English for students of applied biotechnologies and engineering. Учебное пособие

4.4.7 Discuss the problem of food as a subject of decay

4.5 Lesson 5 Healthy food

4.5.1 Listen and repeat after the teacher the words and word combinations responsibility – ответственность

to recognize – узнавать, признавать to influence – влиять

improvement – улучшение

to reduce – уменьшать, сокращать wellbeing – самочувствие

to determine – определять

to strengthen – усиливать(ся) to state – утверждать

supply – запас tiredness – усталость

nutrition – питание, пища to link – связывать

61

to affect – воздействовать potential – возможный hazard – риск, опасность issue – результат, процесс intake – потребление

to match – согласовывать, приводить в соответствие to possess – обладать

capabilities – возможности to harm – наносить вред

4.5.2 Read the text about eating for good health Eating for good health

More and more people today are choosing to take greater responsibility for their own health. We now recognize that we can influence our health by making an improvement in lifestyle – a better diet, more exercise and reduced stress.

Your health and general wellbeing is very much determined by what you eat and how even a minor change in your diet can help to strengthen your resistance to many illnesses.

It seems almost absurd to state that you need food to live. The body has a built-in alarm signal – hunger – to tell you when your supply of food, the “fuel for the body”, is low. That's why you are never in serious danger of forgetting to eat. This alarm signal is also choosy and at times asks for specific supplies, for example, sweet things when your body sugar is low or water when you are thirsty.

What many people fail to recognize is that their bodies have more than just one signal. Tiredness, aches and pains, stress, even chronic disease – all these can be indications of a diet that is lacking nutrition.

But we can't see the results of a bad diet immediately (often the effects take years to develop), few people realize just how closely bodily health is linked to what they eat and how often they eat.

62

You are what you eat, and the food you eat effects the way you feel and the way you look all through your life.

Scientists now know that food and its affects are as complex as our own bodies. Of the thousands of chemicals, minerals and vitamins found in a single food, many are potential life-savers or hazards to health, depending on how much is consumed over time. The link between food and health is an every day but complex issue. So, you should learn how to balance your food intake. Small but well-informed changes to your diet will make a great difference to your wellbeing.

By matching your diet to your lifestyle and developing better eating habits both at home and when you eat out, you can keep yourself in the best of health. And also, you have to understand the proper balancing of the social pleasures and of the body. The foods you eat possess powerful capabilities to help and to harm.

4.5.3 Answer the following questions 1 How can we influence our health?

2 Do you agree that our health and general wellbeing are determined by what we eat?

3 Why are we never in serious danger of forgetting to eat?

4 What alarm signals do our bodies have to indicate that our diet is lacking nutrition?

5 Can we see the results of a bad diet immediately? 6 How does the food we eat affect our life?

7 Why should everyone learn how to balance our food intake? 8 How can we keep ourselves in the best of health?

9 What capabilities does the food we eat possess?

10 Describe your eating habits.

63

4.5.4 Read the text below. For gaps (1-12) , choose the correct word from the list

our, as, fruit, minerals, heart, is, food, chips, too, vitamins, for, of Good food

What … (1) good food? Is it food that is good … (2) you or food that tastes good? Nutritionists say we eat … (3) with too much salt, too much sugar and … (4) much oil. They also say that many of … (5) serious health problems, such as cancer, diabetes and … (6) diseases, are directly affected by diet. Most problem food contains large quantities … (7) salt, sugar and oil and very few … (8) or minerals. That includes food such … (9) potato … (10), doughnuts and cookies.

Instead of this “junk” food, nutritionists suggest that we eat more fresh … (11) and vegetables, which are naturally low in sodium and oil and contain lots of vitamins and … (12).

4.5.5 Translate the following sentences from Russian into English

1 В ежедневном рационе имеют важное значение молоко и молочные продукты.

2 Витамины должны обязательно входить в ежедневный рацион питания, так как их недостаток может привести к различным заболеваниям.

3 Фрукты и овощи являются источником витаминов и минеральных солей.

4Ржаная мука более питательна, чем белая, потому что содержит больше минеральных солей, жиров, витаминов.

5Все необходимые для жизнедеятельности организма вещества должны быть включены в недельный рацион питания человека.

6Пища является источником энергии для живого организма.

4.5.6 Give a free translation of the text

Vegetarianism

64

While a meatless diet is growing more and more popular, particularly with the young, researches discover the health benefits of meat-free eating.

What is a vegetarian? By definition, vegetarianism prohibits the consumption of meat or fish, but some diets are more restrictive than other.

Demior semi-vegetarians eat fish and sometimes chicken, but not red

meat.

Ovo-lacto-vegetarians include milk and eggs in their diet but not meat or

fish.

Lacto-vegetarians have milk and yoghurt, as well as cheese made with vegetarian rennet, but no meat, fish or eggs.

Vegans do not eat any animal products at all, banning meat, fish, milk and eggs from their diets.

Fruitarians exclude putses and cereals from the diet as well as all foods of animal origin. Frutarians eat only fruit, honey, nuts and nut oils.

Macrobiotic followers have a diet consisting of ten different levels, which become progressively more restrictive. At first, animal foods are excluded,

then fruit and vegetables as well. At the final “purist” level only brown rice is eaten.

The Health benefits.

On the whole, vegetarians follow current healthy eating guidelines.

Because they don’t eat meat, a prime source of saturated fat, vegetarians take in less total fat, as well as more fibre, in the form of fresh fruits, vegetables and wholegrain cereals. These foods are also good sources of beta carotene, vitamin C and vitamin E, which are antioxidant nutrients and may protect the body from disease.

