Английский язык (Информационные системы в управлении). Учебное пособие

TEXT B

Read and translate the text.

Vocabulary list:

manual - ручной, выполняемый вручную

to take advantage of sth - воспользоваться чем-л. capability - способность, возможность, характеристика

accuracy - точность, правильность, четкость (изображения) correctly - правильно, верно

to eliminate - устранять, удалять, отменять, ликвидировать, to make errors - допускать ошибки (погрешности) error-prone - подверженный ошибкам

to remain vulnerable - оставаться уязвимым, чувствительным invalid data - неверные, неправильные, недопустимые данные communications networks - сетипередачи данных, сети связи travel - перемещение, прохождение, путь, ход

instant response - мгновенный ответ (реакция) to respond - отвечать, реагировать

access - доступ, обращение; обращаться, иметь доступ capacity of storage - объем (емкость) памяти

to retrieve - извлекать, выбирать (данные); восстанавливать (файл)

value - значение,величина; значимость, ценность; оценка; оценивать

objective - цель, требование; целевая функция cost-effective - экономичный, экономически оправданный challenge - трудность, препятствие; представлять трудность

ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER DATA PROCESSING

Computer-oriented data processing systems or just computer data processing systems are not designed to imitate manual systems. They should combine the capabilities of both humans and computers.

Computer data processing systems can be designed to take advantage of four capabilities of computers.

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1. Accuracy. Once data have been entered correctly into the computer component of a data processing system, the need for further manipulation by humans is eliminated, and the possibility of error is reduced. Computers, when properly programmed, are also unlikely to make computational errors. Of course, computer systems remain vulnerable to the entry by humans of invalid data.

2. Ease of communications. Data, once entered, can be transmitted wherever needed by communications networks. These may be either earth or satellite-based systems. A travel reservations system is an

example of a data communications network. Reservation clerks throughout the world may make an enquiry about transportation or lodgings and receive an almost instant response. Another example is

an office communications system that provides executives with access to a reservoir of date, called a corporate data base, from their personal microcomputer work stations.

3. Capacity of storage. Computers are able to store vast amounts of information, to organize it, and to retrieve it in ways that are far beyond the capabilities of humans. The amount of data that can be stored on devices such as magnetic disks is constantly increasing. All the while, the cost per character of data stored is decreasing.

4. Speed. The speed, at which computer data processing systems can respond, adds to their value. For example, the travel reservations system mentioned above would not be useful if clients had to wait more than a few seconds for a response. The response required might be a fraction of a second.

Thus, an important objective in the design of computer data processing systems is to allow computers to do what they do best and

to free humans from routine, error-prone tasks. The most costeffective computer data processing system is the one that does the job effectively and at the least cost. By using computers in a cost-effective manner, we will be better able to respond to the challenges and opportunities of our post-industrial, information-dependent society.

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Task 1. Answer the following questions to the text.

7. What other values of computer data processing systems do you know? 8. What is an important objective in the design of computer data processing systems? 9. What is the most effective computer data processing system? 10. What is the best way of responding to the challenges and opportunities of our post-industrial society?

Task 2. Find the English equivalents of the following phrases in the text.

Система обработки информации компьютером; система ориентирования на обработку данных компьютером; сочетать возможности человека и машины; ограничивать управление; вряд ли допустят ошибку; оставаться уязвимым; недопустимые данные; легкость осуществления связи; сеть передачи информации; системы, основанные на использовании спутников; служащие по резервированию жилья; получить мгновенный ответ; наводить справки; хранилище данных; корпоративная база данных; объем памяти; запоминать огромное количество информации; извлекать информацию; добавить значимости; упомянутый выше; доля секунды; подверженный ошибкам; экономически оправданный.

Task 3. Translate sentences containing Perfect Participle Active and Perfect Participle Passive.

1. Having finished the research, the scientists made the analysis of the data obtained. 2. The designer left the office having looked through all the documents. 3. Having discussed the functions of storage units, we passed on to the consideration of control processing unit.

4. Having limited the information capacity of a single bit to two alternatives, the computer designers expressed data by a combination of

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bits. 5. Having translated the program into machine language, the computer architect put the program into the machine. 6. Having been coded, the instruction was transmitted to the central processing unit. 7. Having been transmitted to the central processing unit, the instruction made arithmetic-logical unit perform some computations. 8. Having been regulated by the operator, the equipment operated well. 9. Data having been entered correctly into the computer component of a data processing system, the need for further manipulation by humans is eliminated. 10. Having been well prepared for the examination, the pupils could answer all the questions the teacher asked them.

Task 4. Translate the sentences containing an independent participle 1.

