English Grammar. Theory and Practice. Учебное пособие для СПО

EXERCISES

Ex.1. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences.

1.students – first-year – we – are

2.reading – fond of – on the Internet – articles – I – am

3.Jim – classes – and – Jerry – after – tired – look

4.wants – my – to become – sister – a freelancer

5.the paragraph – they – at the moment – translating – are

Ex.2. Define the meaning of the verbs to be and to have in the sentences. Translate them.

1.In the most basic sense, our brain is the centre of all input and outputs in the human body. Inputs are sensory information, outputs are how our brain organises that information and controls our motor systems.

2.Do you have any objections referring to the seminar?

3.The brain is actually a series of interconnected ‘superhighways’ that move ‘data’ from one part of the body to another.

4.More people than ever are moving to cities, and the difference in wealth between the rich and the poor is growing.

5.Why is the universe so big? Why is it so old? What is the origin of structure in the cosmos?

6.You have to complete your project by May to be able to take part in the conference.

7.Light and sound are both forms of energy that travel as waves.

8.An object’s temperature is a measure of how fast its particles are moving.

9.Great results have been achieved by the students of the Department of

Mathematics.

10.I was revising for my exam yesterday at 7 o’clock. Today I’m having my History exam.

11.Have you ever seen a halo around the Moon?

Ex.3. Fill in the verb to be in the correct form (am, is, are) in the sentences.

1.We … at the Maths class now.

2.She … a second-year student at the university.

3.Look! This … Eliza, our new groupmate.

4.It … the end of the semester, so I … to finish my project.

5.They … often late for the P.E. classes.

6.I … not a big fan of reading books. I … fond of listening to podcasts about successful people.

7.I … tall but my younger brother … taller than me.

8.Mr. Smith … a scientist. Now he … carrying out an experiment.

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9. Peter and James … not good at Chemistry but they … keen on Physics.

10.We … excited to have three Biology classes a week this semester.

Ex.4. Fill in the verb to be in the correct form (was, were) in the sentences.

1.He … a student at a technical university last year but he dropped out.

2.When I … a child I used to visit my grandmother very often.

3.Helen … writing a code at 7 p.m. yesterday.

4.Unfortunately, we … late for the show.

5.You … not ready for the seminar on Tuesday, so you had an extra task to do.

6.It … not as cold outside yesterday as it … the day before yesterday.

7.… you present at the meeting? I … not able to find you there.

8.… they happy to see you when you arrived?

9.You … absent on Monday’s lecture. What happened?

10.She … very disappointed when I saw her. She … not employed.

Ex.5. Fill in the gaps in the texts with the right form of the verbs to be, to have, to do. Explain the meaning of the verbs.

a)I … a friend. Her name … Sandra. Sandra … my groupmate. Sandra … a great number of hobbies and interests. For example, she … yoga, she also likes dancing, programming and reading non-fiction.

… we often quarrel with Sandra? Not really often. Since we … both very friendly and wise, we … many arguments. Of course, sometimes we … in low spirits and … not in the mood to talk much to each other. But we … still very close friends, no matter what. I … very delighted to … a friend like Sandra, and Sandra … excited to … my soulmate.

b)A computer … an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It

…the ability to store, retrieve, and process data. Computers … used to type documents, send email, play games, and browse, or surf, the net. They … also used to edit or create spreadsheets, presentations, and even videos.

Today’s computers … electronic devices that accept data (input), process that data, produce output, and store (storage) the results (IPOS). Hardware … any part of a computer that … a physical structure, such as the keyboard or mouse. It also … all of the computer’s internal parts. Software … any set of instructions that tells the hardware what to … and how to … it. Examples of software include web browsers, games, and word processors.

Ex.6. Translate the sentences into Russian, paying attention to the construction

There is/There are.

1.There are around 10,000 types of neurons inside the brain, and each one makes thousands of connections.

