English for Students of Public Relations and Advertising. Rendering. Учебное пособие
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LINKING DEVICES
1. To move readers into additional information or further development of your ideas.
Old Information – Transition – New
Information
ADDITION
Actually, |
Further, |
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Additionally, |
Furthermore, |
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Again, |
Incidentally, |
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Also, |
Indeed, |
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And |
In fact, |
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Besides |
Lastly, |
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Equally im- |
Moreover, |
portant, |
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Finally, |
Not only this, |
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but this as well |
First, Second, |
What's more, |
Third, etc. |
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2. To move readers into specific examples.
Generalization – Transition – Ex-
amples
EXAMPLES
As an illustra- |
Namely, |
tion, |
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Especially, |
Notably, |
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For example, |
Particularly, |
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For instance, |
Specifically, |
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Including |
To demon- |
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strate, |
In particular, |
To illustrate, |
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3. To move readers from one timeframe to another.
One time –Transition – Another time
TIME
After a few |
Immediately fol- |
hours, |
lowing, |
Afterwards, |
Initially, |
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At last |
In the end, |
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At the same time, |
In the future, |
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Before |
In the meantime, |
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4. To draw readers' attention to a particular location or place.
One place – Transition – Another place
PLACE
Adjacent, |
In the background, |
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Alongside, |
In the distance, |
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At the side, |
In the front, |
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Here/There |
In the foreground |
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In the back, |
Nearby, |
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Before this, |
In the meanwhile, |
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Currently, |
Last, Last but not |
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least, Lastly, |
During |
Later, |
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Eventually, |
Meanwhile, |
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Finally, |
Next, Soon after, |
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First, Second, |
Previously, |
Third, etc. |
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First of all, |
Simultaneously, |
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Formerly |
Subsequently, |
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Immediately |
Then, |
before, |
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5. To let readers know that a digression is about to begin or end.
Digression – Transition – Main point
back to
Main point –Transition – Digression
begin
DIGRESSION/RESUMPTION
Anyhow, |
Incidentally, |
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Anyway, |
To change the sub- |
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ject, |
As I was saying, |
To get back to the |
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point, |
At any rate, |
To return to the |
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subject, |
By the way, |
To resume, |
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6. To emphasize a cause or reason.
An effect Transition –
Cause/Reason
move in to
CAUSE/REASON
As |
Because |
Because of |
Due to |
For |
For the simple rea- |
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son that |
Since |
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7. To stress a result or an effect.
Cause/Reason – Transition – An effect
move in to
EFFECT/RESULT
As a result |
So |
Because of this, |
So that |
For this reason, |
Therefore, |
Consequently, |
Thus, |
8. To clarify the purpose of something.
Something – Transition – Its purpose
move in to
PURPOSE
For fear that |
So |
In the hope that |
So that |
In order to |
With this in mind, |
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9. Cues that make readers stop and compare what they've just read to what they're about to read.
Just read –Transition –About to read
equal or not equal
COMPARISON/CONTRAST
Alt- |
Meanwhile, |
hough/Althoug |
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h this is true |
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And yet |
Nevertheless, |
At the same |
Nonetheless, |
time, |
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But |
Nothwithstanding, |
Conversely, |
On the contrary, |
For all that, |
On the other hand, |
In compari- |
Similarly, |
son, |
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In contrast, |
Still, |
In the same |
While this is true |
manner/way, |
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However, |
When in fact |
Likewise, |
Whereas |
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10.To introduce readers to a conclusion.
Points made –Transition – Conclusion
the end is coming
CONCLUSION
Accordingly, |
In short, |
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As a result, |
In summary, |
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Consequently, |
On the whole, |
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Finally, |
So |
Hence, |
Therefore, |
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In brief, |
Thus, |
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In conclusion, |
To conclude, |
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KEYS
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SECTION 1 |
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1.1 B |
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b |
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5 |
b |
1.2 B |
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d |
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b |
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g |
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SECTION 2 |
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2.1 B |
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deteriorative |
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reward |
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ownership 4 |
spending 5 |
organic |
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intermediate |
7 |
amateur |
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2.2 B |
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d |
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h |
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2.3 B |
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2 a |
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e, h |
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b |
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d |
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f |
2.3 E |
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false |
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true |
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true |
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2.5 B |
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2.6 B |
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warning, |
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unveiling, |
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necessary ele- |
4 incredible, |
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caution |
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detection |
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ment, demanded |
unbelievable |
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element |
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SECTION 3 |
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3.1 B |
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date |
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dissertation |
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access |
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public |
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random |
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attitude |
7 |
different |
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3.2 B |
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e |
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c |
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b |
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h |
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a |
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g |
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f |
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d |
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3.3 B |
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b |
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c |
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b |
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3.4 B |
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d |
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3.5 B |
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h |
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b |
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d |
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c |
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SECTION 4 |
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4.1 B |
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c |
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a |
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c |
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c |
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b |
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c |
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4.1 E |
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b |
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4.2 D |
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true |
2 |
true |
3 |
true |
4 |
false |
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4.4 A |
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b |
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d |
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a |
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4.4 C |
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a |
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a |
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SECTION 5 |
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5.1 B |
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f |
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5.2 B |
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c |
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a |
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a |
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c |
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5.3 B |
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c |
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b |
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f |
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g |
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d |
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e |
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SECTION 6 |
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6.1 B |
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g |
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a |
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c |
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d |
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b |
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f |
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Казачихина Ирина Анатольевна Шевченко Ольга Геннадьевна
ENGLISH FOR STUDENTS
OF PUBLIC RELATIONS AND ADVERTISING:
RENDERING
Учебное пособие
В авторской редакции
Выпускающий редактор И.П. Брованова Дизайн обложки А.В. Ладыжская Компьютерная верстка Н.В. Гаврилова
Подписано в печать 28.01.2014. Формат 60 × 84 1/16. Бумага офсетная Тираж 100 экз. Уч.-изд. л. 6,74. Печ. л. 7,25. Изд. № 350/13. Заказ № 198 Цена договорная
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