English Grammar. Theory and Practice. Учебное пособие для СПО

Ex.4. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (Active or Passive Voice). Do smartphones influence the way we communicate with each other?

There (be) numerous studies that (show) smartphones (affect) the way we (communicate) with each other face-to-face. One of which (perform) by Shalini Misra, a psychology professor at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, where she (find) that in conversations where someone (pull) out a smartphone while talking, participants generally (rate) the conversation as less fulfilling than in conversations where no one (pull) out a phone. Misra’s research team (write):

Mobile phones (hold) symbolic meaning in advanced technological societies. In their presence, people (have) the constant urge to seek out information, check for communication and direct their thoughts to other people and worlds.

The test (consist) of 200 coffee shop attendees which (divide) up into pairs. Every pair (assign) either a casual or serious topic to talk about for about 10 minutes. Misra’s team (not/record) the content of the conversation, but whether or not a participant would pull out a phone or set one on the table. The researchers (report) that someone (pull) out a smartphone in 29 out of the 100 groups.

After each conversation, each group (fill) out a survey describing how close their relationship (be), how close they (feel) to the other person and how well they (think) the other person (understand) them throughout the conversation. In conversations where someone (pull) out a phone, participants (report) they (feel) less fulfilled and (feel) less empathy for the other person, no matter the age, gender, ethnicity or mood of the participants involved. It (not/matter) which conversation topics (discuss); all participants (say) they (feel) less connected in conversations where someone (pull) out a phone.

Source: Smartphones make communication easier, not necessarily better (androidauthority.com)

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6.Типы вопросов в английском языке

Ванглийском языке выделяют 5 типов вопросов: общие, специальные, альтернативные, разделительные и вопросы к подлежащему.

1.Общий вопрос (general question, yes/no question): вопрос, задающийся ко всему предложению, на который можно ответить «да» или «нет». Образуется с помощью вспомогательных глаголов.

Схема общего вопроса:

вспомогательный глагол + подлежащее + смысловой глагол + дополнение

Are we late? Do you have classes on Saturdays? Will you come to the party? Should I be present at the meeting?

Если вспомогательный глагол в общем вопросе стоит в отрицательной форме, то такой вопрос будет переводиться словами “Разве…?” или “Неужели…?”, выражая удивление, сомнение. Например, Haven’t you seen this film? – Неужели ты не видел этот фильм? Weren’t you present at the History lecture yesterday? –

Разве тебя вчера не было на лекции по истории?

2.Специальный вопрос (special question): вопрос, запрашивающий дополнительную информацию (где, когда, почему, зачем, как, что, сколько).

Схема специального вопроса:

вопросительное слово (Where/When/Why/How/What) + вспомогательный глагол + подлежащее + смысловой глагол + дополнение

Where do you live? Why haven’t you done the project? How was your day? What is your favourite period of history?

3.Альтернативный вопрос (alternative question): вопрос, предлагающий выбор между несколькими опциями, вариантами. Выбор выражается с помощью союза or (или).

Схема альтернативного вопроса схожа со схемой общего вопроса, добавляется лишь союз or.

Do you like tea or coffee? Will you arrive tomorrow or next Friday? Was it Mark, Julia or Chloe at the conference yesterday?

4.Разделительный вопрос (tag-question, disjunctive question): вопрос,

необходимый для подтверждения или, наоборот, опровержения какойлибо информации. Разделительные вопросы состоят из двух частей: первая

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часть – предложение-утверждение, вторая часть – непосредственно вопрос (tag, «хвостик»).

Согласно правилу, если первая часть такого вопроса содержит глагол в утвердительной форме, то «хвостик» будет в отрицательной. Если же в первой части предложения глагол стоит в отрицательной форме, то «хвостик» будет утвердительным. Например, You are an engineer, aren’t you? – Ты инженер, не так ли? She hasn’t sent an email, has she? – Она не отправила письмо, не так ли?

5.Вопрос к подлежащему: вопрос, требующий информации о подлежащем в предложении. Образуется с помощью вопросительных слов Who или What. Не требует использования вспомогательного глагола.

На первое место в таком вопросе ставится слово Who (What), далее следует сказуемое, т.е. сохраняется прямой порядок слов. Например, Jane told me the secret – Who told you the secret? Patrick won the competition – Who won the competition?

EXERCISES

Ex.1. Put the words in the right order to make questions. Define the type of the questions.

1.the classes – do – start – when ?

2.is – what – job – his ?

3.will – by plane – go – they – by train – or ?

4.this test – who – you – gave ?

5.joking – aren’t – are –you – you ?

Ex.2. Ask special questions to the following sentences.

1.Some people don’t respect the law. (Why…?)

