Английский язык (Пищевой профиль). Учебное пособие

VI. Change the form of Modal Verbs into Future, using their equivalents.

1. Their share in the overall grain harvest has to be considerably increased. 2. Humans can produce some vitamins from precursors they consume. 3. Only those supplements that have been proven to be safe may be sold without prescription. 4. Proteins are also necessary in animals' diets, since animals cannot synthesize all the amino acids they need and must obtain essential amino acids from food. 5. Vitamin C can reactivate free radical-containing glutathione or vitamin E by accepting the free radical itself. 6. Retailers may have large shops or small ones, as in the case of a corner shop. 7. Only specialists can analyze the plant processes and make recommendations.

TEXT C

Pre-Text Exercises

I. Translate the following international words paying attention to their part of speech:

Process, to filter, to concentrate, syrup, molasses, centrifuge, cycle, crystals, to extract, chemically.

II. Read and translate the following words according to the meaning given in brackets:

Commercial (commerce – торговля, коммерция), washing (to wash – мыть), sugary (sugar – сахар), slightly (slight – незначительный), spinning (to spin – крутиться), remaining (to remain – оставаться), molasses-rich (molasses – меласса, чёрная патока), naturally (nature – природа, естественность).

III. Look up the following words and word combinations. Remember their meaning and practise their pronunciation.

Commercial use, sugar beets, sugar cane, hot sugary liquid, deep, rapidly, cane stalks, pure, neither … nor …, to bleach, to alter.

110

IV. Read and translate the text. Name the stages of sugar processing.

HOW IS SUGAR PROCESSED?

Sugar occurs in greatest quantities in sugar cane and sugar beets from which it is separated for commercial use.

Sugar beets.

After washing, sugar beets are sliced and soaked in hot water to begin the process that separates sugar from the rest of the plant. The hot sugary liquid is filtered, concentrated to a deep brown syrup, whose color is due to its high molasses content. The molasses-rich syrup is allowed to cool slightly before it is whirled in a centrifuge – a large perforated basket spinning very rapidly much like a washing machine in the spin cycle – where most of the molasses is spun away. At the end, hot water is sprayed over the light brown crystals to remove the remaining molasses, leaving pure naturally white sugar crystals. The sugar crystals are then dried.

Sugar cane.

Cane stalks are shredded and squeezed to extract it natural juice, which is boiled until it thickens and molasses-rich sugar crystals begin to settle. The molasses-rich crystals are sent to a rapidly spinning centrifuge to remove molasses and leave pure naturally white sugar crystals. The sugar crystals are then dried.

It is important to note that beet and cane sugars are neither chemically altered nor bleached to achieve their naturally white color.

Post-Text Exercises

I. Read the text again and find out whether the following statements are True or False:

1. Sugar is processed on commercial bases only from sugar beet. 2. Before separating sugar from the rest of the plant sugar beets are sliced and soaked in water. 3. The hot molasses-rich syrup is whirled in a centrifuge. 4. The final stage of sugar production is drying of sugar crystals. 5. The extraction juice from cane stalks

111

should be boiled to become thickened. 6. To achieve naturally white color beet and cane sugars are to be chemically altered or bleached.

II. Write 5 questions to the text, starting with interrogative words: What? How? What for? When? Why?

III. Make the summary of the text, using the following phrases:

The article under the title … is devoted to … The author examines the question of …

He treats the problem in terms of (рассматривает проблему с точки зрения) …

He also brings forward the idea that (также выдвигает идею о том,

что …) …

In conclusion, I’d like to say that …

IV. Choose the correct form of the verb and translate the sentences.

1. If a very strong flour is used, a third rising period (will, would) be desirable. 2. If the amount or kind of food (is, were) inadequate, growth will be stopped and the capacity to work will be lost. 3. If the law worked as well as it should, most of the problems we’ve come across (will, would) not exist. 4. If we (find, found) that labeling will not adequately protect consumers, we will take steps to prevent marketing of the product. 5. How (will, would) consumers know if a food is irradiated? 6. If the moisture content of honey (exceeded, exceeds) 20 %, fermentation would occur through the activity of osmophilic yeasts. 7. If any part of a food is filthy, putrid, decomposed or otherwise «unfit», it (will, would) be illegal.