Data being accessed randomly, semiconductor memories are called random access memory (RAM). 2. The information capacity of a single bit being limited to two alternatives, codes are based on combination of bits. 3. Primагуstorage having similarity to a function of

the human brain, the storage is also called memory. 4. An electron leaving the surface, the metal becomes positively charged. 5. Computer system architecture being organized around the primary storage unit, all instructions must pass through it. 6. Computer system architecture is organized around the primary storage unit, all instructions passing through it. 7. Electromechanical memories depend upon moving mechanical parts, their data access time being longer than is that of electronic memories. 8. For this reason most computer systems use electronic memory for primary storage, electromechanical memory being used for secondary storage. 9. Large capacity tape devices are used with large data processing systems, cassettes and cartridges being applied with small systems. 10. The CPU controls the operation of the entire system, commands being issued to other parts of the system.

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UNIT VIII.

AUTOMATION AND ROBOTICS PART I

Texts:

A.Distributed control system.

B.Robots in manufacturing.

TEXT A

Read and translate the text.

DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEM

A distributed control system (DCS) refers to a control system usually of a manufacturing system, process or any kind of dynamic system, in which the controller elements are not central in location (like the brain) but are distributed throughout the system with each component sub-system controlled by one or more controllers. The entire system of controllers is connected by networks for communication and monitoring.

DCS is a very broad term used in a variety of industries, to monitor and control distributed equipment: electrical power grids and electrical generation plants, environmental control systems, traffic signals, radio

signals, water management systems, oil refining plants, chemical plants, pharmaceutical manufacturing, sensor networks, dry cargo and bulk oil carrier ships.

A DCS typically uses custom designed processors as controllers and uses both proprietary interconnections and communications protocol for communication. Input and output modules form component parts of the DCS. The processor receives information from input modules and sends information to output modules. The input modules receive information from input instruments in the process (a.k.a. field) and transmit instructions to the output instruments in the field. Computer buses or electrical buses connect the processor and modules through multiplexer or demultiplexers. Buses also connect the distributed controllers with the central controller and finally to the HumanMachine Interface (HMI) or control consoles.

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Elements of a distributed control system may directly connect to physical equipment such as switches, pumps and valves or may work through an intermediate system such as a SCADA system.

Distributed Control Systems (DCSs) are dedicated systems used to control manufacturing processes that are continuous or batch-oriented, such as oil refining, petrochemicals, central station power generation, pharmaceuticals, food & beverage manufacturing, cement production, steelmaking, and papermaking. DCSs are connected to sensors and actuators and use setpoint control to control the flow of material through the plant. The most common example is a setpoint control loop consisting of a pressure sensor, controller, and control valve. Pressure or flow measurements are transmitted to the controller, usually through the aid of a signal conditioning Input/Output (I/O) device. When the measured variable reaches a certain point, the controller instructs a valve or actuation device to open or close until the fluidic flow process reaches the desired setpoint. Large oil refineries have many thousands of I/O points and employ very large DCSs. Processes are not limited to fluidic flow through pipes, however, and can also include things like paper machines and their associated variable speed drives and motor control centers, cement kilns, mining operations, ore processing facilities, and many others.

A typical DCS consists of functionally and/or geographically distributed digital controllers capable of executing from 1 to 256 or more regulatory control loops in one control box. The input/output devices (I/O) can be integral with the controller or located remotely via a field network. Today’s controllers have extensive computational capabilities and, in addition to proportional, integral, and derivative (PID) control, can generally perform logic and sequential control.

DCSs may employ one or several workstations and can be configured at the workstation or by an off-line personal computer. Local communication is handled by a control network with transmission over twisted pair, coaxial, or fiber optic cable. A server and/or applications processor may be included in the system for extra computational, data collection, and reporting capability.

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Task 1. Answer the following questions to the text.

1.What is DCS?

2.In what industries can DCS de used?

3.What functions do they execute?

4.What is the most common example of DCS?

5.How many control loops can be executed in one control box?

6.How can DCS be configured?

Task 2. Insert the missing words into the sentences according to the information from the text and translate them.

1.DCS means ….

2.DCS is a very broad term used in a variety of industries, to … and distributed equipment.

3.The processor receives information from … and sends information to ….

4.Elements of a distributed control system may directly connect to physical equipment such as ….

5.Distributed Control Systems (DCSs) are dedicated systems used to control …

6.The most common example is a setpoint control loop consisting of

a … .

7.When the measured variable reaches a …, the controller instructs a valve or actuation device to open or close until the fluidic flow process reaches … .

8.A typical DCS consists of … capable of executing from 1 to 256 or more regulatory control loops in one control box.

