Дискурсивно-стилистический анализ английской письменной научной речи. Учебное пособие
.pdfodd adj |
passive 1 adj |
potentially adv |
procedural adj |
odds n |
passive 2 n |
practitioner n |
procedure n |
offset 1 v |
perceive v |
precede v |
proceed v |
ongoing adj |
percent 1 adj |
precedence n |
proceeding n |
option n |
percent 2 n |
precedent n |
proceeds n |
optional adj |
percentage n |
preceding adj |
process 1 n |
process 2 v |
quote 2 n |
regulate v |
resolution n |
processed adj |
radical 1 adj |
regulation 1 n |
resolve 1 v |
professional 1 adj |
radical 2 n |
regulator n |
resolve 2 n |
professional 2 n |
random adj |
regulatory adj |
resource 1 n |
professionalism n |
range 1 n |
reinforce v |
resource 2 v |
professionally adv |
range 2 v |
reinforcement n |
resourceful adj |
prohibit v |
ratio n |
reinvest v |
respond v |
prohibition n |
rational adj |
reject 1 v |
respondent n |
prohibitive adj |
rationalism n |
rejection n |
response n |
project 1 n |
rationalize v |
relax v |
responsive adj |
project 2 v |
react v |
relaxation n |
restoration n |
projection n |
reaction n |
release 1 v |
restore v |
promote v |
reactionary 1 adj |
release 2 n |
restored adj |
promoter n |
reactionary 2 n |
relevant adj |
restrain v |
promotion n |
reactivate v |
reliable adj |
restraint n |
proportion 1 n |
reactive adj |
reliance n |
restrict v |
proportional adj |
reactor n |
reliant adj |
restricted adj |
proportionate adj |
readjust v |
relocate v |
restriction n |
prospect 1 n |
reassess v |
reluctance n |
restrictive adj |
prospective adj |
reconstruct v |
reluctant adj |
restructure v |
protocol n |
reconstruction n |
rely v |
retain v |
psychological adj |
recover v |
removable adj |
retainer n |
psychologist n |
recovery n |
removal n |
retention n |
psychology n |
recreate v |
remove 1 v |
retentive adj |
publication n |
redistribute v |
remove 2 n |
reveal v |
publish v |
redistribution n |
require v |
revealing adj |
publisher n |
refine v |
requirement n |
revelation n |
publishing n |
refined adj |
reschedule v |
revenue n |
purchase 1 v |
refinement n |
research 1 n |
reversal n |
purchase 2 n |
regime n |
research 2 v |
reverse 1 v |
pursue v |
region n |
reside v |
reverse 2 n |
81
pursuit n |
regional adj |
qualitative adj |
register 1 n |
quotation n |
register 2 v |
quote 1 v |
registration n |
residence n |
reverse 3 adj |
resident 1 n |
reversible adj |
resident 2 adj |
revise v |
residential adj |
revision n |
revolution n |
sexuality n |
stress 1 n |
summary 2 adj |
revolutionary 1 adj |
shift 1 v |
stress 2 v |
summation n |
revolutionary 2 n |
shift 2 n |
stressed adj |
supplement 1 n |
revolutionize v |
significant adj |
stressful adj |
supplement 2 v |
rigid adj |
significantly adv |
structural adj |
supplementary adj |
role n |
signify v |
structure 1 n |
survey 1 n |
route 1 n |
similar adj |
structure 2 v |
survey 2 v |
route 2 v |
similarity n |
structured adj |
survival n |
scenario n |
similarly adv |
style 1 n |
survive v |
schedule 1 n |
simulate v |
style 2 v |
survivor n |
schedule 2 v |
simulated adj |
styling n |
suspend v |
schematic adj |
simulation n |
stylish adj |
suspension n |
scheme 1 n |
site 1 n |
stylized adj |
sustain v |
scheme 2 v |
sole 1 adj |
submission n |
sustainable adj |
scope 1 n |
solely adv |
submit v |
sustained adj |
section 1 n |
somewhat adv |
subordinate 1 adj |
sustenance n |
section 2 v |
source 1 n |
subordinate 2 n |
symbol n |
sector n |
source 2 v |
subordinate 3 v |
symbolic adj |
secure 1 adj |
specific 1 adj |
subsequent adj |
symbolism n |
secure 2 v |
specific 2 n |
subsequently adv |
symbolize v |
securely adv |
specifically adv |
subsidiary 2 adj |
tape 1 n |
security n |
specification n |
subsidize v |
tape 2 v |
seek v |
specify v |
subsidy n |
target 1 n |
select 1 v |
sphere n |
substitute 1 n |
target 2 v |
select 2 adj |
spherical adj |
substitute 2 v |
task 1 n |
selection n |
stability n |
substitution n |
task 2 v |
selective adj |
stabilize v |
succession n |
team 1 n |
selector n |
stable 1 adj |
successive adj |
team 2 v |
sequence n |
statistic n |
successor n |
technical adj |
sequencing n |
statistician n |
sufficiency n |
technically adv |
sequential adj |
status n |
sufficient adj |
technique n |
series n |
straightforward adj |
sum 1 n |
technological adj |
sex 1 n |
strategic adj |
sum 2 v |
technology n |
82
sexism n |
strategist n |
summarize v |
temporary adj |
sexual adj |
strategy n |
summary 1 n |
tense 1 adj |
tension n |
transport 2 v |
unfounded adj |
variation n |
terminal 1 adj |
transportation n |
unification n |
varied adj |
terminal 2 n |
transporter n |
unified adj |
vary v |
terminate v |
trend n |
uniform 2 adj |
vehicle n |
termination n |
trigger 1 n |
uniformity n |
version n |
text 1 n |
trigger 2 v |
unify v |
via prep |
textual adj |
ultimate 1 adj |
unique adj |
violate v |
thematic adj |
ultimately adv |
unjustified adj |
violation n |
theme n |
unaccompanied adj |
unlicensed adj |
virtual adj |
theoretical adj |
unaffected adj |