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2.There are hundreds of different types of neuron in the brain, categorised according to their unique structure and function.

3.Despite the progress that has been made in recent decades, there is still much to learn and understand.

4.– How many stars are there? – There are an estimated 100 billion trillion stars in the Universe.

5.There are 118 elements in the periodic table.

6.Apart from the low temperatures, lack of water, radiation and toxic soil, there are huge storms on Mars.

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2. Времена группы Simple

Времена группы Simple (The Present Simple Tense, The Past Simple Tense, The Future Simple Tense) выражают действия как факты.

The Present Simple Tense (Настоящее простое время)

Случаи употребления:

●рутинные, регулярно повторяющиеся действия (We go to university every day. She works as a freelancer)

●общеизвестные, неопровержимые факты (The Earth is round. Water boils at 100 )

●ряд последовательных действий в настоящем (I wake up, brush my teeth and then I have breakfast)

●расписание, программы (Our bus arrives at 10 p.m. The lesson starts at 8 a.m. The film starts in an hour)

Отдельно стоит выделить категорию так называемых статичных глаголов. Они, как правило, не используются во временах группы Continuous, а употребляются во временах группы Simple (в т.ч. The Present Simple Tense). Cтатичные глаголы (обозначают состояние, а не действие): feel, see, hear, smell, taste (глаголы чувственного восприятия); like, dislike, hate, prefer, adore (глаголы эмоционального состояния); want, wish, desire (глаголы желания); know, understand, mean, believe, forget, remember, realize (глаголы умственной деятельности); have, belong, possess (глаголы обладания) и некоторые другие.

Важно отметить, что перечисленные глаголы могут употребляться и в длительных (Continuous) формах – в зависимости от значения. Так, например, глагол see в значении видеть не используется в формах Continuous, а в значении встречаться с кем-то, видеться – употребляется: I am seeing a doctor tonight. Похожая ситуация и с глаголом look. В значении казаться, выглядеть не употребляется в формах Continuous, но в значении смотреть, просматривать – употребляется: I am looking at the painting. Можно сказать, что если глагол из категории статичных выражает активное действие, какой-либо процесс (а не состояние), то он будет использоваться во временах группы Continuous.

Маркеры времени:

always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, rarely, every hour/day/week/month/year, every morning/evening, etc.

Образование времени:

Общая формула: V (-s)

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?Do I/We/They write? Short answers: Yes, I/we/they do. No, I/we/they don’t.

Does he/she/it write? Short answers: Yes, he/she/it does. No, he/she/it doesn’t.

Для образования глагольной формы берется инфинитив без частицы to (для подлежащего, выраженного местоимениями I, we, you, they) или к инфинитиву добавляется окончание -s (-es) (для подлежащего, выраженного местоимениями he, she, it).

Примеры предложений:

●I am a first-year student.

●She earns a lot of money.

●We always eat breakfast before going to our classes.

●They often do sports.

●He travels to Europe every summer.

The Past Simple Tense (Прошедшее простое время)

Случаи употребления:

●завершившиеся в прошлом действия (She graduated from university last July)

●ряд последовательных действий в прошлом (Yesterday I came back home, had lunch and started working on my project)

Маркеры времени:

Yesterday, last week/month/year, a week ago/two weeks ago/a month/a year ago, in 2010, in the 19th century, etc.

Образование времени:

Общая формула: Ved / V2

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●предположения и предсказания, часто после глаголов hope, think, believe, expect (I hope we won’t be late. She will probably be angry)

●обещания (I will never leave you. He won’t tell your secret)

●приглашения и предложения (Will you marry me? Will you come to my party?)

●спонтанные решения и действия (on-the-spot decisions) (– We are running out of milk. – I will buy some)

Маркеры времени:

Tomorrow, next day/week/month/year, soon, in a week/month/year, etc.

Образование времени:

?Will I/We/You/They/He/She/It go? Short answers: Yes, I/We/You/They/He/She/It will. No, I/We/You/They/He/She/It will not

(won’t).