2.I met Sally last January. (When…?)

3.She is crazy about cooking. (Who…?)

4.I prefer travelling by plane. (How…?)

5.He was invited to the workshop. (Where…?)

6.Alexander Popov was a famous Russian physicist. (Who…?)

7.We will travel to Hungary next autumn. (When…?)

8.She hasn’t completed the project yet. (Why…?)

9.Lucy and Melissa will work together to achieve better results. (Who..? Why…?)

10.They are going to Japan to see a new robot. (Where…? Why…?)

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Ex.3. Look at the sentences below. Make up questions to which the following sentences are answers.

Example: We go to the gym on Mondays – When do you go to the gym?

1.One of my classmates wrote an article.

2.I was very sad because of the weather.

3.They are third-year students.

4.We will be present at the Chemistry congress next week.

5.Both Jack and Jim took part in a football match.

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7. Способы выражения будущего в английском языке

Для выражения действий или событий, которые произойдут в будущем, используются следующие грамматические средства:

● времена, выражающие будущее:

The Future Simple (will do)

The Future Continuous (will be doing)

The Future Perfect (will have done)

The Future Perfect Continuous (will have been doing)

●The Present Simple: действия, которые произойдут согласно расписанию,

графику и т.п. (Our plane departs at 4 p.m.)

●The Present Continuous: запланированные действия, которые обязательно произойдут (I am flying to Mexico in a week)

●be going to + инфинитив: планы, намерения, предсказания, основанные на фактах (There are so many clouds. It is going to rain!)

●be about to + инфинитив: действия, которые совсем скоро случатся (I saw her trembling. She was about to cry)

●be to + инфинитив: действия официального характера, договоренность о необходимости выполнения действия (We are to decide it right now. You are to sign this document)

EXERCISES

Ex.1. Find out what ways of expressing the future are used in the sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.“My interest is in the future because I am going to spend the rest of my life there.” – Charles F. Kettering

2.– I am about to give up. – Cheer up! I believe you will complete the experiment successfully.

3.We are having a Science class in a few moments. We shall hurry up!

4.The lecture on Mathematical analysis starts at 9.45.

5.I will have finished the experiment by tomorrow.

6.You need to go to the office because you are to fill in the form.

7.Will you be having a meeting tomorrow at 5 o’clock?

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8.She will have been working on the article for 3 days by next Monday.

9.I hope we will get the prize, our invention is worthy of recognition.

10.I am seeing my scientific advisor tonight. We will discuss my thesis.

11.A new telescope is about to start the biggest-ever survey of the night sky.

12.By 2050, about three-quarters of the species currently grown in urban environments will be at risk as a result of climate change.

13.Next Monday we are to sign the documents. Please, come in time.

14.By the time the video you are watching now goes up, the other one will already have been on the channel.

15.The meeting starts in 15 minutes, so I’m about to leave you soon.

Ex.2. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form using the Future Tenses (Future Simple, Future Continuous, Future Perfect, Future Perfect Continuous).

1.My brother (write) the report by 5 p.m. this afternoon.

2.My friend (receive) his present by his birthday and I hope he (be) much happier.

3.In a few minutes, we (wait) for our friends for an hour already. They haven’t come yet.

4.By July the Browns (build) their country house for a year.

5.I hope I (not/have) any difficulty solving this equation.

6.We (try) to correct all the errors in our code for 2 hours by 7 p.m.

7.The task needs to be finished by tomorrow. I hope you (manage) to submit it in time.

8.We (have) an online meeting in 5 minutes. Keep silent, please.

9.(be) you at home tomorrow at 5?

10.In 30 minutes I (try) to fall asleep for 2 hours.

Ex.3. Complete the paragraph below with the Future Perfect form of each verb in brackets.

By the time we are able to decode the first confirmed alien message, it’s possible that we … (receive) more signals from intelligent beings elsewhere in the universe. It is also reasonable to assume that we … (advance) technologically ourselves. Whether we … (endure) without destroying each other is another question.

Topics for discussion:

1.Will e-mail replace all regular mail in the future?

2.Will a person be able to work in the future without having any computer skills?

3.What problems worry you about the future?

4.What important things will you have accomplished by next year?

5.Will it be possible to see the big bang itself someday?

6.What will life be like on the moon?

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8.Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий

Уприлагательных и наречий в английском языке есть три степени сравнения – положительная (начальная/словарная форма), сравнительная (comparative degree), превосходная (superlative degree).

comparative degree:

прил. + er (если прилагательное короткое – 1 слог или 2 слога) или more + прил. (если прилагательное длинное – 2 и более слогов)

superlative degree:

прил. + est (если прилагательное короткое – 1 или 2 слога) или the most + прил. (если прилагательное длинное – 2 и более слогов)

Исключения (образование сравнительных форм не подчиняется общему правилу):

Для выражения сравнения в предложениях используется союз than (чем) и союз the…the… (чем…, тем…) (со сравнительной степенью прилагательных/наречий), а также парные союзы (not) as…as…, not so…as…,

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(not) such… as… ((не) такой как), twice as…as…, three times as…as… (с

положительной степенью прилагательных/наречий).