unobtainable adj |
virtually adv |
theoretically adv |
unaided adj |
unparalleled adj |
visibility n |
theorist n |
unalterable adj |
unprecedented adj |
visible adj |
theory n |
unambiguous adj |
unpredictable adj |
visibly adv |
thereby adv |
unanticipated adj |
unprincipled adj |
vision n |
thesis n |
unapproachable adj |
unpublished adj |
visual 1 adj |
topic n |
unattached adj |
unregulated adj |
visualize v |
topical adj |
unattainable adj |
unreliable adj |
visually adv |
trace 1 v |
unavailable adj |
unresolved adj |
volume n |
trace 2 n |
unaware adj |
unresponsive adj |
voluntarily adv |
tracing n |
unbiased adj |
unrestrained adj |
voluntary 1 adj |
tradition n |
uncharted adj |
unrestricted adj |
volunteer 1 n |
traditional adj |
unconstitutional adj |
unscheduled adj |
volunteer 2 v |
traditionalist n |
unconventional adj |
unspecified adj |
welfare n |
transfer 1 v |
undeniable adj |
unstable adj |
whereas conj |
transfer 2 n |
underestimate 1 v |
unstressed adj |
whereby adv |
transference n |
underestimate 2 n |
unstructured adj |
widespread adj |
transform v |
undergo v |
unsustainable adj |
|
transformation n |
underlie v |
utility n |
|
transit n |
underlying adj |
utilize v |
|
transition n |
undertake v |
valid adj |
|
transitional adj |
undertaking n |
validate v |
|
transitory adj |
underwent v |
variable 1 adj |
|
transmission n |
undiminished adj |
variable 2 n |
|
transmit v |
uneconomical adj |
variance n |
|
transport 1 n |
unethical adj |
variant n |
|
83
Appendix B. Evaluating a paragraph
2 points |
|
1 point |
No points |
Paragraph Structure |
|
|
|
Topic Sentences |
Identify the |
Too general or too |
Asimple statement |
|
main idea of the |
specific. |
of fact. |
|
paragraph. |
|
|
Controlling ideas |
Develop or explain |
Unclear; |
Not related to the |
(the sentences |
the topic sentence; |
Poorly related to |
topic; |
other than the topic |
Limit and narrow |
the topic. |
Do not limit or |
sentence) |
the topic. |
|
narrow the topic. |
Conclusion |
Draws a logical |
Focuses on one of |
Unjustified and |
|
conclusion based |
the minor points |
illogical. |
|
on the supported |
discussed in the |
|
|
evidence. |
text. |
|
Language |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Grammatical |
Grammatically |
Occasionally, the |
Grammatically |
cohesion |
correct sentences |
sentences have |
incorrect |
|
that start directly |
an interrupted |
sentences; |
|
with the subject |
structure (too |
Bad choice of |
|
that agrees with its |
many words |
tense and aspect; |
|
verb; |
separate the |
No parallel |
|
Correct tense- |
subject and its |
structures. |
|
aspect choice; |
verb); |
|
|
Good parallel |
Minor grammar |
|
|
structures. |
errors that do |
|
|
|
not hinder |
|
|
|
readers from |
|
|
|
understanding the |
|
|
|
text; |
|
|
|
Few parallel |
|
|
|
structures. |
|
|
The text functions |
Occasional errors |
Run-on sentences |
|
as a single |
in the use of |
(Sentences are |
|
meaningful unit; |
conjunctions and |
not properly |
|
Correct |
punctuation. |
connected); |
|
punctuation. |
|
Incorrect |
|
|
|
conjunctions and/ |
|
|
|
or punctuation. |
84
2 points |
|
1 point |
No points |
|
Referential |
The referential |
Incorrect |
|
cohesion is correct. |
cohesion is |
referential |
|
|
occasionally |
cohesion. |
|
|
incorrect. |
|
Lexical cohesion |
Good choice |
Poor choice |
Bad choice |
|
of academic |
of academic |
of academic |
|
vocabulary; |
vocabulary; |
vocabulary; |
|
Many lexical |
Very few lexical |
Incorrect |
|
elements that make |
elements that make |
collocations. |
|
the text cohere, |
the text cohere, |
|
|
i.e. repetitions, |
i.e. repetitions, |
|
|
synonyms, |
synonyms, |
|
|
hyponyms, |
hyponyms, |
|
|
meronymies, |
meronymies, |
|
|
lexical chains, etc. |
lexical chains, etc. |
|
Style |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Register |
Formal academic |
Informal academic |
Informal general |
|
English. |
English. |
English. |
Modality |
Proper use of |
Apart from modal |
Extensive use of |
|
high and low |
verbs, no other |
overgeneralisations. |
|
modality to present |
grammatical forms |
|
|
different degrees of |
to express degrees |
|
|
certainty. |
of certainty. |
|
Content |
|
|
|
Clear transition from one thought to |
Poorly |
Incoherent flow of |
|
another; |
|
communicated |
ideas; |
Overall logic of the presentation of ideas |
ideas; |
The content is |
|
Precise, appropriate, and persuasive |
The content is not |
boring. |
|
language; |
|
engaging. |
|
The content is interesting. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
85
Appendix C. Supplementary texts for analysis (Students’essays)
Sovietisms (extended definition)
Sovietisms belong to a special lexical layer which is called “realia”. In fact, are words and phrases that designate objects and concepts closely linked with a particular national culture. For the purposes of our research paper, we define “sovietism” as a word, an abbreviation, a phrase, a collocation, a slogan or an ideologeme formed during Soviet epoch.
