Fundamentals of General Chemistry. Terms and Problems in Tests In 2 parts. P.1. Terms and Examples in Tasks. Study guide
.pdfThe Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation
Kazan National Research Technological University
T. Petrova, E. Starodubets
F U N D A M E N T A L S
O F G E N E R A L C H E M I S T R Y
T E R M S A N D P R O B L E M S I N T E S T S
Part 1
Terms and Еxamples in Тasks
Study guide
Kazan
KNRTU Press
2020
1
UDC 54(075)
ВВC Г1я7
Published by the decision of the Editorial Review Board of the Kazan National Research Technological University
Reviewers:
Prof. A. Ulahovich
Assoc. Prof. S. Podyachev
Petrova T.
Fundamentals of General Chemistry. Terms and Problems in Tests : In 2 parts. Part 1. Terms and Examples in Tasks : Study guide / T. Petrova, E. Starodubets; The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Kazan National Research Technological University. – Kazan : KNRTU Press, 2020. – 100 p.
ISBN 978-5-7882-2838-9
ISBN 978-5-7882-2839-6 (р. 1)
The Part 1 of the study guide contains the dictionary of terms, task examples with detailed comments and tasks for self-control on the main topics of General Chemistry.
The study guide is intended for the Russian speaking first-year students learning in the educational program in the area 18.03.01 "Chemical Technology", who study the discipline “General and Inorganic Chemistry” in English, also to attract students from foreign countries to study in the framework of international educational programs.
The study guide was prepared at the Department of Inorganic Chemistry.
UDC 54(075)
ВВC Г1я7
ISBN 978-5-7882-2839-6 (р. 1) © Petrova Т., Starodubets Е., 2020
ISBN 978-5-7882-2838-9 © Kazan National Research Technological
University, 2020
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C O N T E N T S |
|
1. АTOMIC STRUCTURE ............................................................................ |
5 |
1.1. Dictionary............................................................................................. |
5 |
1.2. Worked examples................................................................................. |
6 |
1.3. Tasks for self-control ........................................................................... |
8 |
1.4. Задания для самоконтроля .............................................................. |
11 |
2. PERIODIC CHANGES IN SOME PROPERTIES |
|
OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS ATOMS ..................................................... |
14 |
2.1. Dictionary........................................................................................... |
14 |
2.2. Worked examples............................................................................... |
15 |
2.3. Tasks for self-control ......................................................................... |
16 |
2.4. Задания для самоконтроля .............................................................. |
18 |
3. MOLECULAR ORBITAL (МО) THEORY........................................... |
21 |
3.1. Dictionary........................................................................................... |
21 |
3.2. Worked examples............................................................................... |
22 |
3.3. Tasks for self-control ......................................................................... |
24 |
3.4. Задания для самоконтроля .............................................................. |
27 |
4. VALENCE BOND THEORY ................................................................. |
30 |
4.1. Dictionary........................................................................................... |
30 |
4.2. Worked examples............................................................................... |
33 |
4.3. Tasks for self-control ......................................................................... |
35 |
4.4. Задания для самоконтроля .............................................................. |
38 |
5. SOLUTIONS AND THEIR CONCENTRATIONS ............................... |
41 |
5.1. Dictionary........................................................................................... |
41 |
5.2. Worked examples............................................................................... |
41 |
5.3. Tasks for self-control ......................................................................... |
46 |
5.4. Задания для самоконтроля .............................................................. |
47 |
6. FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS ............. |
48 |
6.1. Dictionary........................................................................................... |
48 |
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6.2. Worked examples............................................................................... |
49 |
6.3. Tasks for self-control ......................................................................... |
54 |
6.4. Задания для самоконтроля .............................................................. |
56 |
7. СHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM ................................................................. |
59 |
7.1. Dictionary........................................................................................... |
59 |
7.2. Worked examples............................................................................... |
