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English for Students of Public Relations and Advertising. Rendering. Учебное пособие

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LINKING DEVICES

1. To move readers into additional information or further development of your ideas.

Old Information – Transition – New

Information

ADDITION

Actually,

Further,

 

 

Additionally,

Furthermore,

 

 

Again,

Incidentally,

 

 

Also,

Indeed,

 

 

And

In fact,

 

 

Besides

Lastly,

 

 

Equally im-

Moreover,

portant,

 

Finally,

Not only this,

 

but this as well

First, Second,

What's more,

Third, etc.

 

2. To move readers into specific examples.

Generalization – Transition – Ex-

amples

EXAMPLES

As an illustra-

Namely,

tion,

 

Especially,

Notably,

 

 

For example,

Particularly,

 

 

For instance,

Specifically,

 

 

Including

To demon-

 

strate,

In particular,

To illustrate,

 

 

3. To move readers from one timeframe to another.

One time –Transition – Another time

TIME

After a few

Immediately fol-

hours,

lowing,

Afterwards,

Initially,

 

 

At last

In the end,

 

 

At the same time,

In the future,

 

 

Before

In the meantime,

 

 

4. To draw readers' attention to a particular location or place.

One place – Transition – Another place

PLACE

Adjacent,

In the background,

 

 

Alongside,

In the distance,

 

 

At the side,

In the front,

 

 

Here/There

In the foreground

 

 

In the back,

Nearby,

 

 

111

Before this,

In the meanwhile,

 

 

Currently,

Last, Last but not

 

least, Lastly,

During

Later,

 

 

Eventually,

Meanwhile,

 

 

Finally,

Next, Soon after,

 

 

First, Second,

Previously,

Third, etc.

 

First of all,

Simultaneously,

 

 

Formerly

Subsequently,

 

 

Immediately

Then,

before,

 

5. To let readers know that a digression is about to begin or end.

Digression – Transition – Main point

back to

Main point –Transition – Digression

begin

DIGRESSION/RESUMPTION

Anyhow,

Incidentally,

 

 

Anyway,

To change the sub-

 

ject,

As I was saying,

To get back to the

 

point,

At any rate,

To return to the

 

subject,

By the way,

To resume,

 

 

6. To emphasize a cause or reason.

An effect Transition –

Cause/Reason

move in to

CAUSE/REASON

As

Because

Because of

Due to

For

For the simple rea-

 

son that

Since

 

7. To stress a result or an effect.

Cause/Reason – Transition – An effect

move in to

EFFECT/RESULT

As a result

So

Because of this,

So that

For this reason,

Therefore,

Consequently,

Thus,

8. To clarify the purpose of something.

Something – Transition – Its purpose

move in to

PURPOSE

For fear that

So

In the hope that

So that

In order to

With this in mind,

112

9. Cues that make readers stop and compare what they've just read to what they're about to read.

Just read –Transition –About to read

equal or not equal

COMPARISON/CONTRAST

Alt-

Meanwhile,

hough/Althoug

 

h this is true

 

And yet

Nevertheless,

At the same

Nonetheless,

time,

 

But

Nothwithstanding,

Conversely,

On the contrary,

For all that,

On the other hand,

In compari-

Similarly,

son,

 

In contrast,

Still,

In the same

While this is true

manner/way,

 

However,

When in fact

Likewise,

Whereas

113

10.To introduce readers to a conclusion.

Points made –Transition – Conclusion

the end is coming

CONCLUSION

Accordingly,

In short,

 

 

As a result,

In summary,

 

 

Consequently,

On the whole,

 

 

Finally,

So

Hence,

Therefore,

 

 

In brief,

Thus,

 

 

In conclusion,

To conclude,

 

 

KEYS

 

SECTION 1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1.1 B

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

b

2

a

3

c

4

a

5

b

1.2 B

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

f

2

h

3

c

4

e

5

d

6

a

7

i

8

b

9

g

 

 

 

SECTION 2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.1 B

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

deteriorative

2

reward

3

ownership 4

spending 5

organic

6

intermediate

7

amateur

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.2 B

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

c

2

 

i

 

3

a

4

f

5

e

6

g

7

 

b

 

8

d

9

h

 

 

2.3 B

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

c

2 a

 

3

e, h

4 k

5

j

6

i

7

 

l

 

8

b

9

d

10

f

2.3 E

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

false

 

 

2

true

 

3

true

 

 

 

 

2.5 B

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

a

2

 

b

 

3

b

4

c

5

a

2.6 B

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

warning,

2

 

unveiling,

3

necessary ele-

4 incredible,

 

caution

 

 

detection

 

ment, demanded

unbelievable

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

element

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

114

 

 

 

 

 

SECTION 3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.1 B

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

date

2

dissertation

3

access

4

public

5

random

6

attitude

7

different

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.2 B

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

e

2

c

3

b

4

h

5

a

6

g

7

f

8

d

 

 

 

 

3.3 B

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

b

2

a

3

c

4

a

5

c

6

b

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.4 B

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

f

2

e

3

a

4

b

5

c

6

d

7

h

8

g

 

 

 

 

3.5 B

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

h

2

f

3

b

4

c

5

a

6

d

7

c

8

g

 

 

 

 

 

SECTION 4

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4.1 B

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

c

2

a

3

c

4

c

5

a

6

b

7

c

 

 

 

 

 

 

4.1 E

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

b

2

a

3

c

4

a

5

b

6

a

7

b

 

 

 

 

 

 

4.2 D

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

true

2

true

3

true

4

false

 

 

4.4 A

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

b

2

d

3

f

4

g

5

c

6

h

7

e

8

a

 

 

 

 

115

4.4 C

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

a

2

b

3

c

4

a

 

 

 

SECTION 5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5.1 B

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

f

2

d

3

a

4

b

5

c

6

e

7

g

 

 

 

 

 

 

5.2 B

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

c

2

a

3

a

4

c

5

b

6

a

7

c

 

 

 

 

 

 

5.3 B

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

c

2

b

3

f

4

g

5

a

6

d

7

e

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SECTION 6

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

6.1 B

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

g

2

e

3

a

4

c

5

d

6

b

7

f

 

 

 

 

 

 

Казачихина Ирина Анатольевна Шевченко Ольга Геннадьевна

ENGLISH FOR STUDENTS

OF PUBLIC RELATIONS AND ADVERTISING:

RENDERING

Учебное пособие

В авторской редакции

Выпускающий редактор И.П. Брованова Дизайн обложки А.В. Ладыжская Компьютерная верстка Н.В. Гаврилова

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