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Английский язык. Вводно-фонетический курс. Учебное пособие

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20

4.Общее понижение голоса в шкале происходит на ударных слогах продолжается на следующих за ними безударных:

What a pretty little house!

_____________________

_____________________

5. Повышение голоса происходит только на последнем ударном слоге:

But when became seven teen …

________________________

________________________

6. Если за последним ударным слогом следуют безударные, он произносится ровным тоном, а повышение голоса происходит на последних неударных слогах:

Do you like bread so much?

______________________

______________________

ИНТОНАЦИЯ КОММУНИКАТИВНЫХ ТИПОВ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЙ 1. Традиционно выделяют четыре коммуникативных типа предложений:

а) утверждение; б) вопрос (общий и специальный);

в) команда (просьба); г) восклицание.

2. Утверждение произносится, как правило, с НТ:

It‘s only half past five.

__________________

__________________

3. Общие и специальные вопросы могут произноситься как с НТ, так и с ВТ в зависимости от отношения говорящего к высказываемому:

Сравните:

Can you come to morrow?

Can you come to morrow?

____________________

____________________

____________________

____________________

How do you know?

How do you know?

_______________

_______________

_______________

_______________

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4. Команды (просьбы) также произносятся с НТ или ВТ в зависимости от отношения говорящего к высказываемому:

Look here!

Don‘t do that!

5. Восклицания (междометия), как правило, произносятся с НТ. Следует помнить о значительном расширении диапазона голоса, так как восклицания являются эмоционально насыщенными высказываниями:

Isn‘t it wonderful!

_______________

______________

Интонация прямой речи

Предложения, содержащие прямую речь. Относятся к сложным предложениям. Часть предложения. Заключенная в кавычки и передающая слова какого-либо лица, произносятся с интонацией, соответствующей виду этого предложения.

Слова, входящие в прямую речь и следующие за ней, произносятся как конечные безударные слоги предшествующей смысловой группы: низким ровным голосом после падения:

― Bob has been arrested,‖ she said.

___________________________

___________________________

или восходящими слогами после последнего ударного слога в предложении с восходящим тоном:

―Will you go to school?‖ he asked.

____________________________

____________________________

Если слова, вводящие прямую речь, предшествуют ей и являются нераспространенным предложением, то они безударны и произносятся постепенно повышающимся тоном:

She said: ―Bob has been arrested‖.

___________________________

___________________________

Если прямую речь вводит распространенное повествовательное предложение, то оно произносится с нисходящим тоном:

He called his two sons and said: ―…………………… ―.

__________________________

__________________________

22

ПОНЯТИЕ O СМЫСЛОВОЙ ГРУППЕ

Распространенные предложения обычно делятся на объединенные по смыслу группы слов, которые называются смысловыми группами (или синтагмами). В устной речи они отделяются друг от друга паузой или изменением мелодики. Графически пауза изображается вертикальной чертой:

In spring nature awakens from long winter sleep…

Количество смысловых групп в одном высказывании зависит от намерения говорящего, смысла высказывания, темпа речи, длины смысловых групп и т.п.

Смысловая группа, выражающая относительно законченную мысль, произносится с

НТ: I‘ll tell him about it

when he comes.

Смысловая группа,

выражающая незаконченную мысль, произносится с ВТ или с

НВТ: When he comes I‘ll tell him about it.

Правила деления (членения) распространенных сложных высказываний

иправила образования смысловых групп

1.Нераспространенные звучащие высказывания совпадают с одной смысловой группой:

Usually he receives many letters and telegrams.

I‘ll be in on Monday and Thursday.

Однако потребность большей смысловой выразительности может обусловливать отделение обстоятельства времени:

Usually he receives many letters and telegrams.

I‘ll be in on Monday and Thursday.

2.Сложные высказывания делятся на смысловые группы согласно их синтаксической структуре:

I looked out into the street and saw my son. Why do you never wear your glasses when you go out?

