English for Bio-Medical Engineers (self-study competence development). Учебное пособие

-bio-mechanics – applying knowledge of mechanics to biological or medical problems;

-bio-nano-engineering – developing novel structures of nanometer dimensions for application to biology, drug delivery, molecular diagnostics, microsystems and nanosystems;

-bio-photonics – applying and manipulating light, usually laser light, for sensing or imaging properties of biological tissue;

-cellular and tissue engineering – studying the anatomy, biochemistry and mechanics of cellular and sub-cellular structures, developing technology to repair, replace or regenerate living tissues and developing methods for controlling cell and tissue growth in the laboratory;

-clinical engineering – applying the latest technology to health care and health care systems in hospitals;

-genomics and genetic engineering – mapping, sequencing and analyzing genomes (DNA), and applying molecular biology methods to manipulate the genetic material of cells, viruses and organisms;

-medical or biological imaging – combining knowledge of a physical phenomenon (for example, sound, radiation or magnetism) with electronic processing, analysis and display;

-molecular bioengineering – designing molecules for biomedical purposes and applying computational methods for simulating biomolecular interactions;

-systems physiology – studying how systems function in living organisms;

-therapeutic engineering – developing and discovering drugs and advanced materials and techniques for delivering drugs to local tissues with minimized side effects.

2.3.4 Answer the following questions:

1 What do bio-medical engineers use to solve health related problems?

2What kind of research do bio-medical engineers conduct?

3What do bio-medical engineers frequently supervise?

4What are the working conditions of bio-medical engineers?

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5 What are the duties and responsibilities of bio-medical engineers and what do they depend on?

2.3.5 Summarize the information given in the unit and make a report on the problems discussed in the texts.

3 Unit 3. Biomedical Engineering Technician Career

3.1 Text A. Biomedical Engineering Technician Career

3.1.1 Memorize the following words and word-groups from the texts of the unit:

3.1.2 Read the following words and word-groups:

maintain, scanners, x-ray machines, ultrasound devices, Associate's degree, military experience, hydraulic and electronic devices, installations, preventative maintenance.

3.1.3 Read and translate the text using the dictionary.

Bio-medical engineering technicians test, repair, and maintain medical equipment, such as CAT scanners, x-ray machines, electronic hospital beds, heart monitors, and ultrasound devices. The majority of employers will require that you have at least an Associate's degree or Bachelor's degree in medical technology or electronics. However,

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some employers will accept military experience and training that is equivalent. Other responsibilities may include preventative maintenance, installations, repairing hydraulic and electronic devices, and calibrating equipment.

3.2 Text B. Bio-medical Engineering Technician Education Requirements

3.2.1 Memorize the following words and word-groups from the texts of the unit:

3.2.2 Read the following words and word-groups:

variety, certification, available, effectively, successfully, procedures and skills, technician, beneficial, precision, mechanical drawings, odd hours.

3.2.3 Read and translate the text using the dictionary.

In obtaining your Associate's degree or Bachelor's degree you will take a variety of courses. Some courses may include bio-medical equipment repair, electronics, medical technology, and other related courses. It is recommended that you obtain a Bachelor's degree because this will give you more education and knowledge to perform the job, and will make more jobs available. Obtaining your Bio-medical Equipment Technician certification is highly recommended, and sometimes required by some employers. This certification is obtained through the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation.

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Having certain skills will ensure you can do your job effectively and successfully. You must be able to use a variety of devices and tools ranging from multimeters and computers, to soldering irons, to basic hand tools. You must be committed to constantly keeping up-to-date with new technology, procedures and skills in order to repair and maintain precision equipment like heart monitors and CAT scanners. Bio-medical engineering technology is a rapidly developing and growing field and you must be able to keep up with it. Other beneficial skills include strong problem-solving skills, strong communication skills, being very detail-oriented, data entry skills, and word processing skills. If you are a senior-level technician, or striving to become one, you must be able to read technical documentation and mechanical drawings. You must also be responsible, able to work as part of a team, able to work alone when necessary, and sometimes, available at odd hours.

3.2.4 Answer the following questions:

1 What courses are necessary to take to obtain the Associate's degree or Bachelor's degree?

2 Why is it necessary to obtain a Bachelor's degree?

3How can you obtain a Bio-medical Equipment Technician certification?

4What devices must a bio-medical equipment technician be able to use?

5What other beneficial skills include?

3.2.5 Summarize the information given in the unit.

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4 Unit 4. Bio-medical Engineering Subdisciplines

4.1 Text A. Biomedical Engineering Subdisciplines

4.1.1 Memorize the following words and word-groups from the texts of the unit:

4.1.2 Read the following words and word-groups:

oligomicroarray, healthcare treatment, diagnosis, therapy, interdisciplinary, emerge, bio-compatible prostheses, therapeutic medical devices, micro-implants, regenerative tissue growth, pharmaceutical drugs, therapeutic biologicals.

4.1.3 Read and translate the text using the dictionary.

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from being an interdisciplinary specialization among already-established fields, to being considered a field in itself. Much of the work in bio-medical engineering consists of research and development, spanning a broad array of subfields (see below). Prominent biomedical engineering applications include the development of bio-compatible prostheses, various diagnostic and therapeutic medical devices ranging from clinical equipment to micro-implants, common imaging equipment such as MRIs and EEGs, regenerative tissue growth, pharmaceutical drugs and therapeutic biologicals.

Notable subdisciplines within bio-medical engineering:

-Bio-medical Electronics;

-Bio-mechatronics;

-Bio-instrumentation;

-Bio-materials;

-Bio-mechanics;

-Bionics;

-Bio-transport;

-Cellular, Tissue, and Genetic Engineering;

-Clinical Engineering;

-Medical Imaging;

-Orthopaedic Bio-engineering;

-Rehabilitation engineering;

-Systems Physiology;

-Bio-nanotechnology;

-Neural Engineering.

Sometimes, disciplines within BME are classified by their association(s) with others

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tends to encompass optics and optical engineering - bio-medical optics, imaging and related medical devices;

- mechanical engineering is often associated with bio-mechanics, biotransport, medical devices, and modeling of biological systems, like soft tissue mechanics.

Bio-technology (see also relatedly bio-engineering) can be a somewhat ambiguous term, sometimes loosely used interchangeably with BME in general; however, it more typically denotes specific products which use "biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof." Even some complex "medical devices" (see below) can reasonably be deemed "biotechnology" depending on the degree to which such elements are central to their principle of operation. Biologics/Bio-pharmaceuticals (e.g., vaccines, stored blood product), genetic engineering, and various agricultural applications are some major classes of bio-technology.

Pharmaceuticals are related to bio-technology in two indirect ways: 1) certain major types (e.g. biologics) fall under both categories, and 2) together they essentially comprise the "non-medical-device" set of BME applications. (The "Device - Bio/Chemical" spectrum is an imperfect dichotomy, but one regulators often use, at least as a starting point.)

4.1.3Revise the Passive Voice (see Appendix B.4) and pick up sentences with passive constructions and translate them. Make up ten sentences with the Passive Voice.

4.1.4Speak on the classifications of disciplines within BME.

4.2Text B. Tissue engineering

4.2.1 Memorize the following words and word-groups from the texts of the unit:

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4.2.2 Read the following words and word-groups:

tissue, artificial, transplanted, jawbones, tracheas, liver, hepatic, components, human patients, artificial bioreactor construct.

4.2.3 Read and translate the text in written form without the dictionary.

Tissue engineering is a major segment of Bio-technology. One of the goals of tissue engineering is to create artificial organs (via biological material) for patients that need organ transplants. Bio-medical engineers are currently researching methods of creating such organs. Researchers have grown solid jawbones and tracheas from human stem cells towards this end. Several artificial urinary bladders actually have been grown in laboratories and transplanted successfully into human patients. Bio-artificial organs, which use both synthetic and biological components, are also a focus area in research, such as with hepatic assist devices that use liver cells within an artificial bioreactor construct.

Figure 3 – Micromass cultures of C3H-10T1/2 cells at varied oxygen tensions stained with Alcian blue

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4.3 Text C. Genetic engineering

4.3.1 Memorize the following words and word-groups from the texts of the unit:

4.3.2 Read the following words and word-groups:

molecular cloning, manipulation, breeding, techniques, genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology, bacteria, erythropoietin , hamster, ovary cells.

4.3.3 Read and translate the text without a dictionary. Render the text in English.

Genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology, genetic modification/manipulation (GM) and gene splicing are terms that apply to the direct manipulation of an organism's genes. Genetic engineering is different from traditional breeding, where the organism's genes are manipulated indirectly. Genetic engineering uses the techniques of molecular cloning and transformation to alter the structure and characteristics of genes directly. Genetic engineering techniques have found success in numerous applications. Some examples are in improving crop technology (not a medical application per se; see BioSystems Engineering), the manufacture of synthetic human insulin through the use of modified bacteria, the manufacture of erythropoietin in hamster

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