Для образования глагольной формы используется вспомогательный глагол will, к которому добавляется инфинитив без частицы to (will используется с подлежащими, выраженными любыми местоимениями; форма shall для местоимений I и we считается устаревшей).

Примеры предложений:

●We will probably go to Italy next summer.

●They won’t buy this house because they cannot afford it.

●– The phone is ringing.

–I will answer.

Пассивный (страдательный) залог (The Passive Voice)

В предложениях с активным залогом действие выполняется самим человеком или объектом. Однако если на человека или объект оказывается действие со стороны, то глагол-сказуемое будет употребляться в пассивном

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залоге (Ср. I sent an email – An email was sent). В таком случае человек или объект, на который оказывается действие, станет подлежащим, а тот, кто оказывает действие, станет агентом и будет находиться в конце предложения.

Subject – подлежащее

Verb – глагол-сказуемое

Object – дополнение

Agent – агент, деятель

Случаи использования пассивного залога:

●человек, выполняющий действие, не указан, не известен или его упоминание не имеет значения (My car is being fixed)

●само действие важнее, чем тот, кто его выполняет (The Peter and Paul

Fortress was founded in 1703)

●внимание акцентируется на человеке или объекте, на который направлено действие (человек/объект стоят в предложении на первом месте в роли подлежащего)

Способы перевода предложений с пассивным залогом на русский язык:

●с помощью глагола быть и краткого причастия (The experiment was carried out – Эксперимент был проведен)

●с помощью глаголов с суффиксами -сь, -ся (The house is being built – Дом строится)

●неопределенно-личными глаголами (The cake was baked – Торт испекли)

Единая формула для образования пассивного залога:

to be + P II (Past Participle: V3 / Ved)

Чтобы сказать, кем или чем выполнялось действие, используются предлоги by (как правило, человек, выполнявший действие) и with (инструмент, орудие, с

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помощью которого выполнялось действие): The test was written by a student. The letter was written with a pen.

?Am I asked?

Are you/we/they asked? Is he/she/it asked?

●We are asked every Friday.

?Was I/He/She/It asked? Were you/we/they asked?

●You were hired last year.

The Future Simple Passive

will be + P II (Past Participle: V3 / Ved)

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?Will I/He/She/It/You/We/They be asked?

●The email will be sent at 6 o’clock.

EXERCISES

Ex.1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (Present Simple, Past Simple, Future Simple). Explain your choice.

1.Signposts are very helpful because they (indicate) the direction to take.

2.In 2011, ground-based telescopes in Chile and New Zealand (spot) a star whose brightness suddenly and drastically (increase).

3.The lecturer quickly (realize) her mistake and so she (correct) it.

4.On certain types of machine learning tasks, quantum computers (have) an exponential advantage over standard computation.

5.When French chemist Henri Moissan (discover) an incredibly rare mineral in a 50,000-year-old meteorite, he (not/know) much about the amazing chain of events that would follow.

6.About a decade ago, a team of scientists first (discover) cable bacteria, in sediment collected from the bottom of Denmark’s Aarhus Bay

7.Very soon we (get) data that we can definitely do science on.

8.The human brain (not/use) all visual information that (enter) the eye in order to produce the images we (see).

9.Many of the brain processes that (help) us see (be) subconscious and inaccessible

to our conscious thought.

10.In the beginning (be) the big bang: an unimaginably hot fire almost 14 billion years ago in which the first elements (forge).

11.The physical theory of the big bang (be) one of the most consequential developments in 20th-century science. And yet it (leave) many questions unanswered.

12.The boom years of AI in the late 1950s (come) to a crash in the decade that (follow). Virtually all funding for AI (cut) and it took another couple of decades to see investment resume

13. I hope that this new era of AI (see) a more successful future.

14.The voice assistant (recognize) phrases and (process) the information.

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