Терроризм как социально-психологическое явление. Практикум на английском языке

Рецензенты:

д-р юрид. наук, профессор Л. М. Щербакова, д-р психол. наук, профессор М. И. Плугина

(Ставропольский государственный медицинский университет)

Т 35 Терроризм как социально-психологическое явление: практикум

на англ. языке / авт.-сост.: Лукьянова М. В., Строй Г. В., Шумская Н. Г., Самарина В. С. – Ставрополь: Изд-во СКФУ, 2018. – 124 с.

В практикуме рассматриваются проблемы социально-психологической природы, форм и содержания терроризма, причин его возникновения и возможных последствиях. психологических способов профилактики и противодействия терроризму, а также актуальные прикладные вопросы этой дисциплины.

Курс лекций предназначен для студентов, обучающихся по направлению подготовки 21.05.06 Нефтегазовые техники и технологии.

УДК 323.28 (470):008 (075.8) ББК 66.3 (2 Рос) 3 я73

Terrorism as a socio-psychological phenomenon: work book /

M. V. Lukjanova, G. V. Story, N. G. Shumskaya, V. S. Samarina. – Stavropol: Publishing house NCFU, 2018. – 124 p.

The work book examines some problems of the socio-psychological nature, the forms and content of terrorism, the causes of its occurrence and possible consequences, psychological methods of preventing and countering terrorism, as well as actual applied issues of this discipline.

The course of lectures is intended for students studying in the field of training 21.05.06 Oil and gas engineering and technologies.

Авторы-составители:

канд. психол. наук, доцент М. В. Лукьянова, канд. психол. наук, доцент Г. В. Строй, канд. психол. наук, доцент Н. Г. Шумская, канд. филол. наук, доцент В. С. Самарина

© ФГАОУ ВО «Северо-Кавказский федеральный университет», 2018

CONTENTS

Chapter 1. TERRORISM AS A GLOBAL MODERN AGE PROBLEM

Unit 1. The interdisciplinary nature of the terrorism problem and the reasons for its intensification in Russia. The origins of terrorism

as a social form of identity. Terrorism characteristic features . . . . . . . 6

Unit 2. Socio-psychological determinants of terrorist activity.

Factors affecting the spread of terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Unit 3. Psychological portrait of terrorism as a social phenomenon. Psychological processes accompanying terrorist acts (spontaneous mass behavior). The variety of «terrorism models». Psychological features of the terrorism manifestation in the North Caucasus

region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Chapter 2. SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TERRORIST ORGANIZATION AND THE TERRORIST

PERSONALITY AS THE ACTORS OF TERRORIST ACTIVITIES

Unit 4. Terrorist organizations functioning features. Terrorism

as a form of intergroup communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Unit 5. Psychological mechanisms of involvement in terrorist organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Unit 6. Socio-psychological factors of development and the modern terrorist personal characteristics. Psychological types of terrorists

and the motivation of their behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Chapter 3. SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE ANTI-TERRORISM EFFORT

Unit 7. Psychological mechanisms of mass media influence

on people’s behavior under the danger of terrorist acts . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Unit 8. Psychological follow-up of specialists in counteraction

to terrorism and liquidation of terrorist acts consequences . . . . . . . . 77 List of references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

3

TERRORISM AS A SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL PHENOMENON

INTRODUCTION

1. Purpose of the course of study

The purpose of studying the course of study is to expand and deepen knowledge on the problems of the socio-psychological nature, the forms and content of terrorism, the causes of its occurrence and possible consequences; as well as psychological methods of preventing and countering terrorism in connection with the complicated situation of the terrorist threat in the multinational region of the North Caucasus in accordance with modern requirements for the professional competencies of specialists.

Tasks of the academic course of study:

–to find out the essence of basic knowledge about the socio-psycho- logical nature, form and content of terrorism, the causes of its occurrence and possible consequences;

–to contribute to the development of skills to apply the theoretical knowledge gained in the course, in the prevention and countering terrorism;

–to contribute to the development of students’ abilities for independent thinking, the development of skills to analytically perceive the destructive facts and political events of current life.

Course of study «Terrorism as a socio-psychological phenomenon»

refers to the variable part of the elective courses; to the number of courses that determine the character of the future specialist professional thinking (mining engineer) in the field of 21.05.06 Oil and gas engineering and technologies.

Input knowledge, skills and competencies necessary for studying this course are formed in the process of studying such courses of study as «Psychology», «Philosophy», «History».

The conceptual issues of the course of study can be used in the future when studying the following courses of study: «Islam in the Caucasus», «Foundations of Orthodox Culture», «Civil and Patriotic Education», etc.

