetics means closure or part closure of the mouth, and additionally refers to the resulting vowel sounds produced, like w, oo, etc.
Mask/masking — using body language, usually intentionally, to deceive others as to true feelings or motives.
Metronome/metronomic signals — these are any rhythmic tappings or movements which indicate a readiness or self-prompting to speak or take action- a termed devised by body language expert Judi James.
Micro-gestures — tiny body language „leakage‟ signals, often unconsciously sent and interpreted, more likely to be seen and reacted to unconsciously rather than consciously, unless concentrating determinedly.
Mime/miming gestures — gestures used consciously to convey a specific message, such as extending the thumb and little finger by the ear to say „Phone me‟, or wiping imaginary sweat from the brow to express relief after a crisis subsides.
Palm — inside surface of the hand ― significant in body language because an open palm has for thousands of years indicated that no weapon is concealed, which survives as perhaps a genetically inherited signal of peace, cooperation, submissiveness, etc.
Rictus — a fixed grimace, usually resulting from shock or nervousness. From Latin word meaning „open mouth‟.
Self-motivating gestures — gestures signalling attempting to increase mental work-rate or activity, like tapping the head repeatedly or making circular motions with the hands, as if winding the body up.
Steepling — forming the fingers into a a pointed roof shape, often signalling elevated thinking or arrogance.
Carol@CarolKinseyGoman.com, orwww.CarolKinseyGoman.com.
TEXT 5
10 POWERFUL AND SIMPLE BODY LANGUAGE TIPS FOR 2015
By Carol Kinsey Goman
Evidence from psychology, neuroscience, sociology, and anthropology has given nonverbal communication new credence in the workplace. One example is a study at the University of Glasgow‟s Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging that discovered it takes the brain just 200 milliseconds to gather most of the information it needs from a facial expression to determine a person‟s emotional state.
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That‟s why you can‟t wait until you‟re in the meeting room to „warm up‟. You‟ve got to walk in, already expressing the emotions you want to project.
Here are 10 more powerful, simple ― and sometimes surprising ― body language tips for 2015:
1.To convince yourself that you’ll keep your New Year’s resolutions, sit straight when you write them.
Good posture not only influences the way that other people perceive you, it changes the way you feel about yourself. An Ohio State University study found that people who sat up straight were more likely to believe the positive comments they wrote about their qualifications for a job. Those who were slumped over their desks were less likely to accept their own statements as valid.
2.To become more trusting, hold a cup of coffee.
A study done at Yale discovered that participants who held a warm cup of coffee as opposed to a cold beverage were more likely to judge a confederate as trustworthy after only a brief interaction.
3. To increase your productivity, synchronize your head nods.
Scientists at Stanford University found that people working together on a project who moved their heads and bodies the same way came up with more creative solutions. When team members‟ body language was in sync, they worked more collaboratively and generated more productive and innovative ideas.
4. To perform well under pressure, squeeze a ball with your left hand.
When seasoned athletes under-perform they may be focusing too much on their movements (which, for right handed people, is a right hemisphere brain function) rather than relying on the automatic motor skills developed through years of practice (which are associated with left hemisphere function). Research findings at the Technical University of Munich found that athletes who squeezed a ball in their left hand, performed better and were less likely to choke under pressure.
5. To stay positive when you read email, relax your face.
A study at the University of California found that people process messages as having an angrier tone when they are asked to read those sentences with their eyebrows furrowed.
6. To negotiate a “win-win” deal, shake on it.
A simple handshake communicates warmth and cooperation. Harvard Business School found that people who shook hands before negotiating ended up with a more equitable deal than those who went straight to business. Plus, the hand-shakers were less likely to deceive one another as the negotiation progressed.
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7. To increase your paycheck, lower your voice.