61 |
7.3. Tasks for self-control ......................................................................... |
62 |
7.4. Задания для самоконтроля .............................................................. |
64 |
8. KINETICS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND CATALYSIS........... |
67 |
8.1. Dictionary........................................................................................... |
67 |
8.2. Worked examples............................................................................... |
68 |
8.3. Tasks for self-control ......................................................................... |
70 |
8.4. Задания для самоконтроля .............................................................. |
71 |
9. HYDROLYSIS ........................................................................................ |
74 |
9.1. Dictionary........................................................................................... |
74 |
9.2. Worked examples............................................................................... |
75 |
9.3. Tasks for self-control ......................................................................... |
78 |
9.4. Задания для самоконтроля .............................................................. |
80 |
10. OXIDATION – REDUCTION REACTIONS ...................................... |
83 |
10.1. Dictionary......................................................................................... |
83 |
10.2. Worked examples ............................................................................ |
84 |
10.3. Tasks for self-control ....................................................................... |
88 |
10.4. Задания для самоконтроля ............................................................ |
91 |
TASKS FOR SELF-CONTROL. KEYS..................................................... |
94 |
BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................ |
98 |
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1 . А T O M I C S T R U C T U R E
1 . 1 . D i c t i o n a r y |
|
|
|
English |
Russian |
Atomic orbital |
Атомная орбиталь |
Atomic spectrum |
Атомный спектр |
Aufbau principle |
Принцип наименьшей энергии |
Boundary surface |
Граничная поверхность |
Core electrons |
Внутренние электроны |
Degenerate orbitals |
Вырожденные орбитали |
Effective nuclear charge |
Эффективный заряд ядра |
Electromagnetic radiation |
Электромагнитное излучение |
Electron |
Электрон |
Electronic structure |
Электронная структура |
Excited state |
Возбужденное состояние |
Frequency |
Частота |
Ground state |
Основное состояние |
Ground state electronic |
Электронная конфигурация ос- |
configuration |
новного состояния |
Ground state valence electronic |
Валентная электронная конфигу- |
configuration |
рация основного состояния |
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle |
Принцип неопределенности Гей- |
|
зенберга |
Hydrogen-like species |
Водородоподобные частицы |
Hund’s rule |
Правило Хунда |
Magnetic quantum number |
Магнитное квантовое число |
Magnetic spin quantum |
Магнитное спиновое квантовое |
number |
число |
Many-electron species |
Многоэлектронные частицы |
Neutron |
Нейтрон |
Nucleus |
Ядро |
Orbital (s orbital, p orbital, d or- |
Орбиталь (s-орбиталь, p-орбиталь, |
bital, f orbital) |
d-орбиталь, f-орбиталь) |
Orbital quantum number |
Орбитальное квантовое число |
5
English |
Russian |
Pauli exclusion principle |
Принцип запрета Паули |
Planck constant |
Постоянная Планка |
Principal quantum number |
Главное квантовое число |
Proton |
Протон |
Quantum |
Квант |
Schrӧdinger wave equation |
Волновое уравнение Шредингера |
Spherical symmetry |
Сферическая симметрия |
Valence electrons |
Валентные электроны |
Velocity |
Скорость |
Wavefunction |
Волновая функция |
Wavelength |
Длина волны |
Wave–particle duality |
Корпускулярно-волновой дуа- |
|
лизм |
1 . 2 . W o r k e d e x a m p l e s
Example 1. Write down sets of quantum numbers that describe an electron in an atomic orbital with n = 1.
Answer
For n = 1, the allowed values of l are integers between
0 and (n – 1).
Therefore, for n = 1, the only allowed value of l is 0.
Magnetic quantum number ml has integral values between
+l…0…–l.
For l = 0, the only allowed value of ml is 0. Therefore, for n = 1 there is one atomic orbital with the set of quantum numbers:
n = 1; l = 0; ml = 0.
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This orbital can contain up to two electrons. Therefore, each electron in this atomic orbital is defined by a set of four quantum numbers:
n = 1; l = 0; ml = 0; ms = +1/2
or
n = 1; l = 0; ml = 0; ms = −1/2.
Example 2. Determine the ground state electronic configuration of sodium atom.
Answer
The atomic number of sodium is 11, and there are eleven electrons to be accommodated in atomic orbitals in the ground state of the atom. The usual order of filling of atomic orbitals (lowest energy first) is:
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 5d 4f < < 6p < 7s < 6d 5f…
The lowest energy orbital is the
1s (n = 1; l = 0; ml = 0).
The maximum number of electrons in the 1s orbital is two. The next lowest energy orbital is the
2s (n = 2; l = 0; ml = 0).
The maximum number of electrons in the 2s orbital is two The next lowest energy orbitals are the three degenerate
2p orbitals (n = 2; l = 1, ml = −1; 0; +1).
