Дизельные двигатели. Эксплуатация и обслуживание = Diesel engines. Operation and maintenance. Практикум

CONTENTS

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ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Практикум «Дизельные двигатели. Эксплуатация и обслу-

живание» (Diesel engines. Operation and maintenance)разработан с учетом требований Международной Конвенции ПДНВ 78 с поправками и ФГОС ВО — специалитет по специальности «Эксплуатация судовых энергетических установок», утвержденного приказом Минобрнауки России от 15.03.2018 № 192, и предназначен для студентов, обучающихся по укрупненной группе специальностей и направлений подготовки «Техника и технологии кораблестроения и водного транспорта», изучающих иностранный язык, и может быть использован для подготовки к профессиональному общению на море.

Практикум содержит 1 учебный модуль с комплексом лексикограмматических упражнений, направленных на формирование и дальнейшее совершенствование коммуникативных навыков для профессионального общения по вопросам эксплуатации и обслуживанию морских дизельных двигателей и систем на торговых судах.

Учебный материал настоящего практикума направлен на формирование у обучающихся способности к англоязычной коммуникации в ситуациях профессионального взаимодействия в море с учетом требований международных стандартов и МК ПДНВ 78 с поправками.

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1.DIFFERENT TYPES OF MARINE ENGINES

1.Read and translate the text. Pay attention to new phrases.

Different Types of Marine Engines

There are four main types of marine engine: the diesel engine, the steam turbine, the gas turbine and the marine nuclear plant. Each type of engine has its own particular application.

The diesel engine is a form of internal combustion engine. Its power is expressed as brake horsepower (b.h.p.). This is the power put out by the engine. Effective horsepower is the power developed by the piston in the cylinder, but some of this is lost by friction within the engine. The power is now expressed in kilowatts. Large diesel engines, which have cylinder nearly 900 mm in diameter, turn at the relatively slow speed of about 145 rpm and less. They are known as slow-speed diesel engines. They can be connected directly to the propeller without gearing. Although higher power could be produced by higher revolutions, this would reduce the efficiency of the propeller, because the propeller is more efficient the larger it is and the slower it turns. More and more of the larger merchant vessels are being powered by medium-speed diesel engines. These operate between 150 and 450 rpm, therefore they are connected to the propeller by gearing. They are cheaper than slow-speed diesel engines, and their smaller size and weight can result in a smaller cheaper ship.

In steam turbines high pressure steam is directed into a series of blades or vanes attached to a shaft, causing it to rotate. This rotary motion is transferred to the propeller shaft by gears. Steam is produced by boiling water in a boiler, which is fired by oil. Recent developments in steam turbines which have reduced fuel consumption and raised

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power output have made them more attractive as an alternative to diesel power in ships. Turbines are often used in container ships.

Gas turbines differ from steam turbines if that gas rather than steam is used to turn a shaft. These have also become more suitable for use in ships. A gas turbine engine is very light and easily removed for maintenance. It is also suitable for complete automation.

Nuclear power in ship has mainly been confined to icebreakers. A nuclear-powered ship differs from a conventional turbine ship in that it uses the energy released by the decay of radioactive fuel to generate steam. The steam is used to turn a shaft via a turbine in the conventional way.

steam turbine

gas turbine

marine nuclear plant

single acting diesel engine

double acting diesel engine

crosshead type

opposed piston type

trunk-piston type

method of air supply

supercharged engine

naturally aspirated engine

internal combustion engine

brake horsepower, b.h.p.

revolutions per minute, rpm

power put out by the engine

power developed by the piston in the cylinder

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friction within the engine

turn at the relatively slow speed

slow-speed diesel engine

be connected directly to the propeller without gearing

reduce the efficiency of the propeller

propeller

medium-speed diesel engine

high-speed diesel engine

be connected to the propeller by gearing

high pressure steam

be directed into a series of blades or vanes

be attached to a shaft

rotate

transfer rotary motion

propeller shaft

produce steam

reduce fuel consumption

raise power output

gas rather than steam

turn a shaft

remove for maintenance

suitable for complete automation

nuclear power

icebreaker

nuclear-powered ship

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conventional turbine ship

energy released by the decay of radioactive fuel

generate steam

turn a shaft via a turbine

2. Complete the following sentences:

1.There are four main types of marine engine … .

2.The diesel engine is a form of … .

3.Its power is expressed as … .

4.Some power is lost by … within the engine.

5.Some engines which turn at slow speed of about 145 rpm are known as … .

6.Some engines which are connected to the propeller by gearing are known … .

7.In steam turbines steam is directed into causing the shaft to rotate … .

8.The rotary motion is transferred to the propeller shaft … .

9.In gas turbines … rather than … is used to ... .

10.A gas turbine engine is easily removed for … .

11.A nuclear-powered ship uses the energy released … to generate

steam.

3. Use the verb in the correct form of the Passive Voice:

1.Effective horsepower (to develop) … by the piston in the cylinder.

2.Power (to lose) … by friction within the engine.

3.Slow-speed diesel engines (to connect) … to the propeller without gearing.

4.Large merchant vessels (to power) … by medium speed diesel engines.

5.Medium-speed diesels (to connect) … to the propeller by gearing.

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6.In steam turbines steam (to produce) … by boiling water in a

boiler.

7.The steam (to use) … to turn a shaft via a turbine in the conventional way.

4.Transform sentences from Active into Passive:

1.They make ships of steel nowadays.

2.They built ships of wood in the past.

3.People must prepare the building materials properly.

4.They will launch the tanker next month.

5.We constructed the accommodation for the crew.

6.They also do electrical work.

7.Suppliers must also deliver fittings for all cabins.

5. Ask questions (translate them into Russian and reply to them):

1.Какие типы двигателей вы знаете?

2.Что такое дизельный двигатель? Как выражается его мощность?

3.Какие характеристики малооборотных / среднеоборотных дизельных двигателей?

4.В чем различие между газовыми / паровыми турбинами?

5.Какая турбина подходит для автоматизации?

6.Что используется для вращения вала на ледоколах?

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