3.В отдельную смысловую группу выделяются: а) наречия ―yes‖ и ―no‖;

б) однородные члены предложения: подлежащие, сказуемые, дополнения, обстоятельства места и времени:

There were pens, books, and copybooks on the table.

There was much snow on the mountains, on the ground, on the trees and on the houses.

в) обращения, модальные слова, выражения, стоящие в начале фразы:

Please, give me your book, Mr Brown.

As a matter of fact, I am nearly fifty.

23

Divide the following passage into word groups. Transcribe an extract phonetically.

I have needed some new bookshelves for a long time. So during my holiday I decided to tackle the job myself. Not that I am very clever with my hands but it did not seem too difficult and as I had already said that we could not afford to go away I thought it would be prudent not to spend money having it done professionally.

I bought the wood at the local shop and I had plenty of crews, but I found that my old saw, which have been left behind by the previous owner of the house, was not good enough and I decided to buy a new one. That was my first mistake, my second was to go to the biggest ironmonger in London and ask for a saw. You would think it was simple, wouldn‘t you, to buy a saw. But it is not. I said to the man behind the counter, ‗I want a saw.‘ He was a nice man and did his best for me. ‗Yes, sir, what kind of saw?‘ Oh, a saw for cutting wood.‘ ‗Yes, sir, but we have fifteen different kinds for different jobs. What did you want it for?‘ I explained about my bookshelves and felt like ignorant fool in a world of experts, which was true. He saw that I was a novice and was very kind. He told me what I should need and advised me to have a ladies‘ size. ‗Easier to manage for the beginner, sir.‘ He was not being nasty just helpful and I was grateful to him. He also sold me a book on woodwork for schoolboys and I‘ve been reading it with great interest. The next time I am on holiday I shall start on the shelves.

СЛИТНОЕ ЧТЕНИЕ ГРУПП СЛОВ И ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЙ

Поскольку в английской разговорной речи многие служебные слова безударны, то время, отведенное на их произнесение между двумя ударными слогами может быть достаточно малым (это диктуется ритмом речи). Поэтому существует определенный фонетический прием, позволяющий выдержать ритм английский речи. Оно называется

слитным чтением.

Этот прием заключается в слитном (без паузы) произнесении безударных слогов с последующим, как правило, ударным слогом в пределах одной ритмической (смысловой) группы.

Таким образом, пауза (и вдох) в английской разговорной речи делается только между ритмическими группами, а внутри них все слоги произносятся «на одном дыхании».

Слитно читаются следующие сочетания слов, входящие в общие смысловые группы:

1)артикль (притяжательное или указательное местоимение) + существительное: a book, the book, my book, this book;

2)артикль (или местоимение) + существительное с определением:

my old book, all the time, this pink flower;

если перед группой стоит предлог, то он читается вместе со всей группой: by the way, on the large table, in his old bag;

3) частица to вместе с инфинитивом: to be, to go, to take;

4) союзы и предлоги с окружающими частями речи:

you and I,

read

and

write,

pens and

books, black and white,

about me,

before

he

goes,

if you are

ready;

24

5) вспомогательные и модальные глаголы: we shall be having, Anna was going;

6)местоимение (существительное) + глагол:

I went, Nick would have written;

7)сказуемое + обстоятельство или дополнение: go to school, write a letter, heard the voice;

8)вводное слово there + форма глагола to be :

there is, there are, there were;

9) сложные наречия:

so much, best of all, such a large;

10)конечная немая буква r (или сочетание re ) читается слитно с гласной, если с нее начинается следующее слово:

We are in the park. My father is a driver. My sister and brother.