Scientists at Duke University discovered the optimal pleasing sound frequency to be around 125 Hz., and the lower the voice, the more authority it conveys. (James Earl Jones ― the actor who gave voice to Star Wars‟ Darth Vader ― speaks at around 85 Hz.) Along with researchers at the University of California San Diego, the Duke team analyzed recordings of 792 U.S. chief executives at public companies. After controlling for experience, education and other influential factors, they found that a drop of 22 Hz in voice frequency correlated with an increase of $187,000 in compensation.
8. To test your empathy, look at their eyes.
Empathy is tough to measure, but over the last twenty years psychologists have developed effective ways of doing so, such as the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test. In this test you are shown a pair of eyes and must choose the correct word describing the person‟s emotional state — such as arrogant, annoyed, upset or terrified. Highly empathic people are skilled at this kind of emotional reading.
9. To enhance your customers’ experience, touch them.
Research by the Cornell University School of Hotel Administration shows that being touched increase the tips that customers leave their servers.
The results were significant. Customers who weren‟t touched left an average tip of 12 %. Tips increased to 14 % from those who were touched on the shoulders, and to 17 % from those touched twice on the hand.
But it isn‟t only in restaurants that customers respond favorably to touch. In many commercial settings, casually touching customers has been shown to increase the time they spend in a store, the amounts they purchase, and the favorable evaluation of their shopping experience in that store.
10. To make sure you’ll keep your New Year’s resolutions, tighten your muscles.
Research at the National University of Singapore and the University of Chicago found that participants who tightened their muscles — hand, finger, calf or bicep — were able to increase their self-control. It was also found that muscle tightening only helped with willpower when the choices the participants faced aligned with their stated goals.
Simple tips, right? But the amazing thing about nonverbal communication is that sometimes the smallest body language change can bring powerful results.
Happy New Year — May 2015 treat you wonderfully well! www.businessballs.com/body-language.htm
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TEXT 6
9 VERY STRANGE BRITISH TRADITIONS
Gurning
The Egremont Crab Fair — one of England‟s weirder events — gets its name from crab apples rather than the marine variety. It started back in the 13th century when the Lord of the Manor gave away crab apples to the populace. In fact, to this day, the Parade of the Apple Cart, where apples are thrown into the crowds on the Main Street, is part of the fair. There are a host of other non-mechanized, traditional events — greasy pole climbing, a pipe smoking contests, a talent show, Cumberland wrestling, a hounds trail. But lets face it, the reason Egremont makes the news every year is the gurning competition. Home of the Gurning World Championships.
Gurning, involves a rubber-faced skill that is totally bizarre and unique to this part of England. Contestants put their heads through horse collar or braffin while they create the ugliest, most grotesque faces they can manage. A certain amount of skill is involved but a lot of beer and a certain amount of toothlessness probably has an impact as well. Celebrities occasionally have a go and the national news usually features the winning gurners. If you are in Cumbria visiting the Lake District, nearby, in September, stop in at the
Egremont Crab Fair. You won‟t see anything like this anywhere else and you won‟t soon forget it.
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Cheese Rolling at Cooper’s Hill
The Cooper‟s Hill Cheese-Rolling and Wake is an annual event held on the Spring Bank Holiday at Cooper‟s Hill near Gloucester in the Cotswolds region of England It is traditionally by and for the people of Brockworth — the local village, but now people from all over the world take part. The event takes its name from the hill on which it occurs. The 2010 event has been cancelled due to safety concerns over the number of people visiting the event but it is hoped that it will be held on the late May Bank Holiday in 2011. Due to the steepness and uneven surface of the hill there are usually a number of injuries, ranging from sprained ankles to broken bones and concussion. Cooper‟s Hill Cheese Rolling has been summarized as “twenty young men chase a cheese off a cliff and tumble 200 yards to the bottom, where they are scraped up by paramedics and packed off to hospital”.