9.Local communication is handled by a control network with trans-

mission over … .

10. The entire system of controllers is connected by … for communication and monitoring.

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Task 3. Compose the sentences from the given words. Be attentive! There can be odd words. Translate these sentences.

1.DCS, monitor, equipment, and, can, used, distributed, is, control, to.

2.receives, input, information, modules, are, information, and, output, from, to, modules, the processor, sends.

3.a, system, connect, elements, control, to, of, directly, distributed,

equipment, be, may, physical .

4.control, flow, the, setpoint, have, of, DCSs, the, use, through, material, plant, control, to.

5.consists, controller, setpoint, pressure, large, a, sensor, loop, valve,

control, control, a, and, of.

6.thousands, refineries, with, large, points, oil, many, have, I/O, of.

7.with, be, can, the, the, in, devices, integral, input/output, controller.

8.perform, computational, or, controllers, sequential, and, control, extensive, can, and, have, logic, capabilities.

9.for, in, be, may, the, extra, a, of, computational, server, system, included, capability.

Task 4. Say whether these sentences are True or False.

1.The entire system of controllers is connected by switches for communication and monitoring.

2.DCS is a very broad term used in a variety of industries, to monitor

and control distributed equipment.

3.Input and output modules form component parts of the DCS.

4.The input modules receive information from operator and transmit instructions to other operator.

5.Elements of a distributed control system may directly connect to physical equipment or may work through an intermediate system such as a SCADA system.

6.The most common example of DCS is a setpoint control loop consisting of a pressure sensor and control valve.

7.Oil refineries have can’t use DCSs.

8.DCSs may employ only one workstation and can be configured at the workstation or by an off-line personal computer.

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9.Today’s controllers have extensive computational capabilities and, in addition to proportional, integral, and derivative (PID) control, can generally perform logic and sequential control.

10.A server and/or applications processor may be included in the sys-

tem for extra computational, data collection, and reporting capability.

TEXT B

Read and translate the text.

ROBOTS IN MANUFACTURING

Today most robots are used in manufacturing operations. The applications of robots can be divided into three categories:

material handling processing operations assembly and inspection.

Material-handling is the transfer of material and loading and unloading of machines. Material-transfer applications require the robot to move materials or work parts from one to another. Many of these tasks are relatively simple: robots pick up parts from one conveyor and place them on another. Other transfer operations are more complex, such as placing parts in an arrangement that can be calcu-

lated by the robot. Machine loading and unloading operations utilize a robot to load and unload parts. This requires the robot to be equipped with a gripper that can grasp parts. Usually the gripper must be designed specifically for the particular part geometry.

In robotic processing operations, the robot manipulates a tool to perform a process on the work part. Examples of such applications include spot welding, continuous arc welding and spray painting. Spot welding of automobile bodies is one of the most common applications

of industrial robots. The robot positions a spot welder against the automobile panels and frames to join them. Arc welding is a continuous process in which robot moves the welding rod along the welding seam. Spray painting is the manipulation of a spray-painting gun over the surface of the object to be coated. Other operations in this category include grinding and polishing in which a rotating spindle serves as the robot's tool.

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The third application area of industrial robots is assembly and inspection. The use of robots in assembly is expected to increase because of the high cost of manual labour. But the design of the product is an important aspect of robotic assembly. Assembly methods that are satisfactory for humans are not always suitable for robots. Screws and nuts are widely used for fastening in manual assembly, but the same operations are extremely difficult for a one-armed robot.

Inspection is another area of factory operations in which the utilization of robots is growing. In a typical inspection job, the robot positions a sensor with respect to the work part and determines whether the part answers the quality specifications. In nearly all industrial robotic applications, the robot provides a substitute for human labour. There are certain characteristics of industrial jobs performed by humans that can be done by robots:

the operation is repetitive, involving the same basic work motions every cycle;

the operation is hazardous or uncomfortable for the human worker (for example: spray painting, spot welding, arc welding, and certain machine loading and unloading tasks);

the workpiece or tool are too heavy and difficult to handle; the operation allows the robot to be used on two or three shifts.

Task 1. Find the Russian equivalents for the English ones.

a human labour, applications of robots, arc welding, processing operations, welding rod, load-ing and unloading, fastening, utilize, work part, grasp, substitute for.

Task 2. Find the English equivalents for the Russian ones.

транспортировка материалов и деталей; периодически повторяющийся; точечная сварка; монтаж; опасный; окраска методом распыления; перемещать; шлифование; однорукий; захватывающее приспособление; физический труд.

Task 3. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1.The applications of robots can be divided into three categories: material handling, processing operations, assembly and

inspection.

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