25

PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE

(From ―Sounds English: A Pronunciation Practice Book‖ by J.D.O‘Connor, Clare Fletcher)*

Unit 1

[ eı ] and [ e ]

S p e l l i n g

Read and translate:

 

page

 

egg

 

radio

 

editor

 

favourite

 

bet, went

 

rain, pain

 

dead, breath

[ eı ]

day, away

[ e ]

friend

 

great, break

 

any, ate, says, said

 

eight, veil

 

bury

 

they, grey

 

leisure

Pronounce letters and sounds:

b [b], d [d], f [f ], g [g] / [ ʤ ], k [k], l [l], m [m], n [n], p [p], t [t], w [w];

gg [ g ], or [ə ],

th [ ð ] / [ θ ], sh

[ ∫ ], sure [ ʒə ]

Task 1 Distinguish between [ eɪ ] and

[ e ].

 

1.1 Listen, and practise the difference.

 

pain

pen

paper

pepper

tail

tell

late

let

main

men

wait

wet

fail

fell

gate

get

age

edge

taste

test

shade

shed

date

debt

1.2 Listen to the words on the cassette. Write the words you hear.

1.3.Listen to the sentences on the cassette. Write the words you hear.

1.He‘s sitting in the shade / shed.

2.The paper / pepper is on the table.

3.I can‘t remember what the date /debt was.

4.Please taste / test this wine.

5.They‘re sailing / selling their boat next week.

Task 2 Listen and practise this conversation at a newsagent‘s.

Customer : Hello. My name is Jameson. I live at 28 Daisy Way. We have our newspapers delivered.

Newsagent: Yes sir. How can I help you?

________________________________________________________________________

* Полную версию учебника см. на сайте www.englishtips.org

26

C:This week, the papers have been late every day. And on Wednesday, we didn‘t get any papers at all.

N: Which papers do you have?

C: The Daily Telegraph and the Daily Mail.

N:Oh yes. I can explain. The Daily Mail came late. There was

a breakdown at the printers. And The Daily Telegraph is on strike.

C: That‘s very strange. Well, can I take the Daily Mail now?

N: I‘m afraid we‘re still waiting for it.

C: Will you send it, when it arrives?

N: Yes, I‘ll send it straight away.

Task 3 Listen, and practise these conversations at an airport information desk.

A:Excuse me, I‘m waiting for someone from Spain. Which plane is it?

B:Flight BA 287.

A:When is it due?

B:8.28.?

A:Is it on time?

B:No, I‘m afraid it‘s late.

A:Excuse me, I‘m waiting for someone from Belgium. Which plane is it?

B:Flight BA 280.

A:When is it due?

B:8.10.

A:Is it on time?

B:Yes, it is.

Intonation patterns:

1. Fall on complete, definite statement is the most common intonation pattern in English.

Listen and practice this conversation in a shop. Notice the intonation marked.

B is making definite statements, with a fall.

A:Can I help you?

B:I hope so. I have a complaint. I bought a pullover in your shop. It was a beautiful

pullover, and very expensive.

A:What happened?

B:It was a present for a friend abroad. You said you could pack it, and post it for me. I was very pleased.

A:What‘s the problem?

B:The parcel was damaged in the post. The paper came off. The pullover was spoilt.

A:Oh dear. I‘m sorry the pullover was spoilt. But it happened in the post. So the Post Office are responsible.

B:The Post Office said that the parcel wasn‘t properly packed. You are responsible.

A:We are very experienced at packing parcels. Lots of people send our pullovers as presents. I‘m sure our parcel was properly packed.

B:I‘d like to speak to the department manager, please …

27

2. The voice usually rises in questions to which the answer is “Yes” or “No”.

Does B want a cigarette? No, he doesn‘t. He‘s stopped smoking.

Has B put on weight? No, he hasn‘t. He‘s still slim.

Does A eat sweets? Yes, she does.

 

 

Unit 2

 

 

[ æ ]

and

[ e ]

 

S p e l l i n g

Read and translate:

 

 

 

 

hand

 

egg

 

sat

 

bet

[ æ ]

ran

[ e ]

went

 

pack

 

friend

 

marry

 

any

Pronounce letters and sounds:

b [ b ], d [ d ], f [ f ], g [ g ], h [ h ], k [ k ], l [ l ] , n [ n ], m [ m ], p [ р ], r [ r ]; c /ck [ k ], gg [ g ], rr [ r ], tt [ t ]

Task 1 Distinguish between [ æ ] and [ e ].