Maypole Dancing
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Maypole dancing is a form of folk dance from western Europe, especially England, Sweden, Galicia, Portugal and Germany, with two distinctive traditions. In the most widespread, dancers perform circle dances around a tall pole which is decorated with garlands, painted stripes, flowers, flags and other emblems. In the second most common form, dancers dance in a circle each holding a colored ribbon attached to a much smaller pole; the ribbons are intertwined and plaited either on to the pole itself or into a web around the pole. The dancers may then retrace their steps exactly in order to unravel the ribbons.
Pearly King and Queen
Pearly Kings and Queens, known as pearlies, are an organized charitable tradition of working class culture in London, England. The practice of wearing clothes decorated with pearl buttons originated in the 19th century. It is first associated with Henry Croft, an orphan street sweeper who collected money for charity. In 1911 an organized pearly society was formed in Finchley, north London.
Guy Fawkes Night
Guy Fawkes Night (or “bonfire night”), held on 5 November in the
United Kingdom and some parts of the Commonwealth, is a commemoration of the plot, during which an effigy of Fawkes is burned, often accompanied by a fireworks display. The word ‟guy„, meaning ‟man„or ‟person„, is derived from his name. Guy Fawkes (13 April 1570―31 January 1606), also known as Guido Fawkes, the name he adopted while fighting for the Spanish in the Low Countries, belonged to a group of Catholic Restorationists from
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England who planned the Gunpowder Plot of 1605. Their aim was to displace Protestant rule by blowing up the Houses of Parliament while King James I and the entire Protestant, and even most of the Catholic, aristocracy and nobility were inside. The conspirators saw this as a necessary reaction to the systematic discrimination against English Catholics.
The Gunpowder Plot was led by Robert Catesby, but Fawkes was put in charge of its execution. He was arrested a few hours before the planned explosion, during a search of the cellars underneath Parliament in the early hours of 5 November prompted by the receipt of an anonymous warning letter. Basically it‟s a celebration of the failed attempt to blow up the Houses of
Parliament in Westminster.
Ascot Ladies Day
Ascot Racecourse is a famous English racecourse, located in the small town of Ascot, Berkshire, used for thoroughbred horse racing. It is one of the leading racecourses in the United Kingdom, hosting 9 of the UK‟s 32 annual
Group 1 races, the same number as Newmarket. The course is closely associated with the British Royal Family, being approximately six miles from Windsor Castle, and owned by the Crown Estate. Ascot today stages twentyfive days of racing over the course of the year, comprising sixteen Flat meetings held in the months of May and October. The Royal Meeting, held in
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June, remains a major draw, the highlight being the Ascot Gold Cup. The most prestigious race is the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes run over the course in July. What makes this so special is that every year the fashion, specifically the hats get bigger, bolder and damn right weirder as the photo illustrates.
Straw Bear
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Straw Bear (Strawboer) Day is an old English tradition held on the 7th of January. It is known in a small area of Fenland on the borders of Huntingdonshire and Cambridgeshire, including Ramsey Mereside. This day is believed to be traditional start of agricultural year in England. A man or a boy wears a straw costume covering him from his head to toes. He goes from house to house where he dances. As prize for his dancing people give him money, food or beer.
Worm Charming
Worm charming is a way to of attracting earthworms from the ground. Many do it to collect bait for fishing. But there are also those who do it as sort of sport. The village of Willaston, near Nantwich, Cheshire is the place where since 1980 the annual World Championships have been organized. The competition was actually initiated by local man Tom Shufflebotham who on the5th of July, 1980 charmed 511 worms from the ground in only half an hour. The competition has 18 rules. Here are just few of them. Each competitor competes in the 3×3 meters area. Music of any kind can be used to charm worms out of the ground. No drugs can be used! Water is considered to be a drug (stimulant).
Morris Dancing
A Morris dance is a form of English folk dance usually accompanied by music. It is based on rhythmic stepping and the execution of choreographed figures by a group of dancers. Implements such as sticks, swords, and hand-
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kerchiefs may also be wielded by the dancers. In a small number of dances for one or two men, steps are performed near and across a pair of clay tobacco pipes laid across each other on the floor.
Bog snorkeling
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