Course of study «Terrorism as a socio-psychological phenomenon» is focused on the formation of a specialist program graduating student such competencies as a readiness to act in non-standard situations, to have social and ethical responsibility for the decisions made (GK-2).

To know: theoretical and methodological grounds for analyzing the manifestations of actual terrorist strategies and practices in various areas

4

of society; socio-psychological causes and features of the manifestation of modern terrorism; various interpretations of terrorism as a social phenomenon; psychological characteristics and types of terrorists personality; socio-psychological means and methods of counteracting terrorist activities.

Be able to: identify the main threats and opportunities for terrorism and identify some ways to counter it; to analyze the forms and methods of terrorist activity; independently assess the challenges and threats of terrorist activities; to analyze the socio-psychological processes and phenomena that arise across the population in the event of the threat of terrorist actions.

To be master of: methods of collecting and analyzing information on sources of negative information and psychological impact on the population and measures to neutralize them; skills of practical application of knowledge of social and psychological terrorism prevention in professional, research and educational activities.

5

TERRORISM AS A SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL PHENOMENON

Chapter 1

TERRORISM AS A GLOBAL

MODERN AGE PROBLEM

Unit 1. The interdisciplinary nature of the terrorism problem and the reasons for its intensification in Russia.

The origins of terrorism as a social form of identity. Terrorism characteristic features

The aim: to consider the interdisciplinary character of the terrorism problem and the reasons for its intensification in Russia, to characterize the concept and the terrorism characteristic features.

Competence acquired by the student as a result of mastering the topic of practical training or part of them: readiness to act in non-standard situations, to have social and ethical responsibility for the decisions made (GK-2).

Timeliness of the unit: The specificity and level of modern civilization is characterized by the existence of acute global problems affecting the destinies of not only individuals, social groups, nations, classes, regions and continents, but also of all humanity. Therefore, in the modern world, the most acute conflicts that require immediate resolution are emerging, capable of escalating into all-consuming feuds, as well as individual, extremely negative phenomena whose knowledge of the essence is also a priority task for the preservation of peace on earth. One of these phenomena is terrorism.

Theoretical part

Terrorism – the term comes from the Latin word “terror”, which means “fear”,” horror”. It denotes violent actions (persecution, destruction, hostage-taking, murder, etc.) with the aim of intimidating, suppressing political opponents, competitors, imposing a certain line of conduct. It is distinguished between individual and group terror (repression of dictatorial and totalitarian regimes). In the 70-90s of the XX century, international terrorism became widespread. This definition of terrorism is given in the popular encyclopedic dictionary, published in Moscow in 1999, similar to this and the meaning of the corresponding articles in other dictionaries, and the content of the concepts of “terror” and “terrorism” in them is almost identical.

6

“Terror” in Russian is defined as the enemy intimidation through physical violence, including destruction, and terrorism is the practice of terror. The terrorists’ actions are not always connected with murder, but always imply violence, coercion, threat.

A more detailed and legally defined definition of terrorism is contained in “Counteracting Terrorism” Federal Act, as well as in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation:

“Terrorism is the ideology of violence and the practice of influencing decision-making by state authorities, local governments or international organizations related to the intimidation of the population and (or) other forms of unlawful violent actions”

Identifying the historical origins of terrorism, its essential characteristics, the socio-destructive beginning, development trends and the development of preventive measures for the world community has long been no longer something new. However, for our society and the state these issues have fully arisen only in recent years, when radical changes took place in political, economic and social relations so sharply that everyone could feel their own insecurity against the objective reality of the possibility of the onset of global negative phenomena, including terrorist nature.

Regardless of what motives are guided by terrorists, what goals they set for themselves and what ideas they put forward, terrorism is an unquestionable evil, a threat to society as a whole and to each individual person. In the modern world, terrorism brings humanity both old and new dangers. In this connection, the task of counteracting terrorism is very urgent today and for its successful solution it is necessary to study the origins, nature, causes and forms of this evil.

The main characteristic features of terrorism:

1)the use of violence and intimidation;

2)“advertising” of the destructive consequences of terrorist acts in the mass media;

3)focus on political goals achieving, political opponents weakening, strengthening their own political positions;

4)the public danger associated with the creation of an immediate threat to the life and freedom of people;

5)use of conspiracy as a necessary condition for the existence of terrorist structures and their actions;

7

TERRORISM AS A SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL PHENOMENON

6) the indirect way of achieving the planned final political result through the commission of encroachments on people life and health.

In the vast majority of cases, terrorists are young people aged 20 years, plus or minus five, who have been educated in a patriarchal and highly religious culture, more often single people who do not have close relatives or have lost contact with the family; children from low-income families without influential relatives, young widows under 35 years old, deeply believing, there are persistent ideas about the historical trauma of their nation and powerful emotional ties with the latter.