V. Complete the sentences, choosing the continuation from the righthand column, and translate the sentences.

112

TEXT D

Pre-Text Exercises

I. Read and translate the following international words, paying attention to the part of speech:

Functional, ingredient, product, molecule, polysaccharide, glucose, bananas, crackers, jam, jelly, stabilizer, calories, bacteria, prebiotic, lobster.

II. Read and translate the following words according to the meaning of words given in brackets:

Sweetener (sweet – сладкий), starch-based (starch – крахмал), polysaccharise (saccharide – сахарид), unflavored (flavor – вкус, аромат, запах), additionally (to add – добавлять), absorption (to absorb – впитывать, поглощать), frostings (to frost - покрывать глазурью, посыпать сахарной пудрой), commercially (commerce - торговля, коммерция), thickness (thick – густой).

III. Call the processes the names of which are derived from the following verbs and translate them:

Manufacture, fragment, process, absorb, metabolize, preserve, enhance.

113

promote the growth of the two bacteria recognized to improve colon health. Consequently, the prebiotic potential of tagatose is often stressed for the foods using this sugar replacer.

G. Three newer sweeteners are becoming more frequently publicized as sugar replacers. These are fructo-oligosaccharide, tagatose and trehalose. Each is made from different carbohydrate sources, and each bestows slightly different functional properties.

J. Commercially, trehalose is manufactured from cornstarch. Although trehalose is a disaccharide of two glucose units, its molecular bonding makes it different than maltose, the other glucose disaccharide made from cornstarch. Trehalose has four calories per gram – same as sugar – but is only half as sweet.

F. What is trehalose?

Trehalose is found naturally in such diverse foods as honey, mushrooms, shrimp and lobster, and in foods produced with baker’s or brewer’s yeast.

I. What is a fructo-oligosaccharide?

Like many of the starch-based sugar replacers, the term «fructooligosaccharide» represents a family of ingredients, not a single product. Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) are manufactured by fragmenting a large molecule. In the case of FOS, that molecule (polysaccharide) is inulin. Inulin is a polysaccharide in which a single glucose unit ends a chain of up to sixty fructose units linked together.

Post-Text Exercises

I. Read the text again and answer the question: What are the functions of three newer sweeteners?

II.Define what part of speech are the underlined words.

1.Many processes are used for the production of different foods. 2. These products can be processed by different methods. 3. To simplify this process, genetic engineering is often used. 4. In general, eating a wide variety of fresh, whole foods has proven favourable

115

compared to monotonous diets based on processed foods. 5. This fabricated food tastes like ham. 6. I don’t like the taste of this wine. 7. The fruit left a pleasant taste in the mouth. 8. Margarine needs to be completely liquid at 37 °C, so that it doesn't taste as lard in the mouth. 9. Chitin is composed of repeating units of N- acetylglucosamine, a nitrogen-containing form of glucose. 10. Two hydrogen atoms form single bonds. 11. Oils can be heated, and used to cook other foods. 12. The added water and heat separate the caffeine from the bean to its surface.

III. Find complex attribute groups in the text and translate them.

IV. Translate complex attribute groups and fill in the gaps in the sentences below.

New sugar-free and no-sugar-added seasonal deserts; two food product certification bodies; mass production factories; food additives list; food related auxiliary items; manufactured meat products; good sweet coffee cakes; past few five-year periods; material handling facilities; the average yearly grain production; precooked meat items; nutrition information panel.

1.Production of food-stuffs has been growing throughout the

…2. The stock to be processed is conveyed from machine to machine by … 3. Hygiene principles are essential elements of product safety, no matter whether a food processor, a caterer or a manufacturer of … is concerned. 4. Under the new laws nearly all manufactured foods will carry a … 5. The draft Guidelines provide for increasing … in the eleventh five-year period to 238-243 million tons. 6. Most food industry enterprises belong to … and plants. 7. Before the summer of 1997, just … had been accredited. 8. Generally the … hold up better in frozen storage if they are covered with gravy. 9. The … can be confusing so, to help reduce this confusion, each food additive is given a short code number. 10. … are a combination of good doughs, good fillings and good icing or coating. 11. The … can be grouped as follows: cured and pickled, cured and smoked, tenderized fresh, frozen and canned. 12. Nancy’s Pies offers …, including pumpkin pie, cookies, and festive Christmas cakes.