The Soviet period has produced a significant epoch on the emergence and development of various new processes in Russian language. These processes led to numerous changes in the lexico-semantic structure of the language. In their turn, these changes reflected new reality, and, obviously, many new lexical units appeared. These units are called sovietisms.
From the purely linguistic point of view sovietisms can be classified as follows: semantical sovietisms (already existed words that changed their meaning), derivational, “blended” sovietisms (completely new words and collocations), stylistical sovietisms (cliches typical for soviet texts), special Soviet onomastics (people’s names and derivatives).
Some sovietisms rapidly became widespread abroad. For instance, collocation “five year-plan” was recorded in English dictionaries in 1928, just one year after this concept emerged in Soviet Russia. Practically at the period notions as “stakhanovite”, “bolshevik”, “kolkhoz” are frequently used in British press.
Nevertheless, such linguistic phenomena as sovietism is deeply studied by Russian scholars, not by foreign ones. While conducting this research we discovered that practically none of the English monolingual dictionaries provides the definition of “sovietism” as a language unit reflecting the Soviet reality and lifestyle. Most of the dictionaries studied define “sovietism” as a Soviet system of government or any characteristic deemed representative of Soviet ideology. Surprisingly, Wikipedia contains the following definition: “Sovietisms are neologisms and cliches in Russian language of the epoch of the Soviet Union”.
Thus, despite the increasing interest towards the Soviet period, it seems that such a term as “sovietism” demands more profound research in the context of linguistics.
86
Sapir-Whorf’s Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis (General-specific text)
People started studying various language mechanisms in ancient, pre-historical times. However, only since XIX century linguistics is consideredasasciencewithitsownobjectsandmethods.Scholarsofdifferent schools and traditions have introduces their theories, and one of the most famous is the Sapir-Whorf’s Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis.
Sapir and Whorf represented their hypothesis in the first half of XX century. The essence of the hypothesis is the fact that the language structure forms and influences human’s way of thinking and ability to cognize the surrounding reality. It is believed that people speaking different languages perceive such a fundamental matters as time and space, number and quantity, the concept of property, etc. in a completely different way. There is an obvious difference in the assessment of various real phenomena and events by native speakers of diverse languages. An assumption that people speaking different languages possess different ways of thinking is one of the key features of the hypothesis.
One of the early confirmations of the hypothesis was based on a comparison study involving English native speakers and speakers from the Navajo Native American tribe. The study on the geometrical forms classification system showed that children from Navajo tribe used the ranking of objects according to their form more often than English-speak- ing children. Nevertheless, the hypothesis was also refuted. A study of 78 languages was conducted, and it was revealed that people speaking different languages and belonging to different cultures perceive colors in almost the same way. Some linguists say that these result cannot be interpreted as a refutation of the hypothesis, because the perception of colors is biologically conditioned therefore is the same for all people.
Until now, specialists interested in the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis continue to dispute the validity of the hypothesis. To a great extent, the dispute is facilitated of sufficiently convincing evidence confirming or disproving it. Research results can be interpreted in two ways. This is the reason why Sapir-Whorf’s hypothesis doesn’t have professional adepts. In 1955, Dr. James Brown developed the artificial language “loglan” to verify the hypothesis experimentally, but no significant results were obtained.
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Клочкова Елена Сергеевна
ДИСКУРСИВНО-СТИЛИСТИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ
АНГЛИЙСКОЙ ПИСЬМЕННОЙ НАУЧНОЙ РЕЧИ
Учебное пособие
Корректор Н. Б. Цветкова
Компьютерная верстка А. А. Новиковой
Дизайн обложки Я. А. Ветрогоновой
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