1.1 Listen and practise the difference.

had

head

mat

met

bag

beg

pack

peck

land

lend

marry

merry

can

Ken

pat

pet

pan

pen

cattle

kettle

1.2Listen to the words on the cassette. Write the words you hear.

1.3Listen to the sentences on the cassette. For each one, write the word you hear.

1.You have been using my pan /pen, haven‘t you?

2.He lost his bat / bet.

3.I can see a band / bend ahead.

4.We heard the cattle / kettle from a long way away.

28

Task 2 Listen, and practise.

Only ten per cent of Kensington Express readers take regular exercise. In a recent survey, readers answered questions about diet and exercise. Ten per cent felt that they were healthy or very healthy. Seventy per cent said that exercise is important for good health. But only ten per cent took regular exercise – twice a week or more. Twenty per cent said they felt they got enough exercise. The rest admitted they should take more exercise.

Task 3 Listen and practise the conversation about a car accident.

A:I‘m a reporter from the Hendon Standard. Were you present when the accident happened?

B:Yes, I was standing at the end of Elm Avenue, by the park.

A:What happened?

B:There was a red van traveling west, and several cars and vans behind it.

A:Was the red van going fast?

B:No. The driver kept glancing at a map on his lap. Then a black taxi started to pass the red van.

A:Was that the cause of the accident?

B:It wasn‘t the taxi that caused the accident. It was the red van. The van driver suddenly turned, and crashed into the taxi.

A:What happened then?

B:The taxi smashed into a lamppost. The taxi driver wasn‘t badly hurt, but he was very angry.

Intonation patterns:

1.Listen to people asking and answering questions. Notice the intonation: the voice rises in the questions, and falls in the answers.

Do you feel you are healthy ? - Yes, I do. I lead a very healthy life. Do you think exercise is important for good health?

No, I don‟t. Too much exercise can be dangerous.

2.The voice rises in the Yes/No questions, and falls in the Wh-questions.

When did B go to an English summer school? What was the school called?

Did they study grammar? What else did they do? How do you play the Bag Game?

Ask and answer the questions on this questionnaire.

HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE

Do you: a get regular exercise?

beat fresh fruit every day?

ceat plenty of vegetables?

dgo to bed before ten?

eremember to brush your teeth at bedtime?

29

Unit 3

 

 

[ ɔ ] and

[ɔ:]

 

 

S p e l l i n g

Read and translate:

 

 

 

 

hot

 

saw

 

pot

 

sport

[ ɔ ]

bottle

[ ɔ: ]

daughter

 

what

 

all

 

watch

 

warm

 

because

 

door

 

knowledge

 

court

 

clock

 

bought

Pronounce letters and sounds:

b[ b ], d [ d ], g [ g ], c [ k ], ck [ k ], ll [ l ], p [ p ], t [ t ], kn [ n ], s [ s ]/ [ z ],

dge [ ʤ ],

ch [ t∫ ], ght [ t ],

sh [ ∫ ]

 

Task 1 Distinguish between [ ɔ ] and

[ɔ:].

 

1.1 Listen and practise the difference.

 

not

nought

spot

sport

stock

stalk

cod

cord

pot

port

cock

cork

cot

court

fox

forks

1.2Listen to the words on the cassette. Write the words you hear.

1.3Listen to the sentences on the cassette. For each one, write the word you hear.

1.They couldn‘t find the fox / forks.

2.The pot / port was very old.

3.We saw the spot / sport.

4.The cod /cord isn‘t very good.

5.The cock /cork has been stolen.

Task 2 Listen, and say the things Johnny has to do.

 

Wind the clock

Shopping list

Wash the floor

6 oranges

Mend the coffee pot

bottle of milk

Ring the doctor

dishcloth

Go shopping

coffee

 

box of matches

 

pot of honey

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