116

UNIT IX. FERMENTATION AND WINEMAKING

TECHNOLOGY

TEXT A

Pre-Text Exercises

I. Read and translate the following international words paying attention to the part of speech:

Method, fruit, grater, hydraulic, product, result, utilization, type, operation, contact, combined, machine, basis, vitamin, minimum, texture, disintegrating, process, specialized, citrus, rotating, cylindrical, vibrating, suspended.

II. Read and translate the following words according to the meaning of the words given in brackets:

Extraction (to extract – извлекать ), subjecting (to subject – подвергать), to reduce (reduction – размол), pressure ( to press – прессовать, отжимать), crushing (to crush – давить), heating (to heat – нагревать), preparation (to prepare – приготавливать), insoluble (soluble – растворимый), to remove (removal – удаление), desirable (to desire – желать), retention (to retain – сохранять, удерживать), developed (to develop – разрабатывать, создавать), objectionable (objection – неодобрение), inclusion (to include – включать), inclined (to incline – наклонять), undesired (desired – желательный).

III. Translate the following adverbs. Give the words from which they are derived.

Readily, coarsely, commonly, relatively, comparatively, successfully, recently, preferably.

IV. Read the text and write out key words and word combinations. Notes to the text:

Cheese – пакет с отпрессованной плодовой массой Grater – терочная машина

Hammer mill – молотковая дробилка Pulp – протертая масса

Press cloth – салфетка для пресса

117

Peel oil – препарат для покрытия плодов

Screen – сито; процеживать

Strain – выжимать

EXTRACTION OF JUICE

The oldest method of extracting juice consists in subjecting the crushed fruit to pressure in such a manner that the fruit flesh remains behind in the press and the juice flows free. The fruit may be crushed by either grater or hammer mills which reduce the fruit to a coarse pulp from which the juice may be pressed readily. Certain fruits such as grapes yield juices of improved quality if they are heated before pressing.

The crushed fruit is wrapped in a heavy, coarsely woven press cloth to form a cheese. Pressure is commonly applied by a hydraulic press.

Crushing or heating followed by pressing are commonly used in the preparation of apple and grape juice and yield products relatively free from insoluble suspended matter. A somewhat different product result from utilization of a more recently developed type of press which is continuous in operation. In this type, a combined crushing and pressing action forces the fruit into contact with screens under comparatively gentle pressure. The most desirable machines, on the basis of flavor, color and vitamin retention in the juice, are those which reduce to a minimum the contact of juice with air. Another method for extraction of juice from fruit having a firm texture consists in passing the fruit through disintegrating machines which reduce it to a very fine pulp before pressing. Juice high in suspended solids results from this process. This method is used very successfully in preparing pineapple juice.

A specialized type of equipment is required for extracting citrus juices to avoid the inclusion in the juice of peel oils which give an undesired flavor. After extraction, fruit juice is strained or screened when necessary to remove seeds and other objectionable solids which may present. Screens are preferably of the self-cleaning type such as rotating, inclined cylindrical screens, or vibrating screens.

118

Post -Text Exercises

I. Give a short summary of the text.

II. Give synonyms from the text to:

To be used, to produce, in working, to keep away from, to be needed, to screen, undesirable, to curtail, various, to take away, use.

III. Give antonyms from the text to:

Desirable, fine, combined, absent, to increase, soluble, desired, broken, low in, not wanted.

IV. Complete the sentences according to the text.

1. To extract juice means to … . 2. If you want to get juice of better quality … . 3. Common stages in preparation of apple and grape juice are … . 4. The desirable type of press is that … . 5. The most preferable machine in preparing pineapple juice is … . 6. If a specialized type of equipment isn’t applied citrus juice … . 7. To remove undesired solids fruit juice … .

V. a) Give Russian equivalents to:

Crushing, extraction of juice, wrapped in, applied by, insoluble suspended matter, continuous in operation, vitamin retention, result from, undesirable flavor, objectionable solids, self-cleaning.

b) Make up your own sentences with the words and word combinations given above.

VI. Find derivatives and the forms of the same word in the text. Define their functions and translate the sentences where they occur into Russian.

VII. Find the Verbals in the text, define their functions and translate them into Russian.

VIII. Insert necessary prepositions.

1.According … experts there are over 160 companies involved

…the manufacture of food additives in Russia. 2. Candied peels are

119