The maximum number of electrons in the 2p orbitals is six, two spin-paired electrons per orbital.
The next lowest energy orbital is the
3s (n = 3; l = 0; ml = 0).
The maximum number of electrons in the 3s orbital is two, but only one remain to be accommodated (the sodium atom has eleven electrons; four
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electrons occupy the 1s and 2s orbitals and six electrons occupy the 2p orbitals).
Therefore, the ground state electronic configuration of Na is:
1s22s22p63s1.
1 . 3 . T a s k s f o r s e l f - c o n t r o l
1.No two electrons in the same atom may have the same set of n, l, ml and ms quantum numbers. This is:
A) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle;
B) Aufbau principle;
C) Pauli exclusion principle; D) Hund’s rule.
2.For a microparticle it is impossible to determine exactly and simultaneously:
A) both the momentum and energy; С) both the momentum and time; tion.
B) both the energy and velocity; D) both the momentum and posi-
3. The Louis de Broglie hypothesis is:
A) energy of electromagnetic radiation is emitted or absorbed only in discrete amounts (in quanta);
B) it is impossible to describe the microparticles motion by the laws of Newtonian mechanics;
C)light is an electromagnetic wave;
D)all microparticles exhibit wave properties.
4. The behavior of electron as a microparticle is based on the following provisions (see below). Specify the wrong ones:
A)uncertainty in determining of position and momentum;
B)quantum nature of energy changes;
C)at any chosen distance from the nucleus, the probability of finding the electron is the same in all directions;
D)electron could exhibit the properties of both a particle and a wave.
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5. What does the uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics mean? А) all microparticles exhibit both particle and wave properties;
B) the relationship between the errors in determining of the coordinate and momentum of a particle;
С) the energy of electromagnetic radiation is quantized;
D) the relationship between the coordinate and momentum of the microparticle.
6.The equation that relates the energy of a quantum and the frequency of the radiation is called:
А) Schrӧdinger wave equation; В) the Planck equation;
С) the Arrhenius equation;
D) the de Broglie relationship.
7.The largest number of energy levels has an atom of:
А) Li; |
B) Na; |
C) K; |
D) Rb. |
8. Atoms that have the same number of valence electrons are:
А) Cl and Mn; |
B) Al and Si; |
C) P and Cr; |
D) Ca and Sc. |
9. The atom with the smallest number of energy levels is:
А) С; |
В) Si; |
С) Ge; |
D) Sn. |
10. What are the allowed types of orbitals if the value of the principal quantum number is equal to1?
А) s orbital; |
B) s and p orbitals; |
C) s and d orbitals; |
D) p and d orbitals. |
11. Maximum possible number of electrons in a 2р and a 4d atomic orbitals
is: |
|
А) 2 and 4; |
B) 2 and 6; |
C) 6 and 10; |
D) 3 and 5. |
12. In the outer (highest energy) energy level in the ground state the chromium atom has:
A) 2 electrons; |
B) 6 electrons; |
C) 4 electrons; |
D) 1 electron. |
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13. |
The number of electrons in the ion Mn2+ is: |
|
||
А) 25; |
B) 27; |
C) 23; |
D) 21. |
|
14. |
The number of valence electrons in the ion Zn2+ is: |
|||
А) 10; |
B) 2; |
C) 0; |
D) 12. |
|
15. The ground state valence electronic configuration 5s25p5 has an atom
of: |
|
А) Tc; |
B) I; |
C) Br; |
D) Nb. |
16. The ground state valence electronic configuration 4d55s2 has an atom
of: |
|
А) Cd; |
B) Sr; |
C) Tc; |
D) Mo. |
17. The atomic number of the element with а 4d25s2 ground state valence
electronic configuration is: |
|
А) 40; |
B) 30; |
C) 28; |
D) 16. |
18.The ground state electronic configuration of the ion F─ is: А)1s22s2;
B) 1s22s22p5; C) 1s22s22p6; D) 1s22s22p4.
19.The atom with a ground state valence electronic configuration ns2np3 is: А) oxygen;
B) antimony; C) vanadium; D) fluorine.
20.The atom with a ground state valence electronic configuration 5d66s2 is: A) barium;
B) rhenium; C) osmium; D) radon.
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