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Дискурсивно-стилистический анализ английской письменной научной речи. Учебное пособие

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odd adj

passive 1 adj

potentially adv

procedural adj

odds n

passive 2 n

practitioner n

procedure n

offset 1 v

perceive v

precede v

proceed v

ongoing adj

percent 1 adj

precedence n

proceeding n

option n

percent 2 n

precedent n

proceeds n

optional adj

percentage n

preceding adj

process 1 n

process 2 v

quote 2 n

regulate v

resolution n

processed adj

radical 1 adj

regulation 1 n

resolve 1 v

professional 1 adj

radical 2 n

regulator n

resolve 2 n

professional 2 n

random adj

regulatory adj

resource 1 n

professionalism n

range 1 n

reinforce v

resource 2 v

professionally adv

range 2 v

reinforcement n

resourceful adj

prohibit v

ratio n

reinvest v

respond v

prohibition n

rational adj

reject 1 v

respondent n

prohibitive adj

rationalism n

rejection n

response n

project 1 n

rationalize v

relax v

responsive adj

project 2 v

react v

relaxation n

restoration n

projection n

reaction n

release 1 v

restore v

promote v

reactionary 1 adj

release 2 n

restored adj

promoter n

reactionary 2 n

relevant adj

restrain v

promotion n

reactivate v

reliable adj

restraint n

proportion 1 n

reactive adj

reliance n

restrict v

proportional adj

reactor n

reliant adj

restricted adj

proportionate adj

readjust v

relocate v

restriction n

prospect 1 n

reassess v

reluctance n

restrictive adj

prospective adj

reconstruct v

reluctant adj

restructure v

protocol n

reconstruction n

rely v

retain v

psychological adj

recover v

removable adj

retainer n

psychologist n

recovery n

removal n

retention n

psychology n

recreate v

remove 1 v

retentive adj

publication n

redistribute v

remove 2 n

reveal v

publish v

redistribution n

require v

revealing adj

publisher n

refine v

requirement n

revelation n

publishing n

refined adj

reschedule v

revenue n

purchase 1 v

refinement n

research 1 n

reversal n

purchase 2 n

regime n

research 2 v

reverse 1 v

pursue v

region n

reside v

reverse 2 n

81

pursuit n

regional adj

qualitative adj

register 1 n

quotation n

register 2 v

quote 1 v

registration n

residence n

reverse 3 adj

resident 1 n

reversible adj

resident 2 adj

revise v

residential adj

revision n

revolution n

sexuality n

stress 1 n

summary 2 adj

revolutionary 1 adj

shift 1 v

stress 2 v

summation n

revolutionary 2 n

shift 2 n

stressed adj

supplement 1 n

revolutionize v

significant adj

stressful adj

supplement 2 v

rigid adj

significantly adv

structural adj

supplementary adj

role n

signify v

structure 1 n

survey 1 n

route 1 n

similar adj

structure 2 v

survey 2 v

route 2 v

similarity n

structured adj

survival n

scenario n

similarly adv

style 1 n

survive v

schedule 1 n

simulate v

style 2 v

survivor n

schedule 2 v

simulated adj

styling n

suspend v

schematic adj

simulation n

stylish adj

suspension n

scheme 1 n

site 1 n

stylized adj

sustain v

scheme 2 v

sole 1 adj

submission n

sustainable adj

scope 1 n

solely adv

submit v

sustained adj

section 1 n

somewhat adv

subordinate 1 adj

sustenance n

section 2 v

source 1 n

subordinate 2 n

symbol n

sector n

source 2 v

subordinate 3 v

symbolic adj

secure 1 adj

specific 1 adj

subsequent adj

symbolism n

secure 2 v

specific 2 n

subsequently adv

symbolize v

securely adv

specifically adv

subsidiary 2 adj

tape 1 n

security n

specification n

subsidize v

tape 2 v

seek v

specify v

subsidy n

target 1 n

select 1 v

sphere n

substitute 1 n

target 2 v

select 2 adj

spherical adj

substitute 2 v

task 1 n

selection n

stability n

substitution n

task 2 v

selective adj

stabilize v

succession n

team 1 n

selector n

stable 1 adj

successive adj

team 2 v

sequence n

statistic n

successor n

technical adj

sequencing n

statistician n

sufficiency n

technically adv

sequential adj

status n

sufficient adj

technique n

series n

straightforward adj

sum 1 n

technological adj

sex 1 n

strategic adj

sum 2 v

technology n

82

sexism n

strategist n

summarize v

temporary adj