Часто для того, чтобы подчеркнуть превосходство, в предложениях используются структуры типа have/has ever seen, have/has ever tried, have/has ever tasted; in the world, in my whole life, in the class, in the universe и т.п.

Например, “Avatar” is the most unusual film I’ve ever seen. The cake Miranda baked was the tastiest I’ve ever tried! Julia is the most talented girl in our class. My Physics exam was the worst experience in my life.

EXERCISES

Ex.1. Translate the sentences paying attention to the comparative degrees.

1.This material is stronger than that one.

2.This experiment is more difficult than the previous one.

3.Their condition is worse than ours.

4.The more tasks we complete, the more productive we are.

5.The more electricity we use, the higher our bill will be.

6.For John Chemistry was not as interesting as Biology.

7.It is not such a long way as we had expected.

8.Our new house is twice as big as our previous one.

9.Where is the farthest place from your home to which you have travelled?

10.That was the most challenging experience in my life!

Ex.2. Put the adjectives in the comparative form.

1.The microbes are living wires: their threadlike bodies — (thin) than a human hair — can channel electricity.

2.No beast on Earth is (tough) than the tiny tardigrade.

3.A computer that uses molecules to solve problems needs 10,000 times (little) energy than a conventional computer.

4.The universe is always (queer) and (fantastical) than we think.

5.Some areas of the brain are less (symmetrical) than others, but both hemispheres are used relatively equally.

6.Mars was likely (warm) compared with the frozen desert it is today.

7.Healthier people live (long).

8.Light moves (fast) than sound and can pass through a vacuum, such as space, while sound needs to travel through something to be detected.

9.Saturn has more than 80 moons. Titan is even (big) than the planet Mercury.

10.Neptune is 30 times (far) away from the Sun than Earth.

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Ex.3. Put the adjectives in the superlative form.

1.(long-lasting) rainbow was observed in Taiwan, China, for 8 hours and 58 minutes.

2.(old) stars are about 12 billion years old.

3.The Moon is our (close) neighbour in space.

4.From the top of (tall) mountains to the bottom of (deep) caves, our unique planet is made up of amazing landscapes and extraordinary wildlife.

5.Deserts are (dry) places on Earth.

6.(good) way to control your online data is to primarily use apps that offer end-to- end encryption, according to privacy experts.

7.Apparently, (big) challenge in space exploration was developing a pen for astronauts to use in orbit as ordinary ballpoint pens don’t work in space, because of the fact that there’s no gravity.

8.Water is one of (good) solvents in the known universe.

9.(big) scientific breakthrough came with the discovery of galaxies beyond the Milky Way, back in the Twenties.

10.The human brain is (complicated) structure in the known universe.

Ex.4. Fill in the gaps with the comparative conjunctions the…the…, as…as…

1.… further away an object, … faster it is moving away from us and the redder its light appears because of that motion

2.Computers that perform large computations aren’t … energy-efficient … might have once hoped.

3.… more scientists learn about Mars, … more likely it may have once been habitable, based on geological evidence.

4.… faster the particles in an object move, … hotter they are.

5.The lecture hall in one of the Moscow universities is twice … big … the hall in the university in my hometown.

6.… more people using your internet, … more speed, or Mbps you need to keep everyone happy.

7.We launched over 1,200 satellites last year – three times … many … two years ago.

8.Machines may someday be … smart … people and perhaps even smarter, but the game is far from over.

9.Try to find … many explanations for this problem … possible.

10.Mars is not … big … the Earth.

Ex.5. Translate the sentences into English using the comparative forms of the adjectives.

1.Текст про интернет такой же трудный, как и текст про структуру компьютера.

2.Этот компьютер не такой быстрый, как я ожидал.

3.Солнце ярче, чем Луна.

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4.Это был самый сложный экзамен в моей жизни.

5.Чем усерднее ты работаешь, тем лучше будет твой результат на экзамене.

6.Для Джейд химия была легче, чем введение в программирование.

7.Чем больше я узнаю на занятиях, тем больше мотивации у меня для дальнейшего изучения.

8.Мои одногруппники – это самые талантливые люди, которых я когда-либо знал!

9.Моя бабушка считает, что мой факультет – самый перспективный на сегодняшний день.

10.Самый мягкий минерал – это тальк.

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