Typical social feelings are sorrow, grief, combined with strangled national pride. Most often, terrorists are characterized by special (in many ways – distorted and mythologized) ideas about the “historical offender” and the need for punishment and retaliation, which are set by stable patterns of behavior and evaluations actively cultivated in society. These representations, most likely, are supplemented by the actual mental trauma, connected with the real facts of the death of relatives, relatives or simply fellow tribesmen, quite often – right in front of your eyes of the future terrorist.

The absence of emotional bond in childhood is subsequently usually compensated in their ideological or religious version, in particular, in fanatical devotion to certain leaders or ideas (up to the ideas of God’s choosiness) and religious-utopian dreams of a perfect world (with very simplistic notions of it).

The characteristic world outlook components and prerequisites peculiar to people who committed terrorist acts:

As an additional element of the ideological training of young suicide bombers, the following can be used:

–contradistinction of youth to parents and people of the older generation;

–advocacy of the ideology of neglect to work, physical work, social justice among Muslim youth;

–inculcating a sense of special Wahhabi dignity and excellence over persons professing Islam of a different kind;

–compromise customs and family foundations in the traditional Islamic traditions for the area, inculcating a sense of contempt for the official Muslim clergy, denying their teaching among believers;

–propaganda of simplified execution of Muslim rites (coincidence of several prayers, denial of the requirements of the traditional school of

Islam) in Wahhabi communities and Jamaats;

8

–imposition (including the methods of physical pressure) of thoughts about leaving the national custom and moving to the position of “pure Islam”;

–impelling a sense of impunity for encroachment on the property of “infidels” (movable and immovable), life and health of “ Caffres”;

–callings for manifestations of “jihad” with the use of weapons, explosives, poisons;

–agitation to oust the Slavs from the North Caucasus and seize their property by force.

As elements of the ideological training of young girls (“brides of Allah”) can be used:

–the upcoming marriage;

–sexual violence;

–warning the victim and parents that the recording of violence can become known to all friends and relatives;

–a powerful ideological and psychotropic pressure, the purpose of which is to show that the only way out is “death in the name of Allah”.

As elements of the ideological training of middle-aged women (“black widows”), the following can be used:

–separation of these women from the family and maximum submission to jamaatu (Wahhabi community);

–powerful ideological processing and training to psychotropic drugs;

–programming of actions under the scenario of organizers of act of terrorism.

Psycho-programming can be used as elements of ideological training for residents of different nationalities in a specific region.

Features of social alienation

Features of socio-psychological alienation are associated with increased anxiety, closeness, orientation only on a narrow group of mentors, increased passivity, destruction of the personal sphere. In the presence of constantly unstable, inadequate self-esteem. And it can be as overpriced (before feeling like a superman deciding the fate of other people), and understated (in need of confirmation at the expense of these other people). Purposefulness is only a fixed moment of psychological instability, reaching a level of abnormality. Personality accentuated, with unusually strong, bright, not quite “normal” expression of some features.

9

TERRORISM AS A SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL PHENOMENON

Dynamics of a terrorist mental state

A terrorist mental state can vary from a subtle excitement to panic. The nature and degree of change in a terrorist mental state depend on:

–individual psychological characteristics;

–maintaining the control of the psychological state in the awareness of: the approaching death, the presence of factors that hinder the implementation of the terrorist act (police officers, vigilant citizens, unfavorable circumstances, etc.);

–usage of psycho-programming, psychotropic and narcotic substances.

Psychological research of the person who committed the offense leads to the conclusion that the very desire for violence, murder, cruelty and, in general, to violate the law is a deviant behavior or an anomalous (from the Greek word “апоmia “ – the denial of the law).

These individuals deny the moral values accepted in society, cannot correctly assess their position in the group of other people, set unacceptable goals and use illegal means of achievement, that is, the process of adaptation and socialization of the individual is violated.

Issues for discussion

1.Socio-psychological causes and features of the modern terrorism manifestation.

2.Various interpretations of terrorism as a social phenomenon.

3.What are the people who commit terrorist acts from the point of view of psychology?

4.What are the main terrorism features?

5.What legislative acts regulate counteraction to terrorism in the territory of the Russian Federation?

Methodological recommendations

1.Form a group of participants, trying to ensure the heterogeneity of its composition.

2.Think about all aspects of the problem, avoiding template, typical solutions. Try to use not only critical thinking, but also imagination, not hesitating to express even “absurd” ideas.

3.All participants should be provided with an equal opportunity to express their ideas; relations between them should be based on the prin-

10