sexual adj

strategy n

summary 1 n

tense 1 adj

tension n

transport 2 v

unfounded adj

variation n

terminal 1 adj

transportation n

unification n

varied adj

terminal 2 n

transporter n

unified adj

vary v

terminate v

trend n

uniform 2 adj

vehicle n

termination n

trigger 1 n

uniformity n

version n

text 1 n

trigger 2 v

unify v

via prep

textual adj

ultimate 1 adj

unique adj

violate v

thematic adj

ultimately adv

unjustified adj

violation n

theme n

unaccompanied adj

unlicensed adj

virtual adj

theoretical adj

unaffected adj

unobtainable adj

virtually adv

theoretically adv

unaided adj

unparalleled adj

visibility n

theorist n

unalterable adj

unprecedented adj

visible adj

theory n

unambiguous adj

unpredictable adj

visibly adv

thereby adv

unanticipated adj

unprincipled adj

vision n

thesis n

unapproachable adj

unpublished adj

visual 1 adj

topic n

unattached adj

unregulated adj

visualize v

topical adj

unattainable adj

unreliable adj

visually adv

trace 1 v

unavailable adj

unresolved adj

volume n

trace 2 n

unaware adj

unresponsive adj

voluntarily adv

tracing n

unbiased adj

unrestrained adj

voluntary 1 adj

tradition n

uncharted adj

unrestricted adj

volunteer 1 n

traditional adj

unconstitutional adj

unscheduled adj

volunteer 2 v

traditionalist n

unconventional adj

unspecified adj

welfare n

transfer 1 v

undeniable adj

unstable adj

whereas conj

transfer 2 n

underestimate 1 v

unstressed adj

whereby adv

transference n

underestimate 2 n

unstructured adj

widespread adj

transform v

undergo v

unsustainable adj

 

transformation n

underlie v

utility n

 

transit n

underlying adj

utilize v

 

transition n

undertake v

valid adj

 

transitional adj

undertaking n

validate v

 

transitory adj

underwent v

variable 1 adj

 

transmission n

undiminished adj

variable 2 n

 

transmit v

uneconomical adj

variance n

 

transport 1 n

unethical adj

variant n

 

83

Appendix B. Evaluating a paragraph

2 points

 

1 point

No points

Paragraph Structure

 

 

 

Topic Sentences

Identify the

Too general or too

Asimple statement

 

main idea of the

specific.

of fact.

 

paragraph.

 

 

Controlling ideas

Develop or explain

Unclear;

Not related to the

(the sentences

the topic sentence;

Poorly related to

topic;

other than the topic

Limit and narrow

the topic.

Do not limit or

sentence)

the topic.

 

narrow the topic.

Conclusion

Draws a logical

Focuses on one of

Unjustified and

 

conclusion based

the minor points

illogical.

 

on the supported

discussed in the

 

 

evidence.

text.

 

Language

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Grammatical

Grammatically

Occasionally, the

Grammatically

cohesion

correct sentences

sentences have

incorrect

 

that start directly

an interrupted

sentences;

 

with the subject

structure (too

Bad choice of

 

that agrees with its

many words

tense and aspect;

 

verb;

separate the

No parallel

 

Correct tense-

subject and its

structures.

 

aspect choice;

verb);

 

 

Good parallel

Minor grammar

 

 

structures.

errors that do

 

 

 

not hinder

 

 

 

readers from

 

 

 

understanding the

 

 

 

text;

 

 

 

Few parallel

 

 

 

structures.

 

 

The text functions

Occasional errors

Run-on sentences

 

as a single

in the use of

(Sentences are

 

meaningful unit;

conjunctions and

not properly

 

Correct

punctuation.

connected);

 

punctuation.

 

Incorrect

 

 

 

conjunctions and/

 

 

 

or punctuation.

84

2 points

 

1 point

No points

 

Referential

The referential

Incorrect

 

cohesion is correct.

cohesion is

referential

 

 

occasionally

cohesion.

 

 

incorrect.

 

Lexical cohesion

Good choice

Poor choice

Bad choice

 

of academic

of academic

of academic

 

vocabulary;

vocabulary;

vocabulary;

 

Many lexical

Very few lexical

Incorrect

 

elements that make

elements that make

collocations.

 

the text cohere,

the text cohere,

 

 

i.e. repetitions,

i.e. repetitions,

 

 

synonyms,

synonyms,

 

 

hyponyms,

hyponyms,

 

 

meronymies,

meronymies,

 

 

lexical chains, etc.

lexical chains, etc.