A research team at Oxford University has collected information on the health and mortality of more than 6,000 vegetarians and a control group of more than 5,000 meat-eating individuals. The study revealed significant differences between the two groups. For example, in contrast to meat-eaters, vegetarians have

65

a 39 per cent lower risk of dying from cancer. The study’s research team also found that the risk of heart disease was 24 per cent lower in vegetarians and 57 per cent lower in vegans than in regular meat-eaters.

4.5.7 Write an essay on one of the following topics

1 From All Diets I Choose ...

2 Non-Traditional Food – Pros and Cons.

3 Better Cooks – Men or Women?

4 Each Family Has its Own Style of Cooking. 5 What I Like and What I Hate to Eat.

66

5 Unit 5 Vegetable food products

5.1 Lesson 1 Vegetables

5.1.1 Look up transcriptions of the following words in on-line dictionaries Roughage, constipation, lentil, rutabaga, succulence, sweet potatoes, chard,

mustard, thallophyta, spermatophyta, collard, chervil, skirret, scolymus, beet, pumpkin, dasheen, brophyta, thrive, asparagus, endive, sprout, radish, chive, eggplant, gherkin, shallot, garlic, pteridophyta, rhubarb, parsley, salsify, scorzonera, pepper, muskmelon, yam, manioc

5.1.2 Listen and repeat after the teacher the words and word combinations to be sufficient – for быть достаточным

for the maintenance of health – для сохранения здоровья perennial crops – многолетние растения

pot-herbs – съедобная зелень (шпинат, щавель и т. п.) salad crops – овощная зелень, салатные овощи

cole crops – капустные овощи bulb – crops луковые овощи

peas and beans – гороховые и бобовые solanaceous fruits – томаты

the cucurbits – тыквенные

5.1.3 Read the text about vegetables in the human diet Vegetables

Vegetables play a very important role in the human diet, supplying some of the things in which food materials are deficient. They are important in neutralizing the acid substances produced in the course of digestion of meats; cheese and other foods; they are of value as roughage which promotes digestion and helps to

67

prevent constipation; they are important sources of the mineral elements needed by the body; being especially rich in calcium and iron, they are valuable sources of vitamins. Although vegetables, in general, are not considered of great importance in furnishing proteins, carbohydrates and fats, some of them, such as dried seeds of beans, peas, and lentils, are rich in proteins. Others, such as potatoes, sweet potatoes, parsnips, carrots, and rutabagas, are important sources of carbohydrates.

At least 10 mineral elements are needed for the proper growth and development of the body. Extensive investigations have shown that calcium, phosphorus, and iron, except in rare instances, are the only mineral elements that are not present in quantities sufficient for the needs of the body.

A certain quantity of bulky food is necessary for good health; vegetables are the main source of roughage. Most vegetables, particularly the leafy ones, as celery, cabbage, spinach, and lettuce are characterized by high water content and relatively high percentage of cellulose or fiber. Because of their succulence and relativelly large bulk, the leafy vegetables and most of the root crops probably aid in the digestion of the more concentrated foods.

The name vitamin has been given to a group of food substances other than fats, proteins, carbohydrates, and salts that occur in small quantities in natural food materials. They are essential for growth, for reproduction, and for the maintenance of health.

Green and yellow vegetables contribute about 33 per cent of the vitamin A supplied by major food groups. They supply also about 25 per cent of the ascorbic acid, while citrus fruits and tomatoes furnish about 34 per cent. The vegetables ranking highest in vitamin A are carrots, turnip greens, spinach, sweet potatoes, beet greens, mustard greens, winter squash, chard, and broccoli.

There are four general methods of classification of vegetables: (1) a botanical classification; (2) a classification based on hardiness; (3) a classification based on parts used as food; (4) a classification based on essential methods of culture. A fifth method combining parts of the four mentioned may be used to advantage in grouping for discussion.

68

5.1.4 Answer the following questions

1 What role do vegetables play in the human diet? 2 What vegetables are rich in proteins?

3 Name vegetables that are important sources of carbohydrates?

4 What vegetables are good sources of the important mineral elements? 5 What vegetables contribute about 33 реr cent of the vitamin А?

6 What methods of vegetables classification do you know?

5.1.5 Choose the correct answer

1 There’s an old saying, “It’s the double gins that cause the … .”

a)crossed eyes

b)double chins

c)flat feet

d)knock knees

2 Exercise tends to … the effects of old age.

a)offset

b)run down

c)set back

d)waylay

3 A diet high in carbohydrates contains little of the … material needed to build up tissue.

a)calorific

b)digestible

c)nourishing

d)sustaining

4 He will have to go on a diet because he is worried that he is … .

a)buxom

b)chubby

c)robust

d)strong

69

5 I think you’ll find that the inconvenience of the diet is … by the benefits.

a)outranked

b)outweighed

c)overbalanced

d)overthrown

6 When there is excessive obesity patients are sometimes put on a … diet which enables them to lose weight extremely quickly.

a)balanced

b)crash

c)light

d)slim

7 … your food will give you indigestion.

a)Bolting

b)Cramming

c)Gorging

d)Munching

8 When dieting, eat only to satisfly your hunger …, not to gratify your desire

to eat.

a)aches

b)pangs

c)spasms

d)twinges

Check your answers

1b; 2a; 3c; 4b; 5b; 6b; 7a; 8b.

5.1.6 Translate the following sentences from Russian into English

1 Свежие овощи и разнообразные продукты, получаемые в результате их переработки, играют важную роль в питании человека.

2 Овощи являются ценными источниками витаминов и минеральных веществ, необходимых для организма.

70