English for students of applied biotechnologies and engineering. Учебное пособие

cookie – печенье

barbecue – барбекю (мясо, зажаренное на открытом огне)

саn – консервная банка

overweight – имеющий избыточный вес preservative – консервант

wellbeing – здоровье

2.3.2 Read the text about American cuisine and give 5 adjectives to describe

it

How do the Americans eat?

It's interesting to learn about the various food habits and preferences of Americans. It's true that American cuisine has been influenced by a mix of different cultures, leading to a diverse range of choices when it comes to food.

Mexican food is the favourite of many Americans, but they love Italian food such as spaghetti, pizza. Chinese food has been popular with them for years. Now they often prefer fast food like hamburgers, hot dogs and French fries.

The American people usually eat three times a day. They like traditional big breakfast and diet of meat and potatoes. For breakfast they have first juice, particularly orange one, then different kinds of cereal: cornflakes, oatmeal, cream of wheat and others or eggs (fried or hard-boiled), tea or coffee.

Lunch is a quick meal for the most Americans. For lunch they have fast food: pizza, potato chips, McDonalds's food, sandwiches, hot dogs, hot corn, any kind of sweet gas water, fruit and salads. There are a lot of fast-food restaurants all over the country where people can have lunch during their short lunch break.

When the American people talk about lunch, they usually say: "Let's grab a sandwich! How about a bite to eat?" At lunchtime most Americans eat on the run, so fast food is very popular.

For dinner they always have salad with different kinds of vegetables mixed with croutons and dressing. After salad they like to eat fried chicken, steaks, ribs, beef, fish, baked, fried and mashed potatoes.

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Maybe the Americans have more time for dinner, but they don't often have enough time for grocery shopping, cooking and washing dishes: instead of asking,

“What's for dinner?” they ask: “Where are we going for dinner?”

The Americans have never eaten herring and seldom soup, but if they want any soup, they eat puree or cream soup. During any meal they drink different kinds of gas water or Coca-Cola. Lettuce is the main ingredient of salads. The American people like ice cream, cookies, cakes, candies very much, they also use 8–10 glasses of water a day.

In common the Americans eat much, particularly at weekends. They go outside and very popular food is barbecue and food in cans. They also eat hot dogs, hot corn and less bread.

60 per cent of the Americans (children and adults) are overweight. It's great to see that people are becoming more conscious of their health and are starting to embrace health food options. Eating a well-balanced diet that is fresh and natural is indeed important for overall physical wellbeing.

2.3.3 Answer the following questions

1 How many times a day do the Americans usually eat? 2 What does breakfast consist of?

3 Where do most Americans eat lunch?

4 What do the Americans always have for dinner? 5 Do the Americans like to have dinner at home? 6 What do the Americans drink during any meal?

7 How many glasses of water do the Americans drink a day? 8 What kind of food becomes more popular nowadays?

2.3.4 Read the sentences about American cuisine. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). You may use the following phrases: that’s right; I think that’s exactly so; that’s true; nothing of the kind; I don’t agree; that’s not right

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1 Most Americans prefer having home-cooked lunch.

2 Chinese food is not popular with the Americans.

3 The Americans often prefer fast food: hamburgers, hot dogs, French fries. 4 The Americans never have salad for dinner.

5 American women like cooking and washing dishes.

6 The Americans like to have herring and soup for dinner. 7 They drink different kinds of gas water during any meal.

8 When the Americans go for a picnic, they often bake potatoes in the openair fire.

2.3.5 Translate the following sentences from Russian into English

1 Самая любимая для многих американцев пища – мексиканская.

2 Многие годы американцы любили традиционный обильный завтрак и рацион из мяса и картофеля.

3 По всей стране можно встретить много ресторанов быстрого питания. 4 Салат состоит из различных овощей, смешанных с гренками и

заправкой.

5 В Америке не едят селедку и редко едят суп.

6Американцы едят много, особенно в выходные дни.

7Считается, что здоровая пища не должна содержать химических продуктов и консервантов.

2.3.6 Complete the idioms using the word or word combination from the list. Give the Russian equivalent. Make up your own sentences with these idioms.

a pancake, a berry, two peas in a pod, mustard, chalk and cheese, a cucumber, a toast, a bee

1 As brown as …

2As keen as …

3As cool as …

4As flat as …

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5 As different as …

6 As warm as …

7 As like as …

8 As busy as …

2.3.7 Choose one national cuisine of any country and tell about its peculiarities in English (you may do it in a form of presentation)

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3 Unit 3 Water bioresources and aquaculture