 

Style

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Register

Formal academic

Informal academic

Informal general

 

English.

English.

English.

Modality

Proper use of

Apart from modal

Extensive use of

 

high and low

verbs, no other

overgeneralisations.

 

modality to present

grammatical forms

 

 

different degrees of

to express degrees

 

 

certainty.

of certainty.

 

Content

 

 

 

Clear transition from one thought to

Poorly

Incoherent flow of

another;

 

communicated

ideas;

Overall logic of the presentation of ideas

ideas;

The content is

Precise, appropriate, and persuasive

The content is not

boring.

language;

 

engaging.

 

The content is interesting.

 

 

 

 

 

 

85

Appendix C. Supplementary texts for analysis (Students’essays)

Sovietisms (extended definition)

Sovietisms belong to a special lexical layer which is called “realia”. In fact, are words and phrases that designate objects and concepts closely linked with a particular national culture. For the purposes of our research paper, we define “sovietism” as a word, an abbreviation, a phrase, a collocation, a slogan or an ideologeme formed during Soviet epoch.

The Soviet period has produced a significant epoch on the emergence and development of various new processes in Russian language. These processes led to numerous changes in the lexico-semantic structure of the language. In their turn, these changes reflected new reality, and, obviously, many new lexical units appeared. These units are called sovietisms.

From the purely linguistic point of view sovietisms can be classified as follows: semantical sovietisms (already existed words that changed their meaning), derivational, “blended” sovietisms (completely new words and collocations), stylistical sovietisms (cliches typical for soviet texts), special Soviet onomastics (people’s names and derivatives).

Some sovietisms rapidly became widespread abroad. For instance, collocation “five year-plan” was recorded in English dictionaries in 1928, just one year after this concept emerged in Soviet Russia. Practically at the period notions as “stakhanovite”, “bolshevik”, “kolkhoz” are frequently used in British press.

Nevertheless, such linguistic phenomena as sovietism is deeply studied by Russian scholars, not by foreign ones. While conducting this research we discovered that practically none of the English monolingual dictionaries provides the definition of “sovietism” as a language unit reflecting the Soviet reality and lifestyle. Most of the dictionaries studied define “sovietism” as a Soviet system of government or any characteristic deemed representative of Soviet ideology. Surprisingly, Wikipedia contains the following definition: “Sovietisms are neologisms and cliches in Russian language of the epoch of the Soviet Union”.

Thus, despite the increasing interest towards the Soviet period, it seems that such a term as “sovietism” demands more profound research in the context of linguistics.

86

Sapir-Whorf’s Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis (General-specific text)

People started studying various language mechanisms in ancient, pre-historical times. However, only since XIX century linguistics is consideredasasciencewithitsownobjectsandmethods.Scholarsofdifferent schools and traditions have introduces their theories, and one of the most famous is the Sapir-Whorf’s Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis.

Sapir and Whorf represented their hypothesis in the first half of XX century. The essence of the hypothesis is the fact that the language structure forms and influences human’s way of thinking and ability to cognize the surrounding reality. It is believed that people speaking different languages perceive such a fundamental matters as time and space, number and quantity, the concept of property, etc. in a completely different way. There is an obvious difference in the assessment of various real phenomena and events by native speakers of diverse languages. An assumption that people speaking different languages possess different ways of thinking is one of the key features of the hypothesis.

One of the early confirmations of the hypothesis was based on a comparison study involving English native speakers and speakers from the Navajo Native American tribe. The study on the geometrical forms classification system showed that children from Navajo tribe used the ranking of objects according to their form more often than English-speak- ing children. Nevertheless, the hypothesis was also refuted. A study of 78 languages was conducted, and it was revealed that people speaking different languages and belonging to different cultures perceive colors in almost the same way. Some linguists say that these result cannot be interpreted as a refutation of the hypothesis, because the perception of colors is biologically conditioned therefore is the same for all people.

Until now, specialists interested in the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis continue to dispute the validity of the hypothesis. To a great extent, the dispute is facilitated of sufficiently convincing evidence confirming or disproving it. Research results can be interpreted in two ways. This is the reason why Sapir-Whorf’s hypothesis doesn’t have professional adepts. In 1955, Dr. James Brown developed the artificial language “loglan” to verify the hypothesis experimentally, but no significant results were obtained.

87

Клочкова Елена Сергеевна

ДИСКУРСИВНО-СТИЛИСТИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ

АНГЛИЙСКОЙ ПИСЬМЕННОЙ НАУЧНОЙ РЕЧИ

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Корректор Н. Б. Цветкова

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