a.are watered

b.have been watered

c.were watered

4. Такие столы делают из дорогого дерева.

a.are being made

b.have been made

c.are made

5. Их еще не пригласили.

a.were not invited

b.had not been invited

c.have not been invited

UNIT 11

1. Read and translate the following word combinations:

steam power plant, manufacturing process, separation, superheated steam, chimney, induced-draft fan, forced-draft fan, condensed steam

2. Read and translate the text:

TEXT №14. THE STEAM POWER PLANT

The function of a steam power plant is to convert the energy in nuclear reactions or in coal, oil or gas into mechanical or electric energy through the expansion of steam from a high pressure to a low pressure in a suitable prime mover such as a turbine or engine. A non condensing plant discharges the steam from the prime mover at an exhaust pressure equal to or greater than atmospheric pressure. A condensing plant exhausts from the prime mover into a condenser at a pressure less than atmospheric pressure.

In general, central-station plants are condensing plants since their sole output is electric energy and a reduction in the exhaust pressure at the prime mover decreasesthe amount of steam required to produce a given quantity of electric energy. Industrial plants are frequently non condensing plants because large quantities of low-pressure steam are required for manufacturing operations. The power required

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for operation of a manufacturing plant may often be obtained as a by-product by generating steam at high pressure and expanding this steam in a prime mover to the back pressure at which the steam is needed for manufacturing processes.

The steam-generating unit is made up of several key components. For a steam cycle, this includes some combination of the following items:

●Combustor / furnace in which the fuel is burned;

●Boiler

●Superheater and economizer in which high pressure steam is generated;

●Air heater in which the loss of energy due to combustion of the fuel is reduced to a minimum.

EXERCISES AFTER THE TEXT

3. Put the following verbs in the Active or Passive Voice into the gaps:exhausts, is generated, are required, is reduced, is burned, be obtained, is made up.

1.A condensing plant … from the prime mover into a condenser at a pressure less than atmospheric pressure.

2.Industrial plants are frequently non condensing plants because large quantities of low-pressure steam for manufacturing operations.

3.The power required for operation of a manufacturing plant may often …

as a by-product.

4. The steam-generation unit consists of a furnace in which the fuel …, a boiler, superheater, and economizer, in which high-pressure..., air heater in which the loss of energy due to combustion of the fuel ...

5.The steam-generating unit … of several key components.

4. Translate from Russian into English:

механическая или электрическая энергия, низкое давление, в основном, уменьшать, требуемый для производства, состоит из, котельныетрубы, отделен от воды, через перегреватель, побочный продукт

5. Make up 3 forms of the following verbs:

burn, begin, flow, show, feed, supply, do, form, run, remove, use

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6. Put the necessary prepositions: “of”, “into”, “from”, “through”, “for”.

1.The function … a steam power plant is to convert the energy in nuclear reactions or in coal, oil or gas … mechanical or electric energy … the expansion of steam … a high pressure to a low pressure in a suitable prime mover such as a turbine

or engine.

2.A condensing plant exhausts … the prime mover … a condenser at a pressure less than atmospheric pressure.

3.In general, central-station plants are condensing plants since their sole output

is electric energy and a reduction in the exhaust pressure at the prime mover decrease the amount … steam required to produce a given quantity … electric energy.

4.Industrial plants are frequently non condensing plants because large quantities … low-pressure steam are required …manufacturing operations.

7.Put the verbsin one of the Perfect Passive forms. Put a subject before them and translate:

to be delivered

to be expanded

to be connected

to be required

8.Сhange the following sentences into the corresponding noun-phrases with attributes:

MODEL: The room had a low ceiling. - A room with a low ceiling.

The water is for drinking. - Drinking water.

1.The day was rainy. 2. The remark is very clever. 3. Her heart was kind. 4. The desk is for writing. 5. The train was approaching. 6. The coat was made of wool.

7.The problem had a difficulty.

9.Form three forms of the verb:

forget, shine, speak, put, draw, sing, take, teach, win, see, lose, hurt

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UNIT 12

1.Translate the following words and word combinations:

facility (n), residues (n), to encompass, to yield , chips (n), pellet (n), sawdust

(n), straw (n), wastes (n), to store, compared to (prep.),

2. Read and translate the following international words, paying special

attention to their pronunciation:

generate v, biomass n, synthesis n, approximate v, material n, method n, system n, agricultural a, aeration n, gasification n, pyrolysis n, reactor n, organic a, system n, electric a,electricity n, regulations pl n, bacteria pl n (singular “bacterium” [-riəm]).

3. Name the verbs from which the following nouns were formed. Use your

dictionary. Translate all the worlds:

conversion, combustion, regulation, generation, combination, digestion, usable,

decomposition, dispatchability, modification, meaning, gasification.

What suffixes of nouns were used to form them from the corresponding

verbs?

4. Find in the text words of similar meaning:

rapidly, typically, include, option, advantage

5. Form “attribute chains” instead of word combinations with the preposition “of” and translate them:

the method of biomass conversion, direct combustion of biomass material, the content of medium-energy gas, the fuel value of biomass, the combustion of biomass, options of the conventional process, the absence of oxygen, the generation of electricity.

6.Read and translate the text:

TEXT №15. BIOMASS FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION

Biomass is used for facility heating, electric power generation, and combined heat and power. The term biomass encompasses a large variety of materials, including wood from various sources, agricultural residues, and animal and human waste.

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Biomass can be converted into electric power through several methods. The most common is direct combustion of biomass material, such as agricultural waste or woody materials. Other options include gasification, pyrolysis, and anaerobic digestion. Gasification produces a synthesis gas with usable energy content by heating the biomass with less oxygen than needed for complete combustion. Pyrolysis yields bio-oil by rapidly heating the biomass in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic digestion produces a renewable natural gas when organic matter is decomposed by bacteria in the absence of oxygen.

Different methods work betterwith different types of biomass. Typically, woody biomass such as wood chips, pellets, and sawdust are combusted or gasified to generate electricity. Corn stover and wheat straw residues are baled for combustion or converted into a gas using an anaerobic digester. Very wet wastes, like animal and human wastes, are converted into a medium-energy content gas in an anaerobic digester. In addition, most other types of biomass can be converted into bio-oil through pyrolysis, which can then be used in boilers and furnaces.

Compared to many other renewable energy options, biomass has the advantage of dispatchability, meaning it is controllable and available when needed, similar to fossil fuel electric generation systems. The disadvantage of biomass for electricity generation, however, is that the fuel needs to be procured, delivered, stored, and paid for. Also, biomass combustion produces emissions, which must be carefully monitored and controlled to comply with regulations.

7. Translate from Russian into English:

соблюдать законы, по сравнению с, подобный, опилки, жидкие отходы, анаэробный перегниватель, пеллета, древесная биомасса, недостаток, упаковывать в кипы, синтетический газ, давать выход

8. Mind different translation of “in addition” – кроме того, к тому же;“in addition to”- наряду с. Translate the following sentences:

1. In addition, most other types of biomass can be converted into bio-oil

through pyrolysis, which can then be used in boilers and furnaces.

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