3.1 Lesson 1 Fishery science

3.1.1 Listen and repeat after the teacher the words and word combinations trade – торговля

customs – обычаи sophisticated – сложный ancient – древний

to attest – засвидетельствовать shellfish – моллюск significance – значение

to sustain – выдержать

to prey upon – охотиться на to hasten – спешить

the advent of steam-powered capture vessels – появление промысловых судов с паровым двигателем

net retrieval – системы извлечения сетей evidence – доказательства

to mount – повышаться fragility – нестабильность to apply – применять

3.1.2 Read the text about history of fisheries and write out unfamiliar words History of fisheries

The practice of fishing was developed long before the practice of keeping historical records. We know that people around the world have engaged in fisheries for food, trade, ornaments and religious customs for many thousands of years. Even the relatively sophisticated practice of aquaculture of freshwater fishes has

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been practiced in China for over 4000 years. Numerous examples of ancient art and the long held customs of native peoples attest to the importance of fisheries to human cultures over the ages. Many native peoples from both eastern and western cultures believe that fishes and shellfishes have significance for beyond their ability to sustain human life. When some of these people speak of fish, they sound more like they are speaking of members of their own families than about things to prey upon.

It is noteworthy that in Great Britain many of the earliest examples of regulation of fishing effort dealt with recreational fisheries. Privilege and allocation of fish stocks in the American Colonies were not pressing issues due to the abundance of fishes that were initially present.

At the turn of the 20th century, the industrialization of fisheries hastened with the advent of steam-powered capture vessels. Later developments that also had considerable industrial impact include the use of diesel-powered capture vessels with net retrieval and refrigeration systems on vessels.

With the progressing industrialization of marine fisheries in the early 1900s, evidence began to mount that fish stocks were declining under increasing fishing pressure, particularly Pacific halibut and those stocks fished by trawl in the North Sea. Concern over these fisheries led to the formation of several international fishery commissions. With the rapid industrialization of commercial marine fisheries and the use of factory methods for processing on shipboard, effective fishery management became necessary on a globe scale. Collapses among some important fisheries, including Atlantic herring, Alaska king crab, California sardines and of some others drew even more attention to the fragility of fishery stocks. The United States declared its 200 mile “Fisheries Conservation Zone” with the Fishery Conservation and Management Act (FCMA) of 1976. The FCMA created eight regional management councils to oversee fisheries in the 200 mile zone and allowed foreign states to harvest only those stocks present in surplus. The act also directed fishery managers to take economic, social and politic factors into account, in addition to scientific criteria, in establishing fishery policy. After 1983,

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the Fisheries Conservation Zone came to be known as the “Exclusive Economic Zone” or EEZ.

A fishery is the combination of an aquatic resource with an organized harvest system. For both parts to remain healthy and sustainable, we must pay careful attention to the status of the resource and the level of harvest. That kind of attention is provided by fishery science. Fishery science is a multidisciplinary applied science that draws information from a number of so-called “pure” sciences in order to apply that knowledge to the solution of fishery problems. The most common fishery problem is that there aren’t enough fish for everybody. The disciplines that contribute to fishery science include biological, physical, social, mathematical and technological sciences. Fisheries is a very complex sphere and goes side by side with fields of knowledge as food technology, biochemistry, biology, the law of the sea, world marketing, aquaculture, resources management.

3.1.3 Answer the following questions

1 Where have you done your practice this year?

2 What tasks did you complete?

3 Can you explain what fishery science is?

4 Give your reasons of fish stock decline?

5 What measures were taken to stop dramatic harvesting?

6 Where would you like to work after graduating from the university? 7 How do you think to develop your career?

3.1.4 Look at the figure 2. Try to pronounce the types of fish correctly

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3.1.6 Discuss in the class your practice work at the university

3.2 Lesson 2 Aquaculture

3.2.1 Listen and repeat after the teacher the words and word combinations rearing – выращивание

concept – понятие

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consumption – потребление efforts – усилия

conduct – проводить purpose – цель

minnows for bait – мелкая рыбешка для наживки

large-scale hatchery programs – масштабные инкубационные программы release – выпуск

to enhance – увеличивать

endangered and threatened species – исчезающие и находящиеся под угрозой исчезновения виды

seaweeds – морские водоросли to involve – включить

item – товар, артикул

legitimate aquaculture enterprises – законные предприятия аквакультуры to exert – проявить

maintenance – обслуживание venture – предприятие variables – переменные captivity – неволя

to undertake – предпринять requirements – требования susceptible – восприимчивый

3.2.2 Read the text about aquaculture Aquaculture

Aquaculture is the rearing of aquatic organisms under controlled conditions. More simply, aquaculture is underwater agriculture. The concept is not a new one

– fish culture began in China perhaps as much as 4000 years ago. The Egyptian tombs have pictographs indicating that certain types of fishes were being reared

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