English for Historians. The Greatest Historical Milestones = Английский язык для историков. Величайшие исторические события. Учебное пособие

6.There is no doubt that the war led ________.

7.The accession of the Tudors in 1485 is supposed the beginning

________ .

8.On the other hand, it is also assumed that the horrific impact of the war was exacerbated by ________, in order to exalt its’ achievements in its’ end and to ensure peace.

9.Of course, the effect of war on ________ and ________ was much less than in wars in France and elsewhere in Europe, filled with pensionaries who were directly interested in continuing the war.

10.Henry VII, fearing ulterior struggle, kept the lords under strict control, forbidding them to ________ .

V. Give the Russian equivalents to the following words:

•branch

•representative

•society

•servant

•warrior

•cavalry

•battle

VI. Give the English equivalents to the following words:

•торговцы

•крестьяне

•Английская корона

•лучники

•огнестрельное оружие

•средневековый

•борьба

VII. Project activity. Identify the main differences in the economic, social, religious and military spheres in the Ancient World and in the Middle Ages and compare them. Make a presentation. Find some extra information on the Internet.

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Unit iii. thE nEW tiME

text 1. the great geographical discoveries

Prerequisites of the Great Geographical Discoveries

By the end of the 15th century, centralized states began to form in Western Europe. The end of the period of feudalism contributed to the transition of society to commodity-money relations. Merchants needed new trade routes and goods, industrialists needed raw materials and money. The necessary wealth could be get in distant countries, robbing their people. Special desires caused in Europe the wealth of the countries of the East. But it was very difficult to get there. The insurmountable Ottoman Empire lay in the East, African deserts — in the South, inaccessible ice of the polar seas — in the North. Europeans remained the only way out: to look for ways to the East

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across the Atlantic Ocean. The development of science contributed to the emergence of new devices and types of ships — caravels, as well as the development of cartography. All this prepared and made possible the great geographical discoveries.

Great Travelers and Their Geographical Discoveries

The first to donate new routes and unlimited possibilities to the Western world were the Portuguese navigators. The British, Spaniards and Russians did not lag behind them, they also saw great prospects in the conquest of new lands. Their names are forever in the history of navigation.

• Bartolomeu Dias — Portuguese navigator, who in

1488 in search of a convenient direction to India rounded Africa, opened the Cape of Good Hope and became the first European to be in the waters of the Indian Ocean.

•Christopher Columbus — discovered the whole continent — America in 1492.

•Vasco da Gama — commander of the Portuguese expedition, which in 1498 was able to pave a direct trade route from Europe to Asia.

•VaskaNunjensBalboa —in1513the braveSpaniardwasthe first to cross the Isthmus of Panama and discover the Pacific Ocean.

•Fernan Magellan — the first man in history who traveled around the world in the years 1519–1522, thereby proving that the Earth is in the shape of a ball.

•Abel Tasman — discovered Australia and New Zealand in 1642–

1643.

•Semyon Dezhnev was a Russian traveler and explorer who could find the strait connecting Asia with North America.

Results of the Great Geographical Discoveries

The great geographical discoveries significantly accelerated the transition from the Middle Ages to the New Age, with its major achievements and the flourishing of most European countries.

Mankind had a different look at the world, new horizons were openedupforscientists.Allthisfacilitatedtothe developmentofnatural sciences, which could affect the general level of life. The conquest of new lands by Europeans led to the formation and strengthening of colonial empires, which became a powerful source of raw materials for the Old World.

II. Answer the questions.

1.What period of mankind history is called the era of great geographical discoveries?

2.Why did Europeans look for ways east across the Atlantic Ocean?

3.Who was the first navigator who discovered the Cape of Good

Hope?

4.Who discovered America?

5.What is known Ferdinand Magellan?

6.What are the results of the great geographical discoveries?

III. Explain the meaning of the following words and expressions:

•contribute

•inaccessible

•caravel

•donate

•flourish

•conquest

IV. Fill in the gaps.

1. The discoveries of that time struck the _____________ to the European world completely new development prospects.

2.By the end of _________, centralized states began to form in Western Europe.

3.________ lay the insurmountable Ottoman Empire, _______ — African deserts, _________ — inaccessible ice of the polar seas.

4.The developmentofsciencecontributedtothe emergenceofnew devices and types of ships — _________, as well as the development of ________.

5._________ — commander of the Portuguese expedition, which in 1498 was able to pave a direct trade route from Europe to Asia.

6.Great geographical discoveries significantly accelerated the transition from ________, with its major achievements and the flourishing of most European countries.

V. Match up Russian and English equivalents.

VI. Speaking activities. Speak on:

•the most significant geographical discoveries;

•famous explorers;

•results of geographical discoveries.

text 2. the russian Empire in the 19th century

I. Read the text.

The 19th century was rich in events for Russia: the Patriotic War of 1812, the Decembrist uprising, the Crimean War, the abolition of serfdom and much more. This is the time of the emperors Alexander I,

his brother Nicholas I, Alexander II and Alexander III. Many discoveries took place in the world of science, and Russian scientists made a great contribution to this process. The revolution in geometry was carried out by the research of Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, and in medicine by the surgeon Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov.

Russian navigators Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky made the first trip around the world (1803–1806).

The 19th century was called the Golden Age of Russian literature. At this time such writers as Nikolay Mikhailovich Karamzin, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov, Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky worked. The books of these writers were translated into many languages of the world, they were read and read. They were constantly reprinted. Many of the writers actively participated in significant events for the country. For example, Leo Tolstoy participated in the Crimean War.

And this is only a brief description of this difficult, sometimes tragic period of Russian history. So what was this 19th century like?

Together with Britain and France, Russia was one of the largest European powers, but nevertheless it was far behind Europe in terms of economic development. The basis of the economy was agricultural, Russia exported raw materials and agricultural products to the countries of Western Europe. Imports mainly consisted of machinery, tools, luxury goods, as well as cotton, spices, sugar, and fruits.

Serfdom impeded economic development, many people spoke of freeing millions of Russian peasants from such cruel dependency. Understanding the need for reform, Alexander I adopted in 1803 a decree on free bread-growers, according to which the peasants could receive exemption from the landowner for a ransom.

Russia’s foreign policy was characterized by contradictions that Russia had with France and its emperor, Napoleon Bonaparte. In 1811, Napoleon proposed to conclude a new peace agreement with Russia (instead of the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807), but Alexander refused it, because after signing the treaty, Napoleon proposed marrying the sister of the Russian tsar.

In the 1850s Russia will be drawn into a series of military conflicts, of which the most significant was the conflict with Turkey, because ended with the Crimean War, which lasted two years and Russia was defeated in it.

The defeat in the Crimean War led to the death of the emperor, since according to one of the versions, Nicholas I committed suicide because of military failures.

On February 9, 1855, emperor Alexander II ascended the Russian throne. He was called the Tsar Liberator because of the reform of the abolition of serfdom, carried out by him in 1861. In addition, he carried out a military reform (the service was reduced from 20 to 6years),the judiciary(a3-tierjudicialsystemwasintroduced,including the Magistrate Court, the District Court and the Senate, the highest judicial authority), the Zemstvo.

Alexander II was killed in 1881, his reign ended, and his son Alexander III ascended the throne, during his reign he did not carry

The policy changed with the appointment to the post of Minister of Finance Sergey Yulievich Witte. Witte declared that the export of bread was an unreliable fount of income and introduces a wine monopoly (the budget was called “drunk”), the gold supplied of the ruble. Gold Russian ruble appeared, which attracted foreign investment.

The result of this policy was that in the 1890s fast economic growth began and Russia became an industrial country, although Russian industry only 1/3 was Russian, and 2/3 foreign.

So, regardless of the war and unstable domestic policy, Russia was experiencing a fast growth in industrial production, and in order to reach it the country needed the whole century — the 19th one.

II. Answer the question.

1.What emperors ruled Russia in the 19th century?

2.In which areas of science have Russian scientists made discoveries?

3.What is the name of Russian literature of the 19th century?

4.What items did Russia export?

5.What ended the Crimean War with?

6.What emperor had the nickname “Peacemaker”?

7.What Minister of Economy introduced the gold supply of the ruble?

III.Explainthemeaningofthefollowingwordsandexpressions:

•abolition of serfdom

•free bread-growers

•peace agreement

•the gold supply

•the Magistrate Court

•judicial system

•reign

IV. Fill in the gaps.

1. The ________ War of 1812, the ________ uprising, the _____

___ War, the abolition of serfdom and much more.

2.This is the time of the emperors ________ I, his brother _____

___ I, ________ II and ________ III.

3.Russian ________ Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky made ________ (1803–1806).

4.Russian literature of the 19th century was named ________.

5.For example, Leo Tolstoy participated in the _______ War.

6.The basis of the economy was ________, Russia exported raw materials and ________ to the countries of Western Europe.

7.He was called the ________ because of the reform of ________, carried out by him in 1861.

8.With the appointment to the post of Minister of Finance Sergey

________, the policy has changed.

9.The main source of financing for ________ was the export of

________, but this money is not enough.

10.Russia’s foreign policy was characterized by _____ that Russia had with ________ and its emperor, ________ Bonaparte.

V. Give the Russian equivalents to the following words:

•research

•row materials

•dependency

•agreement

•agricultural products

•industrial power

•source

VI. Speaking. Rendering. Render the text “The Russian Empire in the 19th Century”.

text 3. the revolution 1917

I. Read the text.

World War I dramatically increased all the contradictions that were approaching in Russia in the beginning of the 20th century. Human losses, economic devastation, famine, people’s discontent with the measures of tsarism to overcome the oncoming national crisis, the inability of the autocracy to compromise with the bourgeoisie were the main causes for the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution of 1917. On February 23 in Petrograd workers went on strike which soon became All-Russian. Workers was supported by intellectuals, students and army. The peasantry also did not remain aside from these events. Already on February 27, the power in the capital passed to the Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ Deputies, led by the mensheviks.

The Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ Deputies controlled the army, which soon entirely switched to the side of the rebels. Attempts of a penal action undertaken by the forcestakenfromthe frontofthe troops, was unsuccessful. The soldiers supported the February coup. In 1917 a Provisional Government was established in Petrograd onMarch1,includingmainlythe bourgeois representatives. Nicholas II retracted. Thus, the February revolution deposed the autocracy that inhibited the progressive development of the country. The relative

simplicity with which tsarism was dethroned in Russia showed how weak the regime of Nicholas II and its support — the landlordbourgeois circles — were in their attempts to hold the power.

The February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution of 1917 had a political character. It could not solve the country’s pressing economic, social and national problems. The Provisional Government the real power was not possessed. The alternative to its power were the Soviets established at the outbreak of the February events, which although

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