English for Bio-Medical Engineers (self-study competence development). Учебное пособие

10.2.2 Read the text and find the information about the advantages of fiber optics in communication; the basis of optical communication and application of optical technologies. Find the information in the text connected with the following dates: 1960, 1970, 1982 (in written form).

One of the most interesting developments in telecommunication is the rapid progress of optical communication where optical fibers are replacing conventional telephone wires and cables. Just as digital technologies greatly improved the telephone system, optical communication promises a considerable increase in capacity, quality, performance and reliability of the global telecommunication network. New technologies such as fibers will increase the speed of telecommunication and provide new, specialized information service. Voice, computer data, even video images, will be increasingly integrated into a single digital communication network capable to process and transmit virtually any kind of information.

It is a result of combining two technologies: laser, first demonstrated in 1960, and the fabrications 10 years later of ultra-thin silicon fibers which can serve as lightwave conductors. With the further development of very efficient lasers plus continually improved techniques to produce thin silica fibers of incredible transparency, optical systems can transmit pulses of light as far as 135 kilometers without the need for amplification or regeneration.

At present high-capacity optical transmission system are being installed between many major US cities at a rapid rate. The system most widely used now operates at 147 megabits (thousand bits) per second and accomodates 6,000 circuits over a single pair of glass fibers (one for each direction of transmission). This у stem will soon be improved to

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operate at 1.7 gigabits (thousand million bits) per second and handle 24,000 telephone channels simultaneously.

10.3 Text C. Slit lamp

10.3.1 Memorize the following words and word-groups from the texts of the unit:

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10.3.2 Read the following words and word-combinations:

high-intensity light source, in conjunction with, biomicroscope, facilitate, anterior segment, posterior segment, eyelid, sclera, conjunctiva, iris, rystalline lens, cornea, retina, vertical adjustable column, glower, tabletop, incandescent lamp, luminance, swiveling axis, particular, configuration.

10.3.3 Read and translate the text using the dictionary. Be ready to speak on the

topic.

Figure 16 – Side view of a slit lamp machine

Figure 17 – Cataract in human eye-magnified view with the slit lamp

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It wasn’t until 1919 that several improvements were made to the Gullstrand slit lamp made by Vogt Henker. First, a mechanical connection was made between lamp and ophthalmoscopic lens. This illumination unit was mounted to the table column with a double articulated arm. The binocular microscope was supported on a small stand and could be moved freely across the tabletop. Later, a cross slide stage was used for this purpose. Vogt introduced Koehler illumination, and the reddish shining Nernst glower was replaced with the brighter and whiter incandescent lamp. Special mention should be paid to the experiments that followed Henker’s improvements in 1919. On his improvements the Nitra lamp was replaced with a carbon arc lamp with a liquid filter. At this time the great importance of color temperature and the luminance of the light source for slit lamp examinations were recognized and the basis created for examinations in red-free light.

In the year 1926, the slit lamp instrument was redesigned. The vertical arrangement of the slit projector (slit lamp) made it an easy to handle instrument. For the first time, the axis through the patient’s eye was fixed at a common swiveling axis. This was a fundamental principle that was adopted for every slit lamp instrument developed. A limitation still with the instrument was it lacked a coordinate cross-slide stage for instrument adjustment but only a laterally adjustable chin rest for the patient. The importance of focal illumination had not yet been fully recognized.

In 1927, stereo cameras were developed and added to the slit lamp to further its use and application. In 1930, Rudolf Theil presented the further development of the slit lamp, encouraged by Hans Goldmann. Horizontal and vertical co-ordinate adjustments were performed with three control elements on the cross-slide stage. The common swivel axis for microscope and illumination system was connected to the cross-slide stage, which allowed it to be brought to any part of the eye to be examined. A further improvement was made in 1938. A control lever or joystick was used for the first time to allow for horizontal movement.

Following World War II the slit lamp was improved again. On this particular improvement the slit projector could be swiveled continuously across the front of the microscope. This was then improved again in 1950. In 1950, a company named

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Littmann redesigned the slit lamp again. They adopted the joystick control from the Goldmann instrument and the illumination path present in the Comberg instrument. Additionally Littmann added the stereo telescope system with a common objective magnification changer.

In 1965, the Model 100/16 Slit Lamp was produced based on the slit lamp by Littmann. This was soon followed by the Model 125/16 Slit Lamp in 1972. The only difference between the two models was their operating distances of 100 mm to 125 mm. With the introduction of the photo slit lamp further advancements were possible. In 1976, the development of the Model 110 Slit Lamp and the 210/211 Photo Slit Lamps were an innovation by which each were constructed from standard modules allowing for a wide range of different configurations. At the same time, halogen lamps replaced the old illumination systems to make them brighter and essentially daylight quality. From 1994 onwards, new slit lamps were introduced which took advantage of new technologies. The last major development was in 1996 in which included the advantages of new slit lamp optics.

10.3.3 Say whether the following statements are true or false. Correct if it is necessary.

1 The slit lamp is an instrument consisting of a low-intensity light source.

2 The binocular slit-lamp examination provides a stereoscopic magnified view of the eye structures in detail.

3 The first hand-held lens is used to examine the retina.

4 The first man credited with developments in this field was Hermann Von Helmholtz (1850) when he invented the ophthalmoscope.

5 Today’s instrument however is a combination of three separate developments in instruments.

6 The base was not able to move freely on a glass plate.

7 The instrument was manufactured by the company OPTON.

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8 The slit lamp instrument was never redesigned.

9 The fundamental principle that was adopted for every slit lamp instrument was vertical arrangement of the slit projector.

10 Following World War II the slit lamp was improved again.

10.3.4 Answer the questions:

1 What kind of instrument is the slit lamp?

2 What does the slit lamp facilitate?

3 What are the main stages of slit lamp development?

4 What is the fundamental principle that was adopted for every slit lamp instrument? 5 Who was the inventor of the slit lamp?

6 When and what modifications did the slit lamp undergo?

7 What are the main performance data of the slit lamp instrument?

10.3.5 Speak on the topic “Slit lamp”.

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Список использованных источников

1.Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Электронный ресурс]: Engineering.

–Электрон. дан. – Режим доступа: http://en.wikipedia.org/

2.Raymond, M. English Grammar in USE / M. Raymond. - 3-rd edition – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. – 391 p.

3.[Электронный ресурс]: – Электрон. дан. – Режим доступа: http://www.iupui.edu/~cletcrse/webpages/bmet.html

4.Ibbotson, M. English for Engineering / M. Ibbotson. - New edition – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. – 112 p. – ISBN 9780521715188

5.Ibbotson, M. Professional English in Use / M. Ibbotson. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. – 148 p. – ISBN 978-0-521-73488-2

6.Armer, T. Cambridge English for Scientists / T. Armer. - Pap/Com

edition – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. – 128 p. – ISBN

10: 052115409X, ISBN 13: 978-0521154093

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Приложение A

(рекомендуемое)

Реферирование и аннотирование

A. 1 Реферирование

Двадцатый век отмечен небывалым развитием науки во всех областях знаний,

техническим прогрессом, многообразием международных связей и контактов,

чрезвычайно интенсивной общественно-политической жизнью на всех континентах.

Следствием этих процессов, происходящих в мире и обществе, явился бурный рост информации. Составной частью информационной деятельности является обработка документов, научных статей, реферирование и аннотирование первоисточников, несущих информацию.

Внаше время существуют сотни реферативных журналов, бюро,

реферативных отделов при библиотеках и научных учреждениях.

Что же такое реферат?

Реферат — это обобщенное, сжатое изложение содержания первоисточника.

Поскольку мы будем иметь дело с реферированием исключительно иноязычного материала, то здесь уместно сказать, что реферат — это отнюдь не сокращенный перевод и не пересказ первоисточника.

Предполагается, что реферат отвечает на основной вопрос: какая новая информация заключена в реферируемой работе?

Референт в отличие от переводчика сталкивается с двойной трудностью — ему нужно, во-первых, досконально разобраться в тексте иноязычного первоисточника и, во-вторых, изложить основные мысли реферируемого материала

(статьи, монографии и т. п.) в сжатом виде.

К сожалению, не существует унифицированных требований, предъявляемых к реферату. Требования к реферату разнятся в зависимости от учреждения или лица,

которое заказывает реферат, а также от тех аспектов материала, которые его

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интересуют.

Приступая к реферированию, референт должен:

1)устно или письменно перевести текст первоисточника;

2)выделить ключевые отрывки, несущие в себе основной смысл;

3)отобрать те главные факты, данные и положения, которые должны быть отражены в реферате, и выстроить их в логической последовательности;

4)руководствуясь внутренней логикой текста и пользуясь четкими формулировками, обобщить содержание текстапервоисточника; при этом следует отбросить все доказательства, рассуждения, полемику, соображения гипотетического характера, элементы авторской субъективной трактовки,

образность и эмоциональность.

Язык реферата должен быть предельно четким, точным и лаконичным.

Только это поможет избежать частностей и соблюсти специфическую литературную форму реферата. В зависимости от характера реферируемого материала и от задания реферат может быть рефератом-конспектом и рефератом-

резюме.

Если референт имеет дело с материалом, изобилующим данными, фактами,

цифрами, именами, которыми он не может пожертвовать при обобщении, то реферат будет носить конспективный характер, и степень обобщенности будет меньшей, нежели у реферата-резюме, который призван отразить главное, наиболее важное в реферируемом материале и оставить в стороне второстепенное.

Ниже мы приводим в качестве иллюстраций два реферата небольших статей из периодики. Рефераты такого рода могут понадобиться при обзоре печати. Статьи эти принадлежат к жанру газетной публицистики, но несут разную информацию.

Внимательно сравнив первоисточник с рефератом, можно получить представление о технической стороне процесса реферирования.

Separating kids and guns

Even the most hard-nosed police officers and veteran